The purpose of this study is to gain comprehensive knowledge about gender-discriminatory practices within advertising used in Sweden. This research intends to convey this to the reader through completing the following objectives. Firstly, to showcase how advertisers portray both genders in sexist ways. Secondly, how the advertisers react to the guilty verdicts made by the Reklamombudsmannen. This investigation focuses on the work of  the Swedish foundation “Reklamombudsmannen”. Their task is to promote and maintain ethics in the Swedish market by communicating ethical decisions, training and guidance offered to advertisers. This theoretical research consists of theories about gender research, gender stereotypes and sexist advertising. The analysis evaluates five of Reklamombudsmannen’s verdicts for sexist advertising from the year 2021. These five advertisements will be interpreted through a rhetorical and semiotic qualitative content analysis applying concepts such as logos, ethos, pathos, connotation and denotation will be used. The results indicate clearly that the advertiser's use different kinds of sexist, gender stereotypical or discriminating portrayals of both genders. However, the study can state that the female sex is significantly more objectified than the male. Furthermore, the commonality between each advertiser was the disagreeance of Reklamombudsmannen’s guilty judgements in denying the usage of discriminating content within their advertisements.

O principal objetivo da pesquisa é revelar e examinar os principais elementos encontrados nas condutas discriminatórias nas relações de trabalho, como alicerce de uma teoria da discriminação nas relações de trabalho. A tese extraiu conceitos e princípios antidiscriminatórios mediante a identificação e estudo dos componentes das práticas discriminatórias. As conclusões da investigação foram baseadas no direito antidiscriminatório geral, bem como no direito antidiscriminatório laboral. A pesquisa tem início na busca das origens da expressão discriminação, dentro de seu sentido pejorativo, como tratamento diferenciado ilícito. Posteriormente, faz uma avaliação do significado e do alcance do dever de tratamento igualitário, bem como demonstra a natureza destacada das normas antidiscriminatórias. É procedida a identificação dos componentes de uma prática discriminatória através do exame detalhado de suas principais características. Igualmente são apresentados os mais interessantes conceitos doutrinários, normativos e jurisprudenciais sobre a discriminação laboral, bem como as modalidades discriminatórias mais comuns. Dos componentes apresentados são colhidos alguns princípios antidiscriminatórios laborais envolvidos, tanto materiais como processuais. Por fim, é abordada a complexa e preocupante situação da discriminação praticada contra trabalhadores migrantes, em face de ser uma modalidade que tem vislumbrado crescentes dificuldades no seu combate. Como conclusão da pesquisa, é proposto um conceito de prática discriminatória nas relações do trabalho. / The main objective of the study is to uncover and examine the principal elements found in discriminatory conduct in work relationships, as a foundation of a theory of work relation discrimination. This thesis extracted concepts and antidiscrimination principles by identifying and studying the components of discriminatory practices. The investigations conclusions were based on both general and labor antidiscrimination law. The study begins with a search for the origins of the expression discrimination, in its pejorative sense, as illicit differentiated treatment. Later, it evaluates the meaning and scope of the duty of equal treatment, as well as it demonstrates the outstanding nature of the antidiscrimination norms. Next, in the study, the identification of components of discriminatory practices is done through a detailed examination of their main characteristics. The most interesting, doctrinaire, normative and jurisprudential concepts are presented in the same manner, which are related to work discrimination as well as to the most common discriminatory modalities. Some labor antidiscrimination principles, both material and procedural, result from the concepts here presented. Finally, the complex and preoccupying situation of the discrimination practiced against migrating workers is addressed, in light of the fact that this is a modality of discrimination which has become ever more difficult to combat. As a final conclusion of this study, a concept of discriminatory practice is proposed in work relations.

In a deregulated electricity market, auction serves as a primary pricing tool in various segments of the market including day-ahead, real time, ancillary services markets, and Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) market. Deregulated power markets around the world use different auction strategies that exist in the literature, since very little comparative guidelines exist as to the relative merits of these strategies. In this thesis, a computational methodology and its solution framework are developed to evaluate the impact of an auction strategy on the equilibrium prices in a constrained network with multiple generators at nodes, and where transactions are settled using the optimal power flow (OPF) program. The methodology is tested on a power market represented by a sample 12-bus IEEE network available in the MATPOWER software, which is reconfigured to allow multiple generators to supply power at a bus. The network is used as a platform to comprehensively assess the performance of uniform price auction, discriminatory auction, and second-price uniform auction. Auction rules are used to update generator costs, which are then introduced into the OPF program for obtaining optimal price and quantity allocations. This Auction-OPF procedure is embedded within a game theoretic model that obtains the equilibrium bidding strategies and the corresponding prices and quantities for the network. A detailed comparison of the auction mechanisms is carried out using different measures of performance such as revenue, average prices, and quantity weighted average prices. The comparison shows that there is, perhaps, an appreciable difference among the auction mechanisms. However, to statistically confirm the impact of auction choices, a mixed level factorial experiment is designed with auction strategy, network load, and congestion as three different factors and a closeness measure (defined as the difference between average total revenue and the average total cost of generators in the network per hour) as the responsible variable. An analysis of variance conducted on the experimental outcomes indicates that the load level and the auction strategy significantly affect the network performance. The presence market power under the auction strategies is examined through two well known indices, Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI) and Lerners Index. It is concluded from the HHI values that all three auction strategies allow the market to be moderately competitive. The Lerners index values show that, while discriminatory auction results in highest bid markup, second price uniform auction induces bidding at or close to the marginal cost.

Die Modelle der räumlichen Preistheorie sind über einen langen Zeitraum entwickelt worden und mit bekannten Namen wie Wilhelm Launhardt und August Lösch verbunden. Diese Ansätze versuchen der räumlichen Dimension des Preisbildungsprozesses auf Märkten in partialanalytischen Modellen Rechnung zu tragen. Im Buch werden Monopole, monopolistische Konkurrenz und internationaler Handel diskutiert. Dabei hat der Leser die Möglichkeit, sich über die Standardmodell hinaus mit komplexeren Strukturen vertraut zu machen. / For a long period the models of spatial pricing were developed and connected with the famous names of Wilhelm Launhardt und August Lösch. These approaches take the spatial dimension of pricing into account in partial analytical models. This publication discusses monopoly, monopolistic competition, and international trade. The reader will get a greater insight into the basic models and more complex structures.

Am 01.04.2013 ist in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine neue Straßenverkehrsordnung (StVO) in Kraft getreten, die Frauen gleichermaßen ansprechen soll wie Männer. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die Frage, inwieweit die sprachliche Gleichbehandlung der Geschlechter in der StVO tatsächlich umgesetzt werden konnte. Auf Grundlage einer Online-Befragung wird zudem die öffentliche Einstellung zu den in der StVO primär verwendeten Formen genderneutraler Sprache untersucht.

O principal objetivo da pesquisa é revelar e examinar os principais elementos encontrados nas condutas discriminatórias nas relações de trabalho, como alicerce de uma teoria da discriminação nas relações de trabalho. A tese extraiu conceitos e princípios antidiscriminatórios mediante a identificação e estudo dos componentes das práticas discriminatórias. As conclusões da investigação foram baseadas no direito antidiscriminatório geral, bem como no direito antidiscriminatório laboral. A pesquisa tem início na busca das origens da expressão discriminação, dentro de seu sentido pejorativo, como tratamento diferenciado ilícito. Posteriormente, faz uma avaliação do significado e do alcance do dever de tratamento igualitário, bem como demonstra a natureza destacada das normas antidiscriminatórias. É procedida a identificação dos componentes de uma prática discriminatória através do exame detalhado de suas principais características. Igualmente são apresentados os mais interessantes conceitos doutrinários, normativos e jurisprudenciais sobre a discriminação laboral, bem como as modalidades discriminatórias mais comuns. Dos componentes apresentados são colhidos alguns princípios antidiscriminatórios laborais envolvidos, tanto materiais como processuais. Por fim, é abordada a complexa e preocupante situação da discriminação praticada contra trabalhadores migrantes, em face de ser uma modalidade que tem vislumbrado crescentes dificuldades no seu combate. Como conclusão da pesquisa, é proposto um conceito de prática discriminatória nas relações do trabalho. / The main objective of the study is to uncover and examine the principal elements found in discriminatory conduct in work relationships, as a foundation of a theory of work relation discrimination. This thesis extracted concepts and antidiscrimination principles by identifying and studying the components of discriminatory practices. The investigations conclusions were based on both general and labor antidiscrimination law. The study begins with a search for the origins of the expression discrimination, in its pejorative sense, as illicit differentiated treatment. Later, it evaluates the meaning and scope of the duty of equal treatment, as well as it demonstrates the outstanding nature of the antidiscrimination norms. Next, in the study, the identification of components of discriminatory practices is done through a detailed examination of their main characteristics. The most interesting, doctrinaire, normative and jurisprudential concepts are presented in the same manner, which are related to work discrimination as well as to the most common discriminatory modalities. Some labor antidiscrimination principles, both material and procedural, result from the concepts here presented. Finally, the complex and preoccupying situation of the discrimination practiced against migrating workers is addressed, in light of the fact that this is a modality of discrimination which has become ever more difficult to combat. As a final conclusion of this study, a concept of discriminatory practice is proposed in work relations.

No / This study explores how colonial laws and administrative practices shaped the evolution of employment management in Pakistan. It identifies important mechanisms used by the British Raj (the period of British rule of the subcontinent) to institutionalise legal and administrative frameworks: the legacies of these structures continue to influence contemporary management practices in government sector organisations. This article investigates the legacy of the Raj's ¿quota system¿ in the civil services and the doctrine of the ¿martial race¿ in military services, both of which offered enduring structural advantages in the labour market to designated groups. It further considers the implications of the study's findings for international HRM in particular, but also management theory, comparative HRM and comparative management in post-colonial societies.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en Droit (LL.M.)" / Ce mémoire analyse l'impact du droit commercial international sur les politiques et pratiques commerciales en matière de boissons alcooliques au Québec. Plus spécifiquement, il examine leur conformité aux obligations contenues au GATT et aux autres accords commerciaux. Le premier chapitre présente le régime juridique applicable au commerce de l'alcool, dans le contexte particulier du partage constitutionnel canadien et de la délégation du pouvoir provincial à la Société des alcools du Québec (« SAQ »). Le second chapitre retrace l'évolution historique du marché québécois de l'alcool et étudie sa structure actuelle, divisée entre un monopole d'État (vins, spiritueux et bières importées) et l'industrie privée (bières domestiques). Le troisième chapitre traite des pratiques de la SAQ jugées incompatibles avec le GATT, soit les majorations de prix discriminatoires, les procédures d'inscription et de radiation des produits au catalogue et les restrictions d'accès aux points de vente. Cette partie aborde les accords bilatéraux subséquemment négociés par le gouvernement fédéral et acceptés par les monopoles provinciaux pour résoudre ces conflits. Le dernier chapitre discute de la compatibilité des pratiques actuelles de la SAQ, en particulier sa méthode de fixation de prix par rapport à l'article II:4 du GATT (monopoles d'importation) et son nouveau concept de gestion par catégorie en regard de l'article XVII (entreprises commerciales d'État) et de l'article XI (restrictions quantitatives). / This thesis analyses the impact of international trade law on Quebec's commercial policies and practices relating to alcoholic beverages. More specifically, it examines their conformity with GATT's obligations and other bilateral agreements. The first chapter presents the legal framework pertaining to alcohol trade in the context of the constitutional powers prevailing in Canada and the delegation of Quebec's authority to its liquor board, Société des alcools du Québec. The second chapter reviews the historical evolution of Quebec's a1cohol market and studies its actual structure, which is divided between a state monopoly on one side (wine, spirits and imported beer) and the private sector on the other side (domestic beer). The third chapter outlines how SAQ's practices were declared inconsistent with GATT, namely discriminatory mark-ups, listing and delisting procedures and restrictions on access to points of sale. This section also covers the bilateral agreements subsequently negotiated by the federal govemment and accepted by the provincial monopolies to resolve these conflicts. The final chapter examines the compliance of today's SAQ's policies with GATT's requirements. Particularly, it looks at its practice ofpricing method with respect to Article II:4 (import monopoly) and at its new concept of category management in relation with Article XVII (state trading) and Article XI (quantitative restrictions).

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-07-31T13:44:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clara Moura Masiero_.pdf: 4150484 bytes, checksum: fd5681fde0539c899c046d8a99cc8c41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T13:44:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clara Moura Masiero_.pdf: 4150484 bytes, checksum: fd5681fde0539c899c046d8a99cc8c41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese trata da relação entre movimentos sociais e direito (penal) e seu eventual reflexo na política criminal brasileira. Há dois objetivos centrais: primeiro, analisar o papel do direito – em especial do direito penal – na atuação dos movimentos sociais e para a mudança social; e, segundo, compreender a política criminal brasileira voltada aos crimes de discriminação, motivados por preconceito ou, também chamados, crimes de ódio, e verificar sua permeabilidade às demandas dos movimentos sociais. Para tanto, a tese está dividida em duas partes: a primeira apresenta fundamentalmente o marco teórico, enquanto a segunda, traz a pesquisa empírica. O marco teórico da tese envolve a combinação de quatro perspectivas teóricas: (i) as teorias dos movimentos sociais; (ii) a teoria da mobilização do direito (legal mobilization); (iii) a teoria crítica do direito (penal); e, (iv) as perspectivas de análise de política criminal. A partir dessa moldura analítica, concluiu-se que nem toda expansão do direito penal representa “populismo punitivo” (política criminal irracional e desnecessária). É possível expansão penal legítima e com efetividade aceitável, a que se chama “realismo de esquerda”, desde que presentes as seguintes variáveis: (i) decorrer de um problema social concreto; (ii) representar dano a um bem jurídico relevante; e, (iii) absorver discurso produzido pelos atores sociais envolvidos/afetados por este problema. A criminalização dos “crimes de ódio” atende a esses requisitos, pois são demandas provenientes de movimentos sociais, que geram dano relevante a um bem jurídico público, qual seja a dignidade de membros de determinados grupos sociais, cuja situação histórica de marginalização social, mantém-lhes em situação de desigualdade de status social, o que acaba por prejudicar a própria consolidação democrática. Segundo a pesquisa empírica, nem todas as leis brasileiras voltadas a enfrentar o preconceito, entretanto, seguem esta política criminal legítima. A pesquisa envolveu a identificação e seleção das leis penais (ou com relevância penal) brasileiras voltadas a enfrentar violências discriminatórias ou motivadas por preconceito e os respectivos documentos produzidos durante suas tramitações (totalizando 34 leis, isto é, em torno de 11% das leis penais aprovadas no período). Para a análise do banco de dados e verificação de sua interlocução com os discursos dos movimentos sociais, optou-se por delimitar o campo a três movimentos: Feminista, Negro e LGBTQ. Com isso, foram analisadas as leis penais voltadas à raça, sexo, gênero, orientação sexual e identidade de gênero (totalizando 29 leis). Dessas, somente “identidade de gênero” não consta em nenhuma lei penal. A pesquisa empírica envolveu, também, entrevistas com ativistas desses movimentos sociais. O campo confirmou que há certa permeabilidade entre a atuação dos movimentos sociais e a política criminal brasileira. Inclusive, as leis que mais se aproximam do discurso do movimento social envolvido, redundam em maior efetividade (“realismo de esquerda”); enquanto leis que não decorrem de um problema empírico concreto ou não absorvem o discurso produzido no interior dos movimentos sociais acabam carecendo de efetividade e conformando uma medida desnecessária (“populismo punitivo”). / This thesis is about the relationship between social movements and (criminal) law and their possible indirect influence on Brazilian criminal policy. There are two central objectives: firstly, analysing the role of law - especially criminal law - in the actions of social movements and for social change; and, secondly, understanding Brazilian criminal policy directed at discrimination crimes, motivated by prejudice or also referred to as hate crimes, and assessing whether it may be permeated by the demands of social movements. As such, this thesis is divided into two parts: the first one basically presents the theoretical framework, while the second one introduces the empirical research. The theoretical framework of this thesis involves the merger of four theoretical perspectives: (i) the theories of social movements; (ii) the theory of legal mobilization; (iii) the critical theory of (criminal) law; and, (iv) the perspectives of criminal policy analysis. Based on this framing of the analysis, it was concluded that not every expansion of criminal law constitutes "punitive populism" (irrational and unnecessary criminal policy). Legitimate criminal expansion is possible, with acceptable effectiveness, towards what is referred to as "left realism", provided that the following variables exist: (i) resulting from an actual social problem (ii) constituting harm to a significant legal interest; and, (iii) absorbing the discourse produced by the social agents involved/affected by this problem. The criminalization of "hate crimes" satisfies these requirements, since they are demands originating from social movements, which give rise to significant harm to a public legal interest, which is the dignity of members of certain social groups, whose historical status of being socially marginalized keeps them in a situation of inequality in terms of social status, which ends up jeopardizing the consolidation of democracy among them. According to the empirical research, not all Brazilian laws directed at tackling prejudice, nevertheless, follow this legitimate criminal policy. The research involved the identification and selection of Brazilian criminal laws (or laws with criminal significance) directed at tackling discriminatory violence or violence motivated by prejudice and respective documents produced during respective prosecution (totalling 34 laws, that is, around 11% of criminal laws approved during the period). For the analysis of the database and assessment of respective dialogue with the discourse of social movements, the decision was taken to limit the scope to three movements: Feminist, Black and LGBTQ. In this way, criminal laws aimed at race, gender, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity (totalling 29 laws) were analysed. Out of these, only "gender identity" does not feature in any criminal law. The empirical research also involved interviews with activists from these social movements. The scope confirmed that there is a certain level of permeability between the actions of social movements and Brazilian criminal policy. In actual fact, laws that are closest to the discourse of the social movement involved result in greater effectiveness ("left realism"); while laws that do not originate from an actual empirical problem and do not absorb the discourse produced as part of social movements end up lacking effectiveness and taking shape as an unnecessary measure ("punitive populism").

This thesis contributes to the ongoing discussion of modern Chinese identity by pro-viding a case study of Cheok Hong CHEONG. It necessarily considers Australian atti-tudes towards the Chinese during the 19th century, not least the White Australia Pol-icy. The emergence of that discriminatory immigration policy over the second half of the 19th century until its national implementation in 1901 provides the background to the thesis. Cheong was the leading figure among Chinese-Australian Christians and a prominent figure in the Australian Chinese community and the thesis seeks to iden-tify a man whose contribution has largely been shadowy in other studies or, more commonly, overlooked by the parochialism of colony/state emphasis in many histo-ries of Australia. His role in the Christian church fills a space in Victorian religious history. Although Cheong accumulated great wealth he was not part of the Chinese mer-chant class of the huagong/huaquiao traditions of the overseas Chinese diaspora of the 19th and 20th centuries. His wealth was accumulated through property investments following the spectacular collapse of the Victorian banking system during the 1890s. His community leadership role arose through his position in the Christian Church rather than, as was generally the case, through business. His English language skills, resulting from his church association, were the key to his role as a Chinese community spokesman.¶ Cheok Hong Cheong left an archive of some 800 documents in the English lan-guage covering the major people, incidents and concerns of his life and times. His Let-terbooks, together with the archives of the various Christian missions to the Chinese in Australia in the 19th and early 20th centuries, shed light on one person’s life and more broadly, through his involvements on the complex relationships of Chinese emigrants, with the often unsympathetic majority of Australians.¶ This is a case study of a Chinese identity formed outside China and influenced by a wider set of cultural influences than any other Chinese-Australian of his time —an identity that justifies the description of him as an ‘Alien Son’. Cheong’s story is a con-tribution to the urban and family history of an important ethnic sub-group within the wider immigrant history of Australia.¶ While Cheong remained a Chinese subject his identification with Australia cannot be questioned. All his children were born in Australia and he left just twice after his arrival in 1863. He visited England in 1891-2 and in 1906 he briefly visited China. Identity and culture issues are growing in importance as part of the revived relation-ship between the Chinese of the diaspora and the economic renewal of the People’s Republic of China and this thesis is offers a contribution to that discussion.