La présence accrue de la chimie en flux continu dans les publications des dernières années a mené à un développement rapide de cette nouvelle technologie. La transposition de méthodes du ballon réactionnel au réacteur de chimie en flux continu permet au chimiste d’ajouter un outil à son répertoire, afin d’améliorer la productivité et le rendement dans la synthèse de composés d’intérêt. Bien que les réactions de Friedel-Crafts aient été déjà réalisées en chimie en flux continu, aucune méthode homogène robuste n’a été développée pour des composés dérivés du phénol. Les premières parties de ce mémoire portent sur le développement et l’optimisation des conditions réactionnelles de l’acylation de Friedel-Crafts en chimie en flux continu. Tout d’abord, une première méthode a été développée, en utilisant le chlorure d’aluminium et l’anisole. Cependant cette méthode est incompatible avec le phénol. Une deuxième méthode a été développée en utilisant l’acide méthanesulfonique comme acide de Brønsted et solvant réactionnel. Cette méthode est efficace et surtout compatible avec le phénol. Les dernières parties portent sur l’étendue de cette deuxième méthode. La méthode a été employée sur des dérivés du phénol, tels que les di- et tri-hydroxyphénols et des hydroxybicycles. D’autres cycles aromatiques, aussi bien activés que désactivés, contenant une fonction phénol ont aussi été testés. Par la suite, la méthode a été essayée avec des agents acylants différents, afin d’évaluer l’étendue de la réaction. / The increased presence of continuous flow chemistry in recent publications has led to rapid development of the technology. The transposition of methods from round-bottom flask to flow enables chemists to add a tool to their repertoire to improve productivity and yield in the synthesis of compounds of interest. Although Friedel-Crafts reactions have been explored in continuous flow, no robust homogenous method has been developed for phenol derivatives. The initial sections of the work focus on the development and optimization of reaction conditions for continuous flow Friedel-Crafts acylation. First, a method has been developed using aluminum chloride as a catalyst, and anisole for optimization purposes. This method is robust, but proved incompatible with phenols. A second method was then developed using methanesulfonic acid as both catalyst and reaction solvent. The method is effective and, more importantly, compatible with phenols. The final sections address the scope of this second method. The method was applied to various phenol derivates, such as di- and tri-hydroxyphenols and hydroxybicycles. Other aromatic rings, both activated and deactivated, containing a phenol function were also tested. The method was evaluated with different acylating agents, demonstrating the wide range of possibilities it offers.

This dissertation reframes the history eighteenth-century British art as a history of textiles. Women across England, Ireland, and Scotland grew, dressed, spun, and wove the hemp, flax, and wool textiles that were the basis for both the cultural implements and practical tools of empire: oil paintings on linen canvas and needlework of worsted thread hung in metropolitan exhibition spaces, while hemp rope, sail cloth, and coarse linen facilitated Britain’s global reach and transportation of commodities. Over the course of three chapters, “Rope,” “Linen,” and “Thread,” I demonstrate how ordinary textiles made and used by women were key tools for the funding, making, and aesthetics of art. In the first chapter, “Rope,” I trace the labor of female models in British drawing academies through their poses supported by rope, and consider historical encounters between rope and the female working body in carceral contexts. Following the entwined forms of life models and rope demonstrates just how entangled the spaces of punishment and the life studio were. The second chapter, “Linen,” is about the structure, materiality and hidden histories embedded in linen painting canvas. First, by comparing linen weaves, thread counts, stamps, and fiber content, I demonstrate the material connections between the world of coarse linen goods and the textile supports of oil paintings. I then argue that the texture of canvas was crucial to the “unfinished” aesthetic of portraiture that became fashionable in the late eighteenth century and attend to the racialized and gendered discourses intrinsic to this painting style. The last chapter, “Thread,” examines spinning and needlework as elite performances of female industry against the backdrop of mechanization, nascent labor movements, and imperial expansion. I contend that these conflicts played out in romanticized depictions of women spinning and the celebration of public exhibitions of worsted embroidery, namely Mary Linwood’s Gallery. While scholars from the fields of economic history, material culture, and art history have considered the topics of industrialization, labor, textiles, and art separately, this is the first study to bring them together as an intervention in eighteenth-century British art history. By rendering textile labor visible in eighteenth-century British art, I argue that manufacturing, imperialism and the visual arts were financially, materially, and ideologically enmeshed processes.

[pt] O artesanato é praticado por uma grande parcela da população brasileira e desempenha importante papel ao promover a inclusão social por meio da geração de renda e também pelo resgate de valores culturais e regionais. Apesar de sua importância, essa atividade ainda é vista frequentemente com preconceito no país ao ser relacionado a uma feitura rudimentar, desprovida de sofisticação - um preconceito ao trabalho manual, que está enraizado em nossa cultura. A partir, principalmente, da década de 1990, iniciou-se um esforço de designers para promover a revitalização e valorização do artesanato, por meio de atividades como a preservação de técnicas produtivas e a incorporação de novos elementos formais e/ou técnicos aos objetos artesanais. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar os efeitos do encontro entre artesanato e design, por meio de dois estudos de casos: o Criqué Caiçara, em São Paulo, e o Gente de Fibra, em Minas Gerais. Buscou-se assim problematizar o papel desempenhado pelo artesão e pelo designer e suas inter-relações e refletir sobre a delicadeza desse encontro. / [en] Craftsmanship is practiced by a large part of the Brazilian population and the activity plays an important role in the promotion of social inclusion through income generation and also by the recovering of cultural and regional values. Despite its importance, crafts are still often seen with prejudice in the country. It is being related to a rudimentary work, devoid of sophistication - a prejudice to manual labor, which is rooted in our culture. Since the 1990s, an effort has been initiated by designers to promote the revitalization and valorization of handicrafts, with activities like the preservation of productive techniques and the incorporation of new formal and/or technical elements to local craft. The objective of this research is to analyze the effects of the encounter between crafts and design, through two case studies: the Criqué Caiçara, in São Paulo, and Gente de Fibra, in Minas Gerais. It was sought to problematize the role played by the craftsman, the designer and their interrelationship and also to reflect on the delicacy of this encounter.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Fine Art (Sculpture), Durban Institute of Technology, 2002. / Cloth bead sculptures are art objects made by female artists from cloth, beads, wood, wire and other materials that are stitched by hand. They are freestanding representations of the human figure, animals and inanimate objects and have traditionally been important ritual, as well as aesthetic, objects in Zulu communal life. The research for this dissertation was based on qualitative methods which brought together information from the women discussing their life and work. These discussions with individuals and groups looked at the women's own explanations of their work, including its traditional, ritual and communicative functions in rural Kwa Zulu Natal. They also discussed their experiences in selling their artwork in relation to the past discriminatory practices of apartheid South Africa, which was the context for their lives. From the 1970s some rural women brought some of these figures to Durban for sale in the streets to supplement their meagre resources. Later the African Art Centre became the main retail outlet for selling African Art and Craft and white people associated with it became the 'official' spokespersons and interpreters of such their art work. This had the consequence of depriving the rural women artists of their own voice. They were thus not able to give their own interpretation and explanation of their work. Interpretation of these sculptures in the dissertation has taken into account the traditional communicative role of bead figures and the symbolic function of colours, patterns and textures created by the beads and other materials. Cloth bead figures brought in for sale to local and international buyers always represented more than simple decorated figures to the artists themselves. Indeed these bead figures, like other works of art produced by black South Africans, became a vehicle for the / M

The research examines pedagogical approaches to work on interpreting expressions in a developed educational organisation. The essay contains two analyses: A re-analysis of a previous study (study 1) where two art educators in a museum art program were interviewed and a new empirical study with two art educators from Levande Verkstad (study 2). In study 1 it became apparent that conversations about images are not an isolated activity that take place at a specific instance in the art-process. Five different teaching moments for interpreting expressions were identified. These teaching moments, together with the didactic basic questions of why and how, created the analys-model used in the study. Previous studies shows a gap in knowledge on aesthetic learning processes when it comes to interpreting expression. Research shows that both teachers and students find activities of interpreting expression difficult. The theory section shows links between experience, reflection and learning by linking theories from Dewey and Dreyfus and Dreyfus. Theories concerning multiliteracy, text interpretation and literacy learning are tested against the activity interpreting expression in order to clarify the research question. The interviews show that the educators have well-thought-out and locally known methods and a local meta-language for teaching the ability to interpret expression.  The educators use expression as a didactic tool by among other things treat artifacts as narrative and by avoiding describing artifacts in the terms "fine" or "ugly". For the educators in the study, the expression also becomes a didactic goal since the purpose of the teaching design is to find a personal expression of ones own / Studien undersöker pedagogers förhållningssätt kring arbete med att tolka uttryck i en kvalificerad pedagogisk verksamhet. Uppsatsen innehåller två analyser: En re-analys av en tidigare opublicerad studie (studie 1) där två konstpedagoger i en bildpedagogisk museiverksamhet intervjuades samt en ny empirisk undersökning där två bildpedagoger från Levande Verkstad intervjuades (studie 2). I studie 1 framkom att samtal om bilder inte är en isolerad aktivitet som sker vid ett avgränsat tillfälle i skaparprocessen. Fem olika undervisningsmoment för att tolka uttryck kunde identifieras. Dessa undervisningsmoment, tillsammans med de didaktiska grundfrågorna varför och hur, skapade den analysmodell som används i studien. Tidigare forskning visar på ett glapp i forskning kring estetiska lärprocesser när det gäller tolka uttryck. Den forskning som finns visar att både lärare och elever tycker att tolka uttryck är svårt. Teoriavsnittet visar på samband mellan erfarenhet, reflektion och lärande genom att knyta samman teorier från Dewey samt Dreyfus och Dreyfus. Teorier kring multiliteracy, texttolkning och läsinlärning provas mot aktiviteten ”tolka uttryck” i syfte att klargöra forskningsfrågan. Intervjuerna i empirin visar att pedagogerna har genomtänkta och lokalt kända metoder och ett lokalt metaspråk för att arbeta med att utveckla förmågan att tolka uttryck. Pedagogerna använder uttrycket som didaktiskt verktyg bland annat genom att se artefakter som berättande och genom att undvika att beskriva artefakter i termerna ”fint” eller ”fult”. För pedagogerna i studien blir uttrycket också ett didaktiskt mål då syftet med undervisningsdesignen är att hitta ett eget personligt uttryck.

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta a trajetória de pesquisa-ação com o grupo de cipozeiros que se articulam no Movimento Interestadual de Cipozeiros e Cipozeiras - MICI, do Paraná e Santa Catarina. Apresento temas correlacionados à formação da identidade coletiva dos cipozeiros e suas formas de ação, na articulação para a defesa de seus direitos fundamentais. São enfocados então, desde o início da pesquisa em Design, ao ano de 2006, algumas premissas desta área quando relacionada às comunidades tradicionais, levando à reflexão sobre sua forma de atuação em contextos cujas problemáticas locais apresentam complexidade sui generis. Assim, são apresentados os resultados das pesquisas em Design e as estratégias de investigação sobre os conflitos locais, muito relacionados à restrição do livre acesso ao território tradicionalmente ocupado, à restrição do livre acesso aos recursos naturais - de uso histórico pelos cipozeiros, e às formas de repressão que representam a usurpação de seus direitos fundamentais, bem como a exploração do trabalho artesanal. Considero portanto que tal problemática remete ao repensar a ação em Design, em outras palavras à práxis do Design, bem como as formas de ação, articulação e formação política levam ao repensar e ao re-significar os artefatos pelos cipozeiros em sua cultura material, demonstrando seu potencial criativo através dos objetos que traduzem seu discurso, que reflete a percepção sobre seus conflitos e seus direitos. Exponho aqui as reflexões pela epistemologia de um Design sócio-educativo. / [en] The present paper presents the action-research path with the group of vine producers that get together in the Movimento Interestadual de Cipozeiros e Cipozeiras - MICI , (The Vine Producers Interstate Gathering), in Paraná and Santa Catarina. I present themes related to the collective identity formation of the vine producers and their ways of action in the articulation of the defense of their fundamental rights. Since the beginning of the research in Design, in 2006, some premises of this area are focused when related to the traditional communities, bringing to the reflection on their way of acting within contexts which local problematics present sui generis complexity. So, the results of the research in Design and the strategies of investigation on the local conflicts are presented. These local conflicts are much related to the restriction of free access to the territory traditionally occupied, to the restriction of the free access to the natural resources - of historical use of the vine producers -, and to the repression ways that represent the usurp of their fundamental rights as well as the exploitation of the handicraft. I consider, therefore, that such problematic makes us rethink the Design action, in other words, the Design praxis. Also, the ways of action, articulation and political formation make us think and re-mean the articles produced by the vine producers in their material culture, demonstrating their creative potential through the objects that translate their speech and reflect the perception on their conflicts and rights. I expose here the reflections by the epistemology of a social educative Design.

Este trabalho enfatiza o universo feminino em seu desenvolvimento. Seu título, \"Legado\" refere-se a uma obra plástica, que ao ser composta juntamente à tese, passou a ser vista como objeto de estudo da pesquisa, em uma investigação sobre a influência e a utilização de elementos da produção têxtil artesanal nas artes visuais, no final do século XX e início do XXI, por alguns artistas brasileiros. Dentre as leituras que foram desenvolvidas durante a investigação, a primeira volta-se para a Semiótica Planar, de Greimas, priorizando a estrutura física de \"Legado\" enquanto obra que insere o trabalho têxtil artesanal como produto da pesquisa. Trabalha a intertextualidade de maneira que aborde a contextualização de trabalhos plásticos, buscando suas origens culturais e simbólicas. O enfoque é dado para uma projeção do universo feminino nos lares, na tradição oral, no artesanato brasileiro,os quais também estão projetados sobre a produção das artes visuais no Brasil. O artesanal, alterando sua função utilitária para a estética, em uma reflexão do fazer humano. Para uma compreensão de \"Legado\", é proposto um diálogo com outras obras da mesma artista e pesquisadora, no qual elementos compositivos são observados e estudados no seu processo de criação. Integrando todo o trabalho, um \"jogo\" de figuras é proposto, de maneira a sugerir a própria estrutura da colcha de retalhos tramada com os conteúdos propostos no texto. A utilização do fio, da costura, do bordado, da trama, é apresentada como algo cíclico, que responde à essência humana e feminina de expressar-se no artesanal, remetendo a necessidades primordiais de fertilidade, feminilidade e propagação, seja no século XXI ou XV. / This study emphasizes forms of expression and values concerning the feminine universe. Its title, \"Legado\" (Legacy) refers to the plastic work which was composed along with this thesis and, for this reason, can be seen as the central object of this research - an investigation about the influence and use of elements of textile craft into the visual arts, by Brazilian artists, at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. The first part is anchored in the Plan Semiotics, developed by A.J. Greimas, as a theoretical basis for the analysis of the physical structure of \"Legado\", a work which inserts textile craft as the product of this research. The second part focuses intertextuality, under the point of view of the plastic works contexts, in search of their cultural and symbolic origins. A projection of the feminine universe in the domestic environments, in the oral traditions, in the Brazilian craftworks, all of them also projected onto the visual arts, is approached. The transformation of the utilitarian function of craftwork into an aesthetic function is developed, as a reflection on the human actions. In the third part, with the aim of assuring a better comprehension of \"Legado\", a dialogue with other works produced by its author and researcher is proposed. This way, composing elements are observed and studied in their process of creation. In conclusion of this study as a whole, a \"game\" of images is proposed, thus suggesting the particular patchwork\'s structure, plotted in accordance with the contents previously presented in the text. The use of needle and thread, of sewing or embroidering, is seen as something cyclical, which corresponds to the human female essence of expressing herself through handmade craftworks, reminding primordial necessities of fertility and propagation, either in the 21st, in the 15th or in any other century.

This dissertation reconsiders the relationship between fiction and slavery in American literary culture. “Prisoners of Style” shows how writers from the middle of the nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth century, including Hannah Crafts, Mark Twain, Charles Chesnutt, and William Faulkner, wrestled with enslavement. They found it not only a subject to be written about, but also a problem of characterization. Slavery and the ontological sorcery through which it produced a new kind of individual—the individual who is also a thing—led these authors to rethink basic formal assumptions about realist fiction, especially about what constitutes a literary character. The writers I discuss did not set out to argue for the slave’s humanity or to render her interiority, but instead sought to represent the systematic unmaking of black personhood perpetrated by the laws and institutions that governed chattel slavery in the US. They set out to reveal the ideological violence perpetrated against enslaved blacks, and they did so by writing characters who embodied the categorical uncertainty of the slave, characters who were not allegories for real, full people. The tradition of writing I describe does not represent the fullness of enslaved “persons”; instead it renders something far more abstract: the epistemology that undergirded enslavement—those patterns of thought that preconditioned slavery itself. The authors I study understood fictionality as a thorny ethical, epistemological, and political problem. In my chapter on Crafts, for example, I look at The Bondwoman’s Narrative alongside a set of non-fiction texts about Jane Johnson, the slave who preceded her in John Hill Wheeler’s household. Reading the novel against legal documents, pamphlets, and histories about Johnson and her escape from Wheeler, the chapter explores what fiction could do that these other modes of writing could not. In moments of sleep, amnesia, and daydreaming, Crafts resists the normative logic of subjecthood and individual rights that underpins the representations of Johnson. In the second half of the project, I demonstrate the significance of fictionality to American literary realism’s evolution into modernism. The final chapter, on Faulkner, places two of his Yoknapatawpha novels within the context of his interest in modernist painting and sculpture. Work by Picasso, Matisse, and other visual artists inspired his concern with surfaces and flatness, leading to a meditation on artifice that runs throughout his major novels. I argue that his flatness—his insistence on the non-referential quality of fiction—is crucial for understanding his characterization and philosophy of history history, in particular the history of Southern plantation slavery.

Este trabalho enfatiza o universo feminino em seu desenvolvimento. Seu título, \"Legado\" refere-se a uma obra plástica, que ao ser composta juntamente à tese, passou a ser vista como objeto de estudo da pesquisa, em uma investigação sobre a influência e a utilização de elementos da produção têxtil artesanal nas artes visuais, no final do século XX e início do XXI, por alguns artistas brasileiros. Dentre as leituras que foram desenvolvidas durante a investigação, a primeira volta-se para a Semiótica Planar, de Greimas, priorizando a estrutura física de \"Legado\" enquanto obra que insere o trabalho têxtil artesanal como produto da pesquisa. Trabalha a intertextualidade de maneira que aborde a contextualização de trabalhos plásticos, buscando suas origens culturais e simbólicas. O enfoque é dado para uma projeção do universo feminino nos lares, na tradição oral, no artesanato brasileiro,os quais também estão projetados sobre a produção das artes visuais no Brasil. O artesanal, alterando sua função utilitária para a estética, em uma reflexão do fazer humano. Para uma compreensão de \"Legado\", é proposto um diálogo com outras obras da mesma artista e pesquisadora, no qual elementos compositivos são observados e estudados no seu processo de criação. Integrando todo o trabalho, um \"jogo\" de figuras é proposto, de maneira a sugerir a própria estrutura da colcha de retalhos tramada com os conteúdos propostos no texto. A utilização do fio, da costura, do bordado, da trama, é apresentada como algo cíclico, que responde à essência humana e feminina de expressar-se no artesanal, remetendo a necessidades primordiais de fertilidade, feminilidade e propagação, seja no século XXI ou XV. / This study emphasizes forms of expression and values concerning the feminine universe. Its title, \"Legado\" (Legacy) refers to the plastic work which was composed along with this thesis and, for this reason, can be seen as the central object of this research - an investigation about the influence and use of elements of textile craft into the visual arts, by Brazilian artists, at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. The first part is anchored in the Plan Semiotics, developed by A.J. Greimas, as a theoretical basis for the analysis of the physical structure of \"Legado\", a work which inserts textile craft as the product of this research. The second part focuses intertextuality, under the point of view of the plastic works contexts, in search of their cultural and symbolic origins. A projection of the feminine universe in the domestic environments, in the oral traditions, in the Brazilian craftworks, all of them also projected onto the visual arts, is approached. The transformation of the utilitarian function of craftwork into an aesthetic function is developed, as a reflection on the human actions. In the third part, with the aim of assuring a better comprehension of \"Legado\", a dialogue with other works produced by its author and researcher is proposed. This way, composing elements are observed and studied in their process of creation. In conclusion of this study as a whole, a \"game\" of images is proposed, thus suggesting the particular patchwork\'s structure, plotted in accordance with the contents previously presented in the text. The use of needle and thread, of sewing or embroidering, is seen as something cyclical, which corresponds to the human female essence of expressing herself through handmade craftworks, reminding primordial necessities of fertility and propagation, either in the 21st, in the 15th or in any other century.

Allowing decorative pattern to take flight is a theme that has preoccupied my art practice ever since becoming infected by Deleuze and Guattari’s writing, A Thousand Plateaus:Capitalism and Schizophrenia, while completing a Bachelor of Fine Arts, majoring in Textiles. It is evident as an underlying thread or feeling in my making processes and thinking. According to Deleuze and Guattari (1987), to think new thoughts involves ‘a wrenching of concepts away from their usual configurations, outside the systems in which they have a home and outside the structures of recognition that constrain thought to the already known’ (p276). In this project I have found myself continually challenged by the intent and consequences of ‘shaking things up’, as I believe this quote implies. A wrenching of concepts away from their usual configurations has come through drawing a comparison between the conceptual structure of decorative pattern and the orders and structures of everyday life. What has emerged is a synthesis of ideas which create a picture of the dis/order that is evident within decorative pattern and in everyday life. I have come to conclude that decorative pattern is passive aggressive. It occurs to me that I could have described decorative pattern in a more positive tone in terms of passive resistance. But, in my mind, this implies a heroic gesture of superseding dominant orders. In this project I consciously employ the term ‘passive aggressive’ as an analogy because it acknowledges human flaw as a pattern that is inherent in everyday life. It alludes to the actuality of a relation to order and subsequent disorder that is not heroic, but rather implies humanness and the everyday struggle. While my challenge has been to present a new way of thinking about decorative pattern, underlying this has been a questioning of the structures that define my practice itself. This is evident in the experimental works that I have produced. It has been an evolutionary process that has played out according to a rhythm of shattering and shoring up. I see the resolution of this exploration coming in two parts. One is as the sum of my experimental works and how these artworks inform each other and are read in relation to the text. The other comes through a final installation of work which employs the system for making that has subsequently evolved, moving according to ‘the path of least resistance’.