[pt] Entende-se, aqui, o complexo processo de formatação das subjetividades contemporâneas a partir de dois fenômenos principais, os quais são observados não de forma isolada, mas em concomitância, isto é, ocorrendo ao mesmo tempo, sem que se anulem. Ao contrário, os dois se somam. São eles: a exibição de particularidades da vida dita privada nos meios de comunicação, em especial nas redes sociais da Web em sua fase 2.0, como Facebook, Twitter, Instagram e YouTube, a qual podemos aludir como exposição de intimidade, e a crescente e desenfreada preocupação com a obtenção do chamado corpo perfeito, em geral associado, nas narrativas midiáticas, ao porte torneado ou musculoso, fomentando o movimento conhecido como culto ao corpo. Na tentativa de encontrar proximidades, afastamentos e ambiguidades entre o atual modelo de subjetividade predominante, que começou a emergir a partir de meados do século XX, e o anterior, em voga, sobretudo, entre os séculos XIX e primeira metade do XX, esta tese de doutorado coteja dois momentos históricos distintos. Para tanto, a opção foi analisar o discurso de periódicos nacionais, de grandes e pequenas cidades, situado nesses dois recortes temporais. Dessa investigação, a conclusão foi a de que, ao contrário do que alega a maioria dos estudos sobre o tema, a força da exteriorização, tão marcante aos dias atuais, também já estava presente e se fazia sentir no modelo subjetivo de antes, ainda que atuasse de modo diferente: se hoje o predomínio é o da exteriorização ativa, quando o próprio indivíduo expõe a si mesmo, anteriormente o mais observado era o que batizamos de exteriorização passiva, quando o indivíduo é exteriorizado por terceiros, às vezes sem o seu consentimento ou sapiência. Igualmente os objetivos almejados com a exteriorização cambiaram de um momento a outro: no século XIX e primeira metade do XX, buscava-se, notadamente, constranger e/ou envergonhar o outro, especialmente pela difusão de comportamentos considerados desviantes ou inapropriados à moral da época; agora, por sua vez, procura-se, sobre todas as coisas, a captura do olhar do outro, ser visto, o que ascende o sentimento de prestígio social. / [en] It is understood, here, the complex process of formatting of the contemporary subjectivities from two main movements, observed not in isolation manner, but in concomitance, that is, both occurring at the same time, without being annulled. On the contrary, add up each other. They are: the exhibition of particularities of private life in the media, especially in the social networks from the Web 2.0, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube, which is alluded as exhibition of intimacy, and the growing and unbridled preoccupation with obtaining the so-called perfect body, usually associated, in the mediatic narratives, with the turned or muscular body, fomenting the movement known as cult of the body. In an attempt to find closeness, distanceness and ambiguitiess between the current predominant model of subjectivity, which began to emerge from the mid-twentieth century, and the past, in vogue, especially between the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, this PhD thesis matches two different historical moments. For that, the option was to analyze the discourse of Brazilian periodicals, of large and small cities, located in these two temporal cuts. From this investigation, the conclusion was that, contrary to most of the studies defend, the force of externalization, so striking to present days, was already present and felt in the previous subjective model, even though acting differently: if today the predominance is that of active exteriorization, when the individual exposes himself, before the most often observed was what we call passive exteriorization, when the individual is externalized by others, sometimes without your consent or wisdom. Likewise, the goals of exteriorization have changed from the first moment to the next: in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth, the aim was to embarrass the other, especially through the diffusion of behaviors considered deviant or inappropriate to the moral of the age; now, in turn, it searches for, above all, capture the look of the other, to be seen, which ascends the sense of social prestige.

This paper traces burials from Iron Age I Canaan that reflect an influence of Philistine culture. This influence can be measured by the presence of Philistine bichrome pottery or other evidence related to this ancient biblical people. A major road block to the clearest possible understanding of Philistine burials is that no cemeteries have been found at any of the earliest settlements of the biblical Philistines, the Pentapolis. The Old Testament lists these cities as Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza (e.g. Joshua 13:3). Though extensive excavation has been conducted at most of these sites, they have yet to yield a necropolis. Excavations are still being done at Tell es-Safi/Gath and Ashkelon, so hopefully the future will supply researchers with data to help clarify this rather vague area of Philistine studies. Recognizing these limitations, the paper presents a "symbiotic model," which identifies some of the areas of shared culture from the Canaanite context. Examples of this symbiosis are seen as the amalgamated result of people groups living in close proximity to each other and influencing the customs and practices of their neighbors. A Mycenaean origin of the Philistines is an underlying supposition of the research laid out in this paper. Because of this origin, and the other influences upon the early Philistine settlers in Canaan, a certain amount of cultural comparison becomes necessary to be able to understand the developing Philistine culture of Iron I. The paper includes a map of tombs and burials bearing Philistine influence and a map identifying different types of tombs and their locations. The variety of tomb types is an important facet of Philistine custom. The strong Egyptian influence upon Canaan and the surrounding area at that time in history is inescapable. Evidence of this influence will be explored. The inclusion of a chapter on the anthropoid clay coffins, and the Philistines' relationship to them, struggles with the scholarly interpretations. Finally, a chapter on literary implications strives to shed light on possible Philistine burial practices from the perspective of the Old Testament and other applicable literatures of the ancient Near East. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Th.

The question leading this study is whether or not the contents of Hezekiah‘s storehouses and treasuries (2 Ki 20:13, 2 Chr 32:25-28 and Is 39:2) defy or reflect the reality of the Judaean domestic economy in the late 8th – early 7th century BCE. I have adopted a multidisciplinary and holistic approach, considering the literary, political, economic, religious, and socio-cultural dimensions of Hezekiah‘s reign. The study concludes that revenue from agriculture could not have been Hezekiah‘s only source of income. Local goods and taxes were insufficient in volume and value to account for the extent of Hezekiah‘s wealth. While the religious reforms and cult centralisation introduced by Hezekiah would have generated considerable income, alternative sources must have been available to the king. Tolls, taxes, and customs imposed on the international trade traversing the Levant contributed significantly. Examination of the available archaeological evidence reflects a prosperous economy, one that favoured a powerful minority. / Biblical and Ancient studies / M. A. (Biblical Archaeology)

Text in German with German and English summaries / In times of global crisis, eschatological questions gain relevance. The Old Testament concept of HàWH:J moWJ has primary bearing on Christian eschatological expectations. This study examines the discourse of the Day of Yahweh of Amos and Isaiah in the context of their message. Concept and origin of this discourse are controversial. A review of research shows that the current understandings do not adequately answer questions about the origin of this discourse. Both the definitions of “Day of Yahweh” passages and the certitude that HàWH:J moWJ is a technical term seem problematic. Analysis of Amos 5:18-20 shows that, contrary to commonly accepted understanding, a nontechnical understanding of the phrase HàWH:J moWJ is sufficient for interpreting the passage. Linguistically similar phrases in Isaiah also merely relate Yahweh’s historical intervention, and do not refer to an established concept. Only later did a tradition complex arise from this prophetic proclamation. / In Zeiten globaler Krisen gewinnen eschatologische Fragestellungen an Aktualität. Zentrale Bedeutung für die christliche Zukunftserwartung hat der Tag des Herrn, dessen alttestamentlicher Wurzelgrund der HàWH:J moWJ ist. Die Studie untersucht die Rede vom Tag Jahwes bei den Schriftpropheten Amos und Jesaja im Kontext ihrer Verkündigung. Konzept und Herkunft dieser Rede sind umstritten. Ein Forschungsüberblick zeigt, dass die gängigen Erklärungsmodelle die Frage nach der Herkunft dieser Rede nicht ausreichend beantworten. Als problematisch erscheinen die Definitionen von Tag Jahwes-Belegen und die Sicherheit, mit der man die Wendung HàWH:J moWJ als Terminus technicus bezeichnet. Die Untersuchung zu Am 5,18-20 erweist, dass, entgegen dem Common sense der Forschung, ein formales Verständnis der Wendung HàWH:J moWJ zur Interpretation der Rede ausreicht. Ähnliche sprachliche Wendungen bei Jesaja paraphrasieren ebenfalls nur das geschichtliche Eingreifen Jahwes und verweisen nicht auf eine Auseinandersetzung mit einem bestehenden Konzept. Ein Traditionskomplex namens Tag Jahwes erwuchs erst später aus dieser prophetischen Verkündigung. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M. Th. (Old Testament)

The 'Romanization' of the African provinces of Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis was in fact a two-way process of exchange between Roman and African elements which resulted in a uniquely Romano-African civilization. The imperial cult highlights issues common to all Romanization processes, such as ruler-subject interaction and the role of local initiative in bringing about change, as well as unique issues such as the impact of politics on emperor-worship. The success of the imperial cult was hampered by the fact that only a select few - notably the wealthy local elite - derived direct benefit from the process, and by the fact that, because the pre-Roman Mauretaniae had no established ruler-cults, the imperial cult failed to assimilate with local tradition. As a result, the cult was unable either to make a decisive impact on the Romanization of the Mauretanians, or to achieve any real religious unity among them. / History / M.A. (Ancient History)

L’idée principale de la thèse est l’écoculture, c'est-à-dire une réflexion plus approfondie sur la relation entre l’homme et la nature. Afin d’expliquer cette idée, nous avons analysé certains éléments caractéristiques de la culture traditionnelle, comme : le châtiment, la malédiction, la bénédiction, le serment, la métamorphose, l’empathie, la révérence, la sacralisation etc. Ces éléments culturels ne concernent pas seulement les mœurs et pratiques morales humaines dans la vie sociale, mais aussi bien les relations entre l’homme et la nature. Dans son sens véridique, en dehors de pensée, des symboles et des valeurs, l’écoculture sous-entend également les comportements, les actions concrètes et les autres routines de la vie quotidienne. L’une des conclusions de cette thèse est que les mouvements écologiques au Kosovo, et tout ceux qui prétendent créer une culture environnementale ou bien une conscience écologiques, afin de changer des comportements et des habitudes par rapport à l’environnement, pourraient prendre pour référence l’écoculture traditionnelle albanaise, parce qu’on y trouve beaucoup d’éléments communs avec des éthiques environnementales contemporaines, comme : écologie profonde, écoféminisme, spiritualisme écologique, dark-green religion / The main idea of the thesis is the eco-culture, that is to say, a deep reflection on the spiritual relationship between human and nature. To explain this idea, I analyze some characteristic elements of the traditional culture, such as punishment, curse, blessing, oath, metamorphosis, empathy, reverence, sacredness, etc. These cultural elements do not concern only the mores and ethical human practices in social life, but also the relationship between human and nature. Nowadays, in everyday life, these values are sometimes expressed openly and concretely, and other times latently and not obviously. In addition to thinking, symbols and values, the eco-culture also manifests itself through behavior, concrete actions, and other routines of daily life. Amongst the conclusions of this thesis is that the environmental movements in Kosovo, aiming at changing the habits related to the environment by means of creating the environmental culture and raising ecological consciousness, must refer to the traditional Albanian eco-culture, since the latter has many common elements with contemporary environmental ethics, such as deep ecology, eco-feminism, ecological spiritualism, dark-green religion, etc.

No description available.

Dentre os vários campos de interesse das Ciências da Religião, o sagrado e seu impacto nas culturas dos diversos povos e épocas, tem sido objeto de estudo para muitos que enveredam nesse campo tão vasto. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, o presente trabalho, à luz das Ciências da Religião, se presta a fazer uma análise hermenêutica comparativa sobre a relação entre o poema babilônico da criação, Enuma Elish, e o relato bíblico da criação em Gênesis 1,12,4a. Esse estudo, que tem como base a Teologia Comparada, busca fazer uma análise sobre a influência que uma cultura exerce quando interage com outra. Pretende sinalizar algumas semelhanças e diferenças entre esses dois textos de culturas e épocas diferentes. Procura ainda ajudar o leitor a perceber de que maneira o mito pode ser entendido e de que forma ele pode ser empregado no campo científico. Após a análise do levantamento de dados, percebemos que há alguns elementos em comum entre os dois poemas. Dentre eles destacamos: a criação do universo, do firmamento, dos astros e do homem. Percebemos, portanto, que de fato, quando um povo interage com outro de cultura diferente da sua, acaba havendo uma influência mútua de um povo em relação ao outro. / Among the various fields of interest of the Religion Sciences, the sacred and its impact over the cultures of different peoples and ages, has been studied by many who go through that vast field. Through bibliographic studies, this project, under the lights of the Religion Sciences, intends to make an hermeneutics comparative analysis about the relationship between the Babylonian poem of Creation, Enuma Elish, and the biblical account of creation in Genesis 1. This study, which is based on Comparative Theology, seeks to analyze the influence that a culture has when interacting with others. It aims to identify some similarities and differences between these two texts from different cultures and times. It also seeks to help the reader to understand how the myth can be understood and how it can be employed in the scientific field. After analyzing the survey data, we realize that there are some elements in common between the two poems. Among them we highlight: the creation of the universe, the firmament, the stars and man. We see, therefore, that in fact, when people interact with another culture than theirs, it comes to happen a mutual influence of one people over the other.

Dieu majeur du panthéon égyptien, Amon a acquis un prestige sans pareil comme dieu dynastique durant le Nouvel Empire à Thèbes. Depuis sa première attestation certaine au début de la 11ème dynastie, après l’unification des territoires égyptiens, les rois régnants n’ont cessé de lui dédier des monuments, véritables trésors des arts égyptiens. Pendant le Nouvel Empire, la popularité d’Amon diffuse parmi les particuliers des différentes conditions sociales. Ils ont produit de nombreux monuments, variés dans leurs formes, représentant Amon sous divers aspects. Dans une approche concernant l’évolution du culte amonien, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressées à la fonction d’Amon, selon ces différents aspects. Il existe bien sûr des études plus anciennes consacrées à tel ou tel aspect spécifique d’Amon, mais aucune ne donne cependant une vision globale de l’ensemble de ces aspects. Nous avons donc voulu savoir quelle fonction était liée à quel aspect d’Amon, sous forme humaine ou animale. Pour mener ces enquêtes systématiques, nous avons utilisé la méthode statistique, encore peu courante dans l’étude de la religion égyptienne. Comme elle doit s’appuyer sur des exemples en nombre significatif, nous avons choisi la période et le lieu les plus prolifiques pour l’iconographie d’Amon : le Nouvel Empire à Thèbes. Nous avons de plus sélectionné deux types d’objets particulièrement répandus, les stèles et les statues, appartenant à des gens de diverses conditions sociales, afin de comparer le culte amonien selon les différentes catégories sociales. En nous basant sur le croisement de données portant sur plus de 500 monuments, nous avons effectué deux séries d’analyses : une analyse iconographique (type de rite, personnages associés) et une analyse phraséologique (types de formules et épithètes), en tenant compte des datations et des provenances (rive est ou ouest du Nil). Cette analyse a produit des résultats intéressants sur l’évolution des cultes d’Amon à cette période. Nous avons notamment pu mettre en évidence les traitements très différenciés entre les rois et les particuliers dans la façon d’approcher Amon. En somme, les rois ont sélectionné des motifs évoquant des moments importants des cérémonies officielles. Dans la phraséologie d’Amon, qui reste conventionnelle, les rois ont mis en avant l’appellation parentale « fils et père » et la qualité de « souveraineté ». Dans la réalisation de leurs monuments, ils ont voulu s’identifier à Amon anthropomorphe ou dialoguer avec lui une relation réciproque, les plaçant sur un même rang, de manière à manifester leur royauté. Lorsqu’ils optent pour l’aspect animal d’Amon, c’est toujours dans la statuaire et sous la forme criocéphale. Leurs statues portant un objet criocéphale, liées au culte ambulatoire de l’entité divine, ont été installées dans les lieux les plus ouverts au public, à l’inverse des statues royales représentant Amon anthropomorphe, qui sont installées au fond des sanctuaires. Il existait certainement une hiérarchie entre les aspects humain et animal dans la pensée royale.En revanche, les particuliers ont représenté Amon sous divers aspects. Il est l’objet de leurs prières pour régler leurs affaires quotidiennes ou pour assurer leur survie posthume. Ils sont alors figurés dans des scènes d’adoration envers Amon, sous sa forme humaine ou animale et même sous la forme d’animal entier. Les particuliers montrent plus de flexibilité que les rois dans la sélection d’épithètes moins habituelles. Celles-ci manifestent tantôt la qualité de « démiurge », tantôt la qualité d’Amon comme « intercesseur » ou « sauveur » du peuple.Au terme de cette enquête, nous pouvons établir un nouveau corpus raisonné de l’iconographie et de la phraséologie d’Amon. Il nous est désormais possible de différencier les cultes officiels royaux, des pratiques privées et de « piété personnelle » grâce aux préférences montrées par les dédicants pour un type de monument en fonction de leur statut ... / Amun, the deity of the Egyptian pantheon, had acquired unparalleled prestige as a dynastic god in Thebes during the New Kingdom. Since his first appearance at the beginning of the 11th dynasty, after the unification of the Egyptian territories, the kings continued to dedicate the monuments, treasures of Egyptian fine art.During the New Kingdom, the popularity of Amun diffused among individuals with different social status. People produced numerous monuments in various forms of Amun. To explore the evolution of the Amun’s cult, we specifically investigated in the function of Amun, as his different aspects. The previous studies of Amun focused on one particular aspect, but none of them gave an overview of all aspects. We sought which function was related to either human or animal form of Amun. To perform these systematic surveys, we used the statistical method which is still a novel approach in the study of Egyptian religion. To obtain the significant numbers of data, we chose the most prolific time and place for the iconography of Amun : the New Kingdom in Thebes. We selected two types of objects particularly prevalent, stelae and statues which belonged to people from various social ranks. Based on more than 500 monuments data, we conducted two types of researches: iconographic analysis (ritual (ceremonial) type and associated character) and phraseological analysis (formulas type and epithets). We also included date and place (either east or west bank of the Nile). Those analyses revealed interesting results on the evolution of worship of Amun at that time. In particular, we could highlight huge differences between kings and commoners in their methods to approach to Amun.In summary, the kings selected motifs evoking important moments of royal ceremonies. In the phraseology of Amun, which remains conventional, kings emphasize parental appellation "son and father" and the quality of "sovereignty". In carrying out their monuments, they wanted to identify with anthropomorphic Amun or dialogue with him a reciprocal relationship, placing them on the same row, so to show their royalty. The animal form of Amun is only depicted in statuary as the sacred ram-headed form. Their statues presenting the ram’s head object related to the moving of the divine entity were installed in places more open to the public, unlike the royal statues of anthropomorphic Amun, which are installed in places the most sacred in the temple. There certainly was a hierarchy between human and animal aspects in the royal mind.In contrast, commoners valued his various aspects. Amun was the object of their prayers to adjust their daily business or for their posthumous survival. They then depicted in the worshipping scenes of Amun in his human or part-animal form and even in the form of whole animal. The commoners show more flexibility than the Kings in the selection of epithets less common. Theses epithets sometimes showed the quality "demiurge" and sometimes the quality of Amun as "intercessor" or "savior" of the people.The success of this attempt brought a new rational corpus of the iconography and phraseology of Amun. This study revealed that royal official cults was different from private practices and "personal piety" with the preferences shown by devotees for a type of monument, dependent on their status as well as the time.

Si les héros peuplant la mythologie grecque sont particulièrement connus, les héros historiques, eux, le sont beaucoup moins. Pourtant le phénomène dit d'héroïsation concerna de nombreux personnages. Cette étude propose de se pencher sur ces personnages à l'existence historique avérée, qui se virent reconnaître le statut de héros et qui accédant ainsi à la sphère divine bénéficièrent d'honneurs mais également de cultes. Cette étude se propose également de comprendre l'ensemble de ces rites en rapport avec les héros et l'héroïsation. Elle présente aussi l'évolution que connu ce phénomène pendant toute la période allant de l'époque archaïque au IIIe siècle ap. J. -C. mais également met en lumière les différences et les points communs entre les différentes régions et cités qui composèrent l'ensemble du monde grec. Cette étude tente également d'en apprendre plus sur l'identité de ces personnages qui pour nombre d'entre eux restent inconnus de la « grande Histoire ». Pourtant ces personnages méritent une attention toute particulière car leur étude éclaire singulièrement et permet une bien meilleure compréhension de la vie religieuse des Grecs de l'Antiquité. / If the heroes of Greek mythology are particularly well known historical figures themselves, are much less. Yet the phenomenon known as heroization concerned many characters. This study proposes to examine these characters for whom the historical existence is proven, and who had been assigned the status of heroes and thus accessing to the divine sphere benefited honors but also cults. This study also aims to understand all of these rites in connection with the hero and heroization. It also presents the evolution knew by this phenomenon during the period from the Archaic period to the third century AD. But also highlights the differences and similarities between the different regions and cities that composed the entire Greek world. This study also tries to learn more about the identity of these characters, who, for many of them remain unknown of the "great history." Yet these characters deserve special attention because their study singularly clarifies and provides a much better understanding of the religious life of the ancient Greeks.