A opção pelas gated communities fez desaparecer dos espaços de convivência comunitária considerados a primeira vítima colateral de uma cidade que perde a árdua luta enfrentada para resistir ao avanço do isolamento espacial dos moradores grande parte dos atrativos da vida citadina. Diante da importância do ambiente público na formação da criança e do adolescente, a questão envolvendo a tutela da convivência comunitária está inegavelmente baseada na necessidade da efetivação de políticas públicas voltadas para a revitalização e readequação dos espaços urbanos, a fim de resguardar a qualidade de vida daqueles que merecem especial proteção do Estado. Sob este prisma, portanto, que esta obra será desenvolvida. Pretende-se demonstrar que, em relação à criança e ao adolescente, hodiernamente entendidos como pessoas humanas que merecem especial atenção da família, sociedade e Estado, a tutela da convivência comunitária representa um Direito Fundamental, em paralelo ao direito à convivência familiar, em que ambos estão igualmente previstos na norma constitucional, através do artigo 227 da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, e infraconstitucional, por meio dos artigos 4 e 19 do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. / Gated communities option by the end of community interaction spaces considered the first victim sibling of a city that loses the arduous struggle faced to withstand the advancement of spatial isolation of residents most of the attractions of the city life. Considering the importance of public education of children and adolescents, the issue involving the community coexistence is undeniably based on need effective public policies targeted to the revitalization and readjustment of urban spaces, seeking to safeguard the quality of life of those who deserve special protection by the State. He, therefore, that this work will be carried out. To demonstrate that, in relation to children and adolescents, hodiernamente understood as human beings that deserve special attention from the family, society and State, the Fellowship Community represents a fundamental right, in parallel to the right to family life, in which both are also provided for in the constitutional standard, through article 227 of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil 1988 and infraconstitucional, by means of article 4 and 19 of the Statute of the child and adolescent.

A presente dissertação visa a analisar a cláusula de redução equitativa da indenização, introduzida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do artigo 944, parágrafo único, do Código Civil de 2002. A aplicação da referida norma suscita intensos debates na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, em especial no que tange à possibilidade de aplicação aos casos de responsabilidade objetiva. Nesse sentido, poder-se-ia argumentar que a redução da indenização impactaria na finalidade da norma expressa no artigo 927, parágrafo único, do Código Civil, inclusive no que tange aos incentivos para prevenção de danos. A partir de uma análise do contexto, evolução jurídica do conceito e seus elementos e funções, é realizada uma avaliação da possibilidade de aplicação e respectivos requisitos para a utilização do instituto de forma sistêmica e em consonância com o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Considerando que a Law and Economics permite ao intérprete antever os impactos da aplicação da norma na conduta dos agentes econômicos, em especial na internalização dos custos de prevenção, que são consequência direta de uma análise de custo e beneficio entre a prevenção e o pagamento da indenização pela causação de um dano, consiste em importante ferramenta à disposição da comunidade jurídica para a análise do terna proposto. Deste modo, o terna será analisado à luz da doutrina da Law and Economics, que traz importantes contribuições para a discussão do tema, que afeta de forma direta o comportamento dos agentes de mercado que desenvolvem atividades consideradas de risco. / The present dissertations aims at analyzing the equitable reduction o f indemnification, introduced in Brazilian legal system tbrough article 944, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code of 2002. The application o f such rule raises intense debates in the Brazilian doctrine and case law, especially with regard to the possibility of application to cases of strict liability. In this sense, it could be argued that the reduction of indemnification would affect the purpose of the rule foreseen in article 927, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code, including with regard to incentives to the prevention of damage. From an analysis ofthe context, legal evolution ofthe concept and its elements and functions, an evaluation is conducted to assess the applicability and respective requirements for the use of the institute in a systemic way and in accordance with the current legal system. Given that Law and Economics allows the interpreter to foresee the impacts that the application of the rule will have on the conduct of economic agents, especially regarding the internalization of prevention costs, which are a direct consequence of a cost and benefit analysis between prevention and payment of compensation due to a damage caused, it is an important tool available to the legal co=unity for the analysis of the proposed theme. Therefore, the subject will be analyzed in light ofthe Law and Economics doctrine that brings important contributions to the discussion, which directly affects the behavior of market agents who carry out activities considered risky.

Depois de mais de 30 anos da edição da Lei 6.404, de 15 de dezembro de 1976 e da publicação da Instrução CVM 10, de 14 de fevereiro de 1980, volta novamente o regulador brasileiro a sua atenção para os benefícios e perigos dos negócios da companhia com ações de sua emissão. Tal se torna evidente pela publicação, em outubro de 2013, do Edital de Audiência Pública SDM 11/13, por meio do qual a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários pretende substituir a antiga regra aplicável às companhias abertas por uma nova, de conteúdo mais moderno e aderente à nova realidade. Desenvolveu-se durante o século XX e XXI o estudo dos negócios da companhia com as suas ações, admitindo-se cada vez mais numerosas exceções ao inicialmente duro e absoluto preceito proibitivo positivado originalmente pela Aktienrechtsnovelle alemã de 1870. O estudo das finanças sociais e o aprimoramento dos mecanismos de salvaguarda dos interesses protegidos no decorrer do século XX e XXI forçaram (e ainda forçam) a redefinição dos seus contornos jurídicos. No que diz respeito a estes negócios, ressaltam como interesses escudados aqueles dos credores, dos acionistas e do mercado de capitais (e os investidores que nele atuam) os grupos de referência (Bezugsgruppen) do direito societário. É na proteção de seus interesses que se fundamentam as normas que os regem: a utilização de saldo de lucros tutela os credores, o princípio do tratamento equitativo protege os acionistas e as regras de prevenção a atos manipulativos e de repressão ao insider trading salvaguardam o mercado e seus investidores. É, portanto, no confronto com tais interesses que se deve avaliar a legalidade ou ilegalidade de cada um desses negócios, e não na simples (in)existência de uma exceção legal expressa ao conceito proibitivo geral. O art. 30 da Lei das S.A. estipula condições de validade dos negócios com ações próprias, e não meramente um rol de exceções taxativas. / Thirty years after the enactment of Law 6.404, of December 15, 1976 and CVM Instruction 10, of February 14, 1980, once again have the transactions of the company in its own shares gained the attention of the Brazilian regulatory authority, especially in consideration of the benefits and perils arising from them. This is evidenced by the publication, in October 2013, by the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários of Public Hearing SDM 11/13, the purpose of which is to replace the old rule applicable to public companies by a new one, containing a more modern approach on the subject and a more reality-driven concept. The studies about the transactions a company is allowed to perform in its own shares have had a great academic and empiric development during the XX and XXI centuries, the result of which has been the gradual acceptance of an ever-increasing list of possible exceptions to the inititally absolute prohibition originally stated by the german Aktienrechtsnovelle of 1870. The study of financial economics and the improvement of the legal protective measures designed over the last century have forced (and continue to force) a broad redefinition of these transactions legal boundaries. In respect to these transactions, the interests of creditors, shareholders and the capital market itself (including the investors which act in it) arise in the center of the legal protective framework they have been denominated as the reference groups of Corporate Law. Safeguarding their interests is the main purpose of the rules revolving around them: the use of profits and profit reserves safeguards creditors, adherence to the principle of equitable treatment adresses shareholder interests and the rules preventing manipulative acts and insider trading practices sponsor the interests of the capital market and its investors. Therefore, it is mandatory that any interpretation on the legality or ilegality of any given transaction by the company in its own shares be preceded by the examination of these concrete interests; this legal analysis cannot be limited to the verification of an express exception to the general rule. Article 30 of Law 6.404/76 must therefore be read as containing a general validity framework, and not merely an exaustive list of exceptions.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Can a country function without a legislative framework able to inform decisionmaking processes taken at different spheres of government? To what extent would actions conducted at various spheres of government be efficiently coordinated and informed by appropriate channels of constitutional provisions and legislative amendments to consolidate financial and intergovernmental fiscal relations policy-making tools for the realization of an efficient local developmental state? Answers to the above mentioned two questions refer to normative fiscal policy principles and prescriptive instruments of intergovernmental fiscal transfer design, whose orientation suggests better ways of framing sound and coherent programs and interventions that strengthen cooperative synergy and transfer knowledge of experience gained in empirical investigations and various South African environments of higher academic learning. Growing evidence acknowledges South Africa as one of the young democratic countries that has been going through a period of transition over the past three years as it changes its system of public finance from a structure suited to the old apartheid system to one consistent with the new South African Constitutional dispensation. While the former system was highly centralized, the newconstitution makes a clear commitment to municipal governments as important providers of government services, with greater tax and spending powers. Even as local autonomy has been substantially increased, there remains uncertainty as to the most appropriate design of a system of intergovernmental fiscal grants to metropolitan areas and townships. This study analyses this situation and further develops a generic design for intergovernmental transfers and its suitability to the realities of South African municipalities on the ground within the framework of Cooperative Government. This study concludes that fiscal management, as a cross-cutting discipline, is a powerful instrument for government’s revenue sources at the national, provincial and local government levels. Financial management should be regarded as a co-coordinating mechanism managing government’s expenditure and catalyzing sound financial relationship for an efficient management in the country, thus allowing government to budget effectively for the delivery of goods and services in order to attain the constitutional mandate of a developmental state. / South Africa

A presente dissertação visa a analisar a cláusula de redução equitativa da indenização, introduzida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do artigo 944, parágrafo único, do Código Civil de 2002. A aplicação da referida norma suscita intensos debates na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, em especial no que tange à possibilidade de aplicação aos casos de responsabilidade objetiva. Nesse sentido, poder-se-ia argumentar que a redução da indenização impactaria na finalidade da norma expressa no artigo 927, parágrafo único, do Código Civil, inclusive no que tange aos incentivos para prevenção de danos. A partir de uma análise do contexto, evolução jurídica do conceito e seus elementos e funções, é realizada uma avaliação da possibilidade de aplicação e respectivos requisitos para a utilização do instituto de forma sistêmica e em consonância com o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Considerando que a Law and Economics permite ao intérprete antever os impactos da aplicação da norma na conduta dos agentes econômicos, em especial na internalização dos custos de prevenção, que são consequência direta de uma análise de custo e beneficio entre a prevenção e o pagamento da indenização pela causação de um dano, consiste em importante ferramenta à disposição da comunidade jurídica para a análise do terna proposto. Deste modo, o terna será analisado à luz da doutrina da Law and Economics, que traz importantes contribuições para a discussão do tema, que afeta de forma direta o comportamento dos agentes de mercado que desenvolvem atividades consideradas de risco. / The present dissertations aims at analyzing the equitable reduction o f indemnification, introduced in Brazilian legal system tbrough article 944, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code of 2002. The application o f such rule raises intense debates in the Brazilian doctrine and case law, especially with regard to the possibility of application to cases of strict liability. In this sense, it could be argued that the reduction of indemnification would affect the purpose of the rule foreseen in article 927, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code, including with regard to incentives to the prevention of damage. From an analysis ofthe context, legal evolution ofthe concept and its elements and functions, an evaluation is conducted to assess the applicability and respective requirements for the use of the institute in a systemic way and in accordance with the current legal system. Given that Law and Economics allows the interpreter to foresee the impacts that the application of the rule will have on the conduct of economic agents, especially regarding the internalization of prevention costs, which are a direct consequence of a cost and benefit analysis between prevention and payment of compensation due to a damage caused, it is an important tool available to the legal co=unity for the analysis of the proposed theme. Therefore, the subject will be analyzed in light ofthe Law and Economics doctrine that brings important contributions to the discussion, which directly affects the behavior of market agents who carry out activities considered risky.

The interplay between spectrum and structure of graphs is the recurring theme of the three more or less independent chapters of this thesis. The first chapter provides a method to relate the eigensolutions of two matrices, one being the principal submatrix of the other, via an arbitrary annihilating polynomial. This is extended to lambda-matrices and to matrices the entries of which are rational functions in one variable. The extension may be interpreted as a possible generalization of other known techniques which aim at reducing the size of a matrix while preserving the spectral information. Several aspects of an application in order to reduce the computational costs of ordinary eigenvalue problems are discussed. The second chapter considers the straightforward extension of the well known concept of equitable partitions to weighted graphs, i.e. complex matrices. It provides a method to divide the eigenproblem into smaller parts corresponding to the front divisor and its complementary factor in an easy and stable way with complexity which is only quadratic in matrix size. The exploitation of several equitable partitions ordered by refinement is discussed and a suggestion is made that preserves hermiticity if present. Some generalizations of equitable partitions are considered and a basic procedure for finding an equitable partition of complex matrices is given. The third chapter deals with isospectral and unitary equivalent graphs. It introduces a construction for unitary equivalent graphs which contains the well known GM-switching as a special case. It also considers an algebra of graph matrices generated by the adjacency matrix that corresponds to the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman stabilizer in a way that mimics the correspondence of the coherent closure and the 2-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman stabilizer. The algebra contains the degree matrix, the (combinatorial, signless and normalized) Laplacian and the Seidel matrix. An easy construction produces graph pairs that are simultaneously unitary equivalent w.r.t. that algebra.

Elementary African American males achieve proficiency at a lower rate than their peers in both reading and math. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand how elementary school teachers described their use of equitable strategies in teaching elementary African American male students, how these teachers described the experience of teaching African American male students, and how they used equitable strategies to shape the classroom environment to engage African American male students. Two theories provided the conceptual framework for this study-human development theory and critical race theory in education. Seven participants were selected through convenience sampling. Semistructured interviews were conducted. Data analysis for this case study was conducted using analytic descriptive coding and category construction. Major categories were identified in order to examine patterns, themes, and relationships. Data analysis of the responses of research participants in this study revealed: (a) nurturing teacher-to-student relationships were paramount to students' success; (b) teachers who received professional development focused on the implementation of equitable strategies struggled with monitoring the effectiveness of equitable strategies regarding student outcomes. Consideration needs to occur regarding introducing and implementing culturally relevant pedagogy and equitable strategies with preservice teachers in order for them to understand the cultural as well as academic needs of the students they will educate. The findings of this study may provide school stakeholders with the strategies needed to support and improve the academic abilities of elementary African American males, thus constructing positive social change.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka didaktiska verktyg och arbetssätt lärare använder samt vilka didaktiska utmaningar de upplever och hur dessa kan bemötas för att främja likvärdig religionsundervisning i årskurs 4–6 utifrån ett lärarperspektiv.  För att besvara studiens två frågeställningar har kvalitativa intervjuer med fem legitimerade lärare i religionskunskap genomförts. Studien utgår från en grundad teori samt teorin om interkulturalism med inriktning på det teorispecifika begreppet symbolisk interaktionism. Resultatet av studien visar att lärare förespråkar ett varierat arbetssätt med olika didaktiska verktyg, en integration av olika ämnen för att utöka elevernas förståelse för religionens betydelse samt ett kooperativt lärande för elevernas kognitiva förmåga. De utmaningarna som studiens resultat visade var elevernas skiftande förkunskaper, hanteringen av samhällsförändringar i undervisningens samt likvärdighetsuppdraget i relation till läroplanen.

School librarians create an atmosphere where learners feel empowered. Moreover, school library programming should support diversity, equity, and inclusive learning opportunities to facilitate student success. Thus, school librarians are expected to model and advocate for equitable learning spaces while considering the universal design for learning approach to improving accessibility, utilization, and relevance for all library patrons. Although it has been established that school library standards support diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), more is needed to know about the impact of a crisis on school library programming and services. In addition, extensive research has not been conducted to determine school librarians' responsiveness and strategies to provide services for their school communities during disruptive times. This study examines school librarians' perceptions of the opportunities and challenges encountered while endeavoring to engage in DEI practices during crises.

Bakgrund: Prövningar i idrott och hälsa tycks ha ökat de senaste åren och att utforma en prövning i idrott och hälsa som ger förutsättningar att sätta ett rättvist, likvärdigt och rättssäkert betyg kan upplevas som en utmaning. Inte minst då det finns en avsaknad av såväl forskning på området som vägledande riktlinjer att förhålla sig till. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns en konsensus om vad en prövning i idrott och hälsa 1 bör innehålla och utformas för att ge förutsättningar för en rättvis och likvärdig bedömning. Metod: Fem lärare i idrott och hälsa som har genomfört minst en prövning i idrott och hälsa 1 deltog i en strukturerad intervju via e-post. Tre av dessa bidrog även med dokument tillhörande respektive prövning. Materialet genomgick därefter en initial kvalitativ tematisk analys och därefter gjordes en induktiv analys för varje tema. Resultat och diskussion: Resultatet påvisade både likheter och markanta skillnader som under hur lång tid en prövning pågick, om den utfördes enskilt eller tillsammans med andra elever samt om läraren får avsatt tid för prövningen eller ej. Även lärarnas bedömningspraxis skiljer sig åt och man kan konstatera att det finns ett behov av vägledande riktlinjer både gällande förutsättningar och i hur prövning i idrott och hälsa bör utformas för att säkerställa en rättvis, likvärdig och rättssäker bedömning och betygsättning. / Background: Examination (Swe. prövning) in physical education and health seem to have increased in recent years and designing an examination in physical education and health that provides the conditions for setting a fair, equal, and legally secure grade can be perceived as a challenge. Not least because there is a lack of both research and guidelines to relate to. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a consensus on what a test in Physical Education 1 should contain and be designed to provide conditions for a fair and equal assessment. Method: Five physical education teachers who have completed at least one examination in physical education 1 participated in a structured interview via e-mail, three of them also contributed with documents related to each examination. The material was then subjected to an initial qualitative thematic analysis, followed by an inductive analysis for each theme. Results and discussion: The results revealed both similarities and significant differences, such as the length of time an examination lasted, whether it was carried out individually or together with other pupils, and whether or not the teacher is allocated time for the examination. Teachers' assessment practices also differ, and it can be concluded that there is a need for guidelines regarding both the conditions and how examinations in physical education and health should be designed to ensure fair, equal, and legally secure assessment and grading.