This essay aims to research how the discussion within the two big teacher unions in Sweden has looked in three different issues. The researched issues are the question of individual and differentiated wages, the question of teacher certification and the question of career opportunities for teachers. Previous research has shown that the teacher profession has been individualized in some aspects, and through an idea analysis I investigate how this is shown in the discussion within the unions. From my material – protocols from four different congresses – I draw the conclusion that the idea of individualisation is strong from the union boards and more mixed from the members. The question of individual and differentiated wages is the issue with the biggest spread of ideas and opinions in the union discussion, while the question of teacher certification is the closest to consensus.

Many social workers that are working within the current healthcare system, feel that their profession is being marginalized, and they are worried that the social perspective might be lost, which would affect both the healthcare system and the patient in an undesirable way. This is a situation that is described by the social workers that were interviewed for the work of this assay. There is a proposition about a special legitimisation for social workers within the healthcare system. The main aim of this proposition is to secure the patient safety.  A second aim is to secure that the social perspective will remain with in the healthcare system.   The governance of the public sector of today, focuses on increasing the efficiency by control and review of measurable goals, which has affected the professionals' use of their skills and lead to de-professionalization. In today's knowledge management, measurable treatment through manuals is seemingly more important than professional competence, which has weakened the curators' profession role in healthcare. This picture is clearly stated in this essay's empirical study and is confirmed by the literature studied.   The trust delegation has the task to develop a reform that will better use the employees' skills so that the Swedish citizens receive their needed services through trust-based governance. The proposed introduction of legitimisation and the work of the trust delegation can both lead to changes for the social workers and the social perspective. For the social workers, the proposal raises hope. A legitimisation might strengthen their occupational role and at the same time indicate that the social perspective in healthcare is a specific and necessary area, which can lead to the development of the profession's jurisdiction.

The desire for many people today is to be professional, and many occupations seek professional status. The idea of a profession has a higher status than a mere occupation; professionals have lot of knowledge and power to decide about their own work and they can also voice opinions about others. Occupations are driven towards attaining professional status. This process is not driven by single individuals aiming to exercise power in relation to other individuals. It is a collective, national process by an occupation. The overall aim of this dissertation is to examine, describe and analyze the process of professionalization of local public managers. There are four researchtopics: a) What are the characteristics of a professional group, and do these apply to local public managers? b) How is municipal organization portrayed with regard to the roles of politicians and administrators? c) How do politicians,managers, and public servants view themselves and each other in a normative and descriptive way? d) In what ways are managers trying to increase their influence to reach a position from which it is possible to choose to follow, or notfollow, a political decision? The methods used in this research are several; a deep case study in which surveys, observations, document studies and interviews are conducted. As theoretical framework theories of power, professionalization and discourse are used to analyze the empirical material from the case study.The results show top managers’ ongoing quest for professional status. They exclude other groups in order to handle their work without interference from others – discretion, the driving force behind professionalization. Usurpation is a strategy to get into the area of the politicians. Politicians are talked of as children in need for raise and a municipality is perceived as a private business enterprise. In this discourse values such as effectiveness, customer satisfaction, competition and value-for-money are important. The municipality is heavily inspired by thei deas of New Public Management. This development is quite problematic withregard to democracy. The democratic values such as public ethics, political democracyand the rule of law – the public ethos - are not spoken of. My hope is that this dissertation can prompt managers to reflect, since I have tried to see their work from a different perspective than what they most probably use.

Denna flermetodiska studie har som syfte att undersöka hur ”barn i social utsatthet” tas upp i utbildningen. I studien har intervjuer med representanter från tio olika lärosäten, en webbenkätundersökning med yrkesverksamma på fritidshem och en innehållsanalys av lärosätens kurslitteratur använts. Intervjuerna har analyserats och tolkats utifrån ett barnrättsperspektiv med hjälp av diskurspsykologi och teorier om professionalisering, de-professionalisering och gränsarbete. Resultaten har utgått från tre teman: området ”barn i social utsatthet”, utbildningen idag och framtida behov inom utbildningen. Uttrycket ”barn i social utsatthet” innefattar många områden samt att anmälningar och utbildningens längd kan bidra till problematiska dilemman utifrån ett barnrättsperspektiv. I studiens slutsats kommer vi fram till att en diskussion rörande kunskaper om området ”barn i social utsatthet” behövs. En ny omarbetad, uppgraderad och mer omfattande Grundlärarutbildning med inriktning mot fritidshem skulle kunna leda till ett tydligare uppdrag och en gränsarbetande barnrättsprofession för allmänhetens bästa.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the effects of commercialisation impact the management of sports organizations. Additionally, the study aims to investigate how sports organizations handle commercialisation to ensure a sustainable balance between the market logic and safe sports for children. Neo -institutional theory, and its various components, have been used as a theoretical lens to answer these research questions. The study was conducted using a deductive, qualitative method, and the questions for the semi-structured interviews were designed and analysed with the help of neo-institutional theory. The results and analysis show that commercialisation primarily affects the management of sports organizations through increased professionalisation. To manage commercialisation and maintain a sustainable balance between market logic and safe sports for children, sports organizations work on educating employees, coaches, and parents. They establish guidelines and ensure compliance, focusing on a proactive approach to prevent infringement. Within the organizations, there is an ongoing dialogue to integrate these guidelines into the organization. The results also highlight the importance of understanding the individual needs of athletes so that sports activities can be conducted on their terms. A long-term perspective on sports participation is also emphasised as important for sustainability.