Global ETD Search

251	”Det första jag tänker på är att man ska vara vacker, lång och smal” : En kvalitativ studie om hur influerares sätt att göra reklam för och framställa skönhetsingrepp kan skapa betydelser för unga kvinnors kroppsuppfattning Andersson, Josefin, Strömsten, Ebba January 2020 (has links) Listan över influerare som har gjort skönhetsingrepp kan göras lång. För att nämna ett exempel har Bianca Ingrosso med ett följarantal på 343 000 på Youtube talat öppet om att hon gjort lipfillers (Ingrosso, 2020). Dessa inlägg där influerare talar om hur de korrigerar sin kropp i kombination med att de unga är i majoritet på internet och sociala medier (Svenskarna och internet 2019) ligger till grund för vår vilja att genomföra denna undersökning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur influerares reklam och framställning av skönhetsingrepp kan skapa betydelse för hur unga kvinnor ser på den egna kroppen. För att genomföra studien har vi använt oss av sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med kvinnor i åldrarna 15–17 år. Intervjuerna har spelats in och transkriberats och materialet har sedan analyserats för att besvara våra frågeställningar. Utifrån våra intervjuer kan vi se att influerares sätt att tala om och göra reklam för skönhetsingrepp har betydelse för unga kvinnors attityder till den egna kroppen. Några av respondenterna har även uttryckt att de blivit osäkra gällande sin egen kropp efter att ha sett inlägg gällande skönhetsingrepp från en influerare. Vi kan tydligt se att respondenterna tror att unga kvinnor är den grupp som påverkas mest av influerares framställning av skönhetsingrepp. Intervjuerna visar att respondenterna tar del av ett dominerande skönhetsideal på sociala medier och de beskriver idealet som att man ska vara smal, lång och vacker. Vi kan tydligt se, genom de analyserade intervjuerna, att de unga kvinnorna som deltog i denna studie är kritiska till influerare som talar om och gör reklam för skönhetsingrepp, då de tycker att det uppmanar andra till att korrigera sin kropp. Trots kritiken så spelar influerare en stor roll i de unga kvinnornas liv och de uttrycker att de får inspiration av influerare gällande var och vad man äter, hur man klär sig och hur man tränar. Vi kan därmed se en viss ambivalens i respondenternas svar då de följer specifika influerare samtidigt som de riktar kritik gentemot dessa. / The list of influencers who has had cosmetic procedures done can be made long. To mention one example, Bianca Ingrosso with 343 000 followers on Youtube, has spoken openly about her lip fillers (Ingrosso 2020). These types of posts, where influencers talk about how they correct their body, in combination with the fact that young people are a majority of the internet and social media users (Svenskarna och internet 2019) forms the basis of our motivation to conduct this study. This study aims to analyze whether, and if so, how influencers advertising and speech about cosmetic procedures contribute in creating meaning regarding how young women view their own body. This study was conducted with six qualitative interviews, with women in age 15-17. The interviews have been recorded and transcribed and the material has been analyzed to answer our research questions. Throughout our analyzed interviews can we see that influencers' speech and advertising about cosmetic procedures are meaningful regarding young women's attitudes to their own body. Some of the respondents expressed that they felt insecure about their own body after seeing an influencer talk about cosmetic procedures. We can also see that the respondents think that young women as a group of people are affected by influencers' opinions about cosmetic procedures. In the interviews, we can also see that the respondents take part in constructing a dominating beauty ideal on social media and they define the ideal as being skinny, tall and beautiful. Clearly the young women who took part in this study are critical of how influencers talk and do commercials about cosmetic procedures, they think influencers tell others to correct their body. Despite the criticism, the young women in this study are still inspired by influencers, regarding where and what they eat, how they dress and how they work out. We can clearly see some ambivalence in the way the respondents answer as they follow specific influencers while they also are criticizing them. influencer social media Instagram Youtube cosmetic procedures beauty ideal body looks young women two-step flow theory parasocial interaction theory opinion leaders influencers sociala medier Instagram Youtube skönhetsingrepp skönhetsideal kropp utseende unga kvinnor tvåstegshypotesen parasocial interaktionsteori opinionsledare Media and Communications Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap
252	Beschneidung Krall, Lisa 26 April 2017 (has links) Beschneidung umfasst einschränkende, genitalverändernde und -normierende Eingriffe. Zu unterscheiden sind unter anderem die Vorhautbeschneidung bei Jungen sowie Genitalbeschneidungen bei Mädchen in christlichen, islamischen und jüdischen Traditionen, medizinisch indizierte Praxen, genitale Schönheitschirurgie und genitalvereinheitlichende Behandlungen intergeschlechtlicher Neugeborener. Letztere sind wie die religiös motivierten Eingriffe Thema anhaltender rechtlicher und ethischer Debatten. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/301 ddc:301
253	The Challenges Of Young-typed Jobs And How Older Workers Adapt Reeves, Michael 01 January 2013 (has links) This study sought to explore the challenges faced by older workers who do not fit the age-type of their jobs and how older workers adapt to overcome those challenges. Specifically, I surveyed a national sample of 227 workers 50 years of age and older, in a wide variety of jobs, on measures of perceived age discrimination and adaptation behaviors. I found that fit, as determined by career timetables theory, but not prototype matching theory, successfully predicted perceived age discrimination. Specifically, more age discrimination was perceived when fewer older workers occupied a job. Additionally, multiple regression analysis showed that career timetables theory, prototype matching theory, and measures of perceived discrimination interacted to predict adaptation behaviors. That is, older workers made more efforts appear younger at work when they perceived age discrimination in jobs occupied by fewer older workers and older women expressed greater desires to appear younger at work when they perceived age discrimination in jobs viewed as more appropriate for younger workers. Although older workers made a wide variety of efforts to appear younger at work, from changing the way they dressed to undergoing surgical procedures, the adaptation efforts believed to be the most effective against age discrimination were more oriented toward enhancing job performance than one’s appearance. It is especially troubling that greater perceived age discrimination was found in young-typed jobs (than in old-typed jobs) given that the number of older workers occupying young-typed jobs is expected to rapidly grow in the near future and perceived discrimination is associated with mental and physical consequences for older adults. Understanding effective adaptations to age discrimination is a valuable first step in helping older workers overcome the iv disadvantages they may face in the workplace, especially when they occupy young-typed jobs. Implications for theory and research are discussed Age discrimination discrimination ageism age type age type stereotypes age stereotypes prototype matching prototyping career timetables cosmetic surgery older workers older worker job stereotypes job type adaptation adaptations hiding age age concealment concealing age old type old typed young type young typed Industrial and Organizational Psychology Psychology
254	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology
255	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology

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