A presente pesquisa discute as contribuições do pensamento filosófico-estético e pedagógico de Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) e da Rítmica de Émile Jaques-Dalcroze (1865-1950) para os processos de ensino-aprendizagem em Música no contexto escolar, especialmente no período compreendido entre 7 e 14 anos de idade. A partir da pesquisa bibliográfica dos textos de ambos os autores, abarcando conferências, publicações e artigos, o trabalho consistiu, primeiramente, em sintetizar alguns conceitos fundamentais para a Antroposofia, ciência do espírito que Rudolf Steiner elaborou no início do século XX, como ampliação do campo de conhecimento das ciências naturais. Steiner adota a cosmovisão de Goethe e Schiller, bem como seu método cognitivo contemplativo, como alternativa ao materialismo mecanicista do pensamento cartesiano. O estudo revela a correspondência entre os pensamentos de Rudolf Steiner e Émile Jaques-Dalcroze em muitos aspectos, comprovando a hipótese da possibilidade de um fecundo diálogo e mútua complementação entre os dois contemporâneos. Dalcroze, em sentido inverso ao de Steiner, parte da observação e da intuição sobre sua experiência prática como docente de Música, compositor e intérprete, para a elaboração de uma filosofia estético-pedagógica. Dalcroze criou a Rítmica como um método ou um caminho para o desenvolvimento de uma escuta criativa, com o corpo inteiro, encontrando a musicalidade na expressão gestual e no movimento corporal. Ambos os autores apresentam uma concepção expandida de ritmo como princípio que urde toda a vida e toda arte, essencial a todo o processo educativo. Eles ainda trazem múltiplas contribuições importantes para a reflexão sobre a prática pedagógica em Música na atualidade, especialmente no tangente à arte de educar pelo ritmo, em que a improvisação e o aspecto lúdico potencializam a expressão criativa em aula. A dialética entre liberdade e estrutura, integrando escuta e corpo pela respiração e o movimento, e a concepção integrada das artes, como processos estésicos e poiéticos complexos, estendem a sua importância à apreciação dos repertórios modernos e pós-modernos na Educação Musical contemporânea. / This research discusses the contributions of Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner\'s (1861-1925) philosophical, aesthetic and pedagogical thought and of Austrian-Swiss musician, composer and music educator Émile Jaques-Dalcroze\'s (1865-1950) Eurythmics to the Music teaching-learning process in elementary and secondary school, especially concerning children between 7 and 14 years of age. Based on bibliographical research comprehending original texts - papers and books - and conferences, this work aims at, first of all, providing a synthesis of some concepts that are fundamental to Anthroposophy - a spiritual science founded by Rudolf Steiner at the beginning of the XXth. century and intended to be an expansion of natural science\'s scope of knowledge. Steiner adopts Goethe\'s and Schiller\'s artistic cosmovision and their cognition method, founded on contemplative observation of nature, as an alternative for the mechanical philosophy of Cartesian materialism. The study shows the many matching aspects of Steiner\'s and Dalcroze\'s thoughts, showing that it is possible to establish a prolific and mutual complementary dialogue between these two contemporaries, given that the latter followed the inverse path of the former toward his aesthetic and pedagogical philosophy, taking as starting point an intuitive approach of his own practical experience as Music teacher, composer and performer. Dalcroze created the Eurhytmics as a method or way to develop creative listening with the whole body, finding musicality in gestural expression and body movement. Both authors present an expanded conception of rhythm as the essence of life, that which unites all the arts and should be a component of every educational process. They also bring great contributions to the consciousness about pedagogical practices in Music at present, specially concerning the art of education through rhythm, taking improvisation and its playful nature as resources to enhance the creative expression in class. The dialectics between freedom and structure, integrating listening to the body as a whole through breathing and movement, as well as their integrated conception of Arts as a complex aesthetic and poetic process expand its importance toward the appreciation of modern and postmodern repertoires in the contemporary Musical Education.

A presente pesquisa discute as contribuições do pensamento filosófico-estético e pedagógico de Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) e da Rítmica de Émile Jaques-Dalcroze (1865-1950) para os processos de ensino-aprendizagem em Música no contexto escolar, especialmente no período compreendido entre 7 e 14 anos de idade. A partir da pesquisa bibliográfica dos textos de ambos os autores, abarcando conferências, publicações e artigos, o trabalho consistiu, primeiramente, em sintetizar alguns conceitos fundamentais para a Antroposofia, ciência do espírito que Rudolf Steiner elaborou no início do século XX, como ampliação do campo de conhecimento das ciências naturais. Steiner adota a cosmovisão de Goethe e Schiller, bem como seu método cognitivo contemplativo, como alternativa ao materialismo mecanicista do pensamento cartesiano. O estudo revela a correspondência entre os pensamentos de Rudolf Steiner e Émile Jaques-Dalcroze em muitos aspectos, comprovando a hipótese da possibilidade de um fecundo diálogo e mútua complementação entre os dois contemporâneos. Dalcroze, em sentido inverso ao de Steiner, parte da observação e da intuição sobre sua experiência prática como docente de Música, compositor e intérprete, para a elaboração de uma filosofia estético-pedagógica. Dalcroze criou a Rítmica como um método ou um caminho para o desenvolvimento de uma escuta criativa, com o corpo inteiro, encontrando a musicalidade na expressão gestual e no movimento corporal. Ambos os autores apresentam uma concepção expandida de ritmo como princípio que urde toda a vida e toda arte, essencial a todo o processo educativo. Eles ainda trazem múltiplas contribuições importantes para a reflexão sobre a prática pedagógica em Música na atualidade, especialmente no tangente à arte de educar pelo ritmo, em que a improvisação e o aspecto lúdico potencializam a expressão criativa em aula. A dialética entre liberdade e estrutura, integrando escuta e corpo pela respiração e o movimento, e a concepção integrada das artes, como processos estésicos e poiéticos complexos, estendem a sua importância à apreciação dos repertórios modernos e pós-modernos na Educação Musical contemporânea. / This research discusses the contributions of Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner\'s (1861-1925) philosophical, aesthetic and pedagogical thought and of Austrian-Swiss musician, composer and music educator Émile Jaques-Dalcroze\'s (1865-1950) Eurythmics to the Music teaching-learning process in elementary and secondary school, especially concerning children between 7 and 14 years of age. Based on bibliographical research comprehending original texts - papers and books - and conferences, this work aims at, first of all, providing a synthesis of some concepts that are fundamental to Anthroposophy - a spiritual science founded by Rudolf Steiner at the beginning of the XXth. century and intended to be an expansion of natural science\'s scope of knowledge. Steiner adopts Goethe\'s and Schiller\'s artistic cosmovision and their cognition method, founded on contemplative observation of nature, as an alternative for the mechanical philosophy of Cartesian materialism. The study shows the many matching aspects of Steiner\'s and Dalcroze\'s thoughts, showing that it is possible to establish a prolific and mutual complementary dialogue between these two contemporaries, given that the latter followed the inverse path of the former toward his aesthetic and pedagogical philosophy, taking as starting point an intuitive approach of his own practical experience as Music teacher, composer and performer. Dalcroze created the Eurhytmics as a method or way to develop creative listening with the whole body, finding musicality in gestural expression and body movement. Both authors present an expanded conception of rhythm as the essence of life, that which unites all the arts and should be a component of every educational process. They also bring great contributions to the consciousness about pedagogical practices in Music at present, specially concerning the art of education through rhythm, taking improvisation and its playful nature as resources to enhance the creative expression in class. The dialectics between freedom and structure, integrating listening to the body as a whole through breathing and movement, as well as their integrated conception of Arts as a complex aesthetic and poetic process expand its importance toward the appreciation of modern and postmodern repertoires in the contemporary Musical Education.

Den schweiziske musikern och pedagogen Emile Jaques-Dalcroze utvecklade under sin livstid den rörelsebaserade musikpedagogiska metod som i dag går under namnet rytmik. Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att undersöka uppkomsten och den tidiga utvecklingen av Jaques-Dalcrozes ursprungliga rytmik och framför allt solfège – rörelsebaserad gehörsträning – som är ett av dess huvudmoment. För att finna svar på frågan om hur Jaques-Dalcrozes egen historia påverkade hans val av pedagogisk inriktning för hans gehörsundervisning och på frågan om på vilket sätt samtiden påverkade framväxten och mottagandet av solfègen, undersöks Jaques-Dalcrozes liv fram till 1906 samt kulturella, pedagogiska och andra samhälleliga strömningar under 1800-talet. Utgångspunkten är i historisk metod och med ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv och resultatet presenteras i en delvis biografisk form. Undersökningen visar att Jaques-Dalcroze tveklöst influerades av samtiden och påverkades av människor som kom i hans närhet, framför allt hans pianolärare de Senger, Prosnitz och Lussy, violinisten Ysaÿe, psykologen Claparède och Jaques-Dalcrozes kollegor Gorter, Boepple och Chassevant. Pestalozzi, Nägeli och Fröbel var pedagoger vars idéer återspeglas i Jaques-Dalcrozes metod. De olika influenserna i synergi med hans egen personliga historia och förutsättningar var det som ledde fram till utvecklingen av rytmiken. / During his lifetime the Swiss musician and pedagogue Emile Jaques-Dalcroze developed Dalcroze-Eurhythmics, a movement-based methodology in music education. The purpose of the present study is to explore the early development of Jaques-Dalcroze’s original Eurhythmics and especially solfège – movement based aural training – which is one of its main fields. This study aims to fathom Jaques-Dalcrozes life up to the year 1906, as well as the cultural, pedagogical and other societal tendencies during the 19th century to investigate how Jaques-Dalcroze’s personal history influenced his choice of pedagogical emphasis for his aural training, and how contemporary society in his time influenced the development and reception of Eurhythmics and solfège. The methodological basis of the study is historical with a hermeneutic perspective. The result is partly presented in a biographical form. The study shows that Jaques-Dalcroze was without doubt influenced by the world of his time, and was affected by people in his milieu, particularly his piano teachers de Senger, Prosnitz and Lussy, the virtuoso violinist Ysaÿe, the psychologist Claparède and the colleges of Jaques-Dalcroze Gorter, Boepple and Chassevant. Pestalozzi, Nägeli and Fröbel were pedagogues whose ideas were mirrored in the method of Jaques-Dalcroze. These different influences, in synergy with his own personal history and preconditions, led to the development of Dalcroze-Eurhythmics.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to interpret and understand the manifestation and meaning of embodiment in Dalcroze Eurhythmics. Dalcroze Eurhythmics is an approach to music education that builds on the ideas of Émile Jaques-Dalcroze and aims at developing musicianship in a broad sense. Following Maurice Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, in this study embodiment refers to experiencing and knowing the world subjectively through the living body-subject. The perspective of embodiment accounts for how human beings think and act holistically and how the body can be considered a constitutive element of cognition and creativity. The research questions were formulated as follows: 1. What aspects of embodiment can be found in Dalcroze Eurhythmics? 2. What are the theoretical accounts in support of the practice of applying body movement in music education from the perspective of embodiment? These questions have been approached through research material drawn from the essential writings of Jaques-Dalcroze, commentary books, articles and studies about Dalcroze Eurhythmics, and the talk of some selected Dalcroze master teachers. The dissertation is an overview of four substudies. In the theoretical substudies, the research questions have been examined in relation to the philosophical question of the body-mind in practical music education, and in dialogue with Merleau-Ponty's notions and recent literature on embodiment. From the perspective of embodiment, Dalcroze Eurhythmics primarily teaches habits of musical action or, more generally, 'a bodily way of being in sound', rather than a conceptual, or abstract knowledge of music. Equally, the study sheds light on the meaning and importance of consciously reflecting on 'lived experience'. It illuminates how Dalcroze teaching engages embodiment in ways that aim to reinforce the mind-body connection and facilitate personified, holistic involvement and, thus, embodied learning. The study discusses how Dalcroze Eurhythmics offers a ground for examining music's felt qualities and their relation to musical knowledge and how it turns our attention and interest towards students' lived experiences in relation to musical practices. It challenges music educators to consider that musical learning can profitably make use of holistic bodily experiences and that bodily involvement can facilitate developing a wide range of kinds of musical knowing. Furthermore, the study offers a critical viewpoint and new vocabulary in music education for explaining the practice of Dalcroze teaching. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli ymmärtää ja tulkita kehollisuuden ilmenemistä ja merkitystä Dalcroze-rytmiikassa. Dalcroze-rytmiikka on musiikkikasvatuksen lähestymistapa, joka perustuu Émile Jaques-Dalcrozen ideoille ja joka pyrkii kehittämään muusikkoutta laajassa merkityksessä. Merleau-Pontyn filosofiaa myötäillen, tässä tutkimuksessa kehollisuus viittaa maailman subjektiiviseen kokemiseen ja tuntemiseen elävän keho-subjektin kautta. Kehollisuuden näkökulma selittää sen, kuinka ihminen ajattelee ja toimii kokonaisvaltaisesti ja kuinka kehoa voidaan pitää kognition ja luovuuden keskeisenä tekijänä. Tutkimuskysymykset muotoiltiin seuraavasti: 1. Mitä kehollisuuden näkökulmia voidaaan löytää Dalcroze-rytmiikasta? 2. Mitkä ovat kehollisuuden näkökulmasta teoreettiset argumentit liikkeen käyttämiseksi musiikkikasvatuksessa? Näitä tutkimuskysymyksiä lähestyttiin tutkimusaineiston kautta, joka sisälsi Jaques-Dalcrozen keskeisiä kirjoituksia, Dalcroze-rytmiikkaa käsitteleviä kommentaareja, artikkeleita ja tutkimuksia sekä muutamien valittujen Dalcroze-mestariopettajien puhetta. Väitöskirja pohjautuu neljään osatutkimukseen. Teoreeettisissa osatutkimuksissa kysymyksiä tarkasteltiin suhteessa mielen ja kehon suhdetta koskevaan filosofiseen kysymykseen käytännön musiikkikasvatuksessa sekä dialogissa Merleau-Pontyn käsitteiden ja viimeaikaisen kehollisuutta käsittelevän kirjallisuuden kanssa. Kehollisuuden näkökulmasta Dalcroze-rytmiikka opettaa ensisijaisesti musiikillisia toimintatapoja, tai yleisemmin, 'kehollista tapaa olla musiikissa', eikä niinkään käsitteellistä tai abstraktia musiikista tietämistä. Toisaalta tutkimus valottaa 'eletyn kokemuksen' jatkuvan reflektoinnin merkitystä ja tärkeyttä. Se tuo esille, miten Dalcroze-opetus oppilaiden kokonaisvaltaisen ja omakohtaisen kehollisen aktivoimisen kautta pyrkii vahvistamaan mielen ja kehon yhteyttä ja siten edistämään kokonaisvaltaista oppimista. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan miten Dalcroze-rytmiikka tarjoaa pohjan musiikin laadulliselle kokemiselle ja sen yhdistämiselle musiikilliseen tietämiseen ja miten se suuntaa huomiomme ja kiinnostuksemme oppilaan elettyyn kokemukseen musiikin käytännöissä. Tutkimus haastaa musiikkikasvattajat ottamaan huomioon, että musiikillisessa oppimisessa voidaan hyödyntää konaisvaltaisia kehollisia kokemuksia ja että kehollinen osallistuminen voi edistää musiikillisen tietämisen useiden eri osa-alueiden kehittymistä. Lisäksi tutkimus tarjoaa kriittisen näkökulman ja uutta sanastoa Dalcroze-opetuksen käytännön selittämiselle.

Genom skrivandet av denna vetenskapliga essä ville jag utforska det slags utvidgade lyssnande som jag strävar efter och använder i mitt yrke som rytmiklärare.[1] Texten tar avstamp i två berättelser som rör sig kring detta lyssnande. Berättelsernas själva ordval gav mig sedan nyckelord som ledde undersökningen framåt: Tystnaden, En enad och gemensam handling, Rummet, Centrum, fokus, mitt, Blicken, Tiden, Rörelsen, Närvaron, Kroppen, Delarna och helheten samt Gesterna. Jag tar i texten hjälp av, eller spjärn emot, tankar av bland andra Don Ihde, Michael Polanyi och Marcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback. Med finns även koreografen och professorn i rytmik Susanne Jaresand, samt essäisten Ann Carson.  Arbetet har visat mig hur vår kultur, såväl som den filosofiska traditionen, sedan lång tid tycks ha kretsat kring den sedda världen framför den hörda, inlyssnade. Kanske detta är en av anledningarna till att jag i mitt yrke ofta stött på oförståelse. Nu finner jag genom skrivandet detta uppdelande av sinnena orättvist för dem båda – att det till exempel är möjligt att se på ett lyssnande sätt. Kroppen blir hemvist till detta lyssnande, som tar in tiden, rummet, rörelsen och de klanger som uppstår.  Går det att kläda detta lyssnande i ord? Jag ville försöka. Genom orden kan jag kanske nå en ny förståelse.   [1] Rytmikmetoden formulerades av Émile Jaques-Dalcroze runt sekelskiftet 1900. Se till exempel hans verk Rytm, musik och utbildning (Stockholm: KMH förlaget 1997). / By writing this scientific essay I wanted to investigate the notion of expanded listening, as I use it in my work as a Eurhythmic teacher[1]. The text begins with two experiences from my everyday work life, where this listening appears. These experiences, when written down, gave me some keywords that led the investigation forward: Silence, Common act, Space, focus, center point, Glance, Time, Movement, Presence, Body, The parts and the whole, Gestures. I found the work of, among others, Don Ihde, Michael Polanyi and Marcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback helpful, as well as something to contrast against. The choreographer and professor in Eurhythmics Susanne Jaresand is present in the text, as well as the author Ann Carson.  The essay also suggests that our culture, as well as the philosophic tradition, for a long time has had its focus on understanding the world as seen, instead of heard or listened to. Maybe that is why this expanded listening has been met with incomprehension by colleagues throughout the years. I now believe that this division of the senses is unfair, and that it is actually possible to see in a listening way – a listening that lives in the body, and incorporates time, space and movement.  Is it possible to dress this listening experience in words? I had to try. To me, this try has led to a new understanding of expanded musical listening.   [1] As formulated by Emile Jaques-Dalcroze in the beginning of the 20th century

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