Denna studie är ett examensarbete som utförs som en del av utbildningen Produktutveckling med inriktning ljusdesign under våren 2018 vid Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola. Studien gjordes för att undersöka hur belysning kan underlätta orientering i mörka utställningsrum, utan att negativt påverka den upplevda atmosfären samtidigt som utställningsföremålen är i fokus för besökarna. Målet är att kunskapen som samlas in från denna studie ska kunna användas för att skapa ett underlag vid planering av belysning på Marinmuseet i Karlskrona. Studien genomfördes först genom en förstudie där problem och förutsättningar för att orientera sig i mörka utställningsrum undersöktes genom en enkät och en observationsstudie på Vasamuseet och Marinmuseet. En huvudstudie genomfördes sedan på Marinmuseet där. Lou Michels teori Visual Objective Theory prövades som ett verktyg för att underlätta orientering i mörka utställningsrum. Huvudstudien genomfördes under två dagar med hjälp av en enkätundersökning och en observationsstudie. Resultatet från enkätstudien antydde att upplevelsen av atmosfär kan påverkas av Visual Objective Theory, dock finns det inget som pekar mot att den påverkas negativt. I övrigt gav enkätstudien inga starka implikationer till en slutsats. Observationsstudien var mer tydlig och gav underlag för att Visual Objective Theory är ett bra verktyg för att påverka besökarnas rörelsemönster. / This study is a thesis performed as a part of the education Product development aligned with Lighting design during the spring 2018 at Jönköping School of Engineering. This study was made to research how lighting can facilitate orientation in dark exhibition rooms, without negatively affecting the experienced atmosphere while at the same time maintaining the exhibition subjects in focus for the visitors. The goal is that the knowledge collected from this study can be used as a basis when planning lighting at the Marine Museum in Karlskrona. The study was first performed through a prestudy where problems and conditions for orienting in dark exhibition rooms was tested with a survey and an observational study at the Vasamuseet and Marinmuseet. A main study was then performed at Marinmuseet, where Lou Michels theory Visual Objective Theory was tested as a tool to facilitate orientation in dark exhibition rooms. The main study was performed during two days, containing a questionnaire and an observational study. The results from the survey implied that the experience of atmosphere can be affected by Visual Objective Theory, however there is nothing implying that the experience is negatively affected. Other than that the results from the survey gave no strong implications for a conclusion. The observational study was clearer and gave support for Visual Objective Theory being a good tool for affecting the visitors movement patterns.

This thesis examines the social life and cultural biography of five objects from the Valsgärde-collection at museum Gustavianum in Uppsala, Sweden. The aim of this study was to research the social life and cultural biography of five objects from the collection and what this means in relation to collections management, authenticity, digitalization and object-love. There is a special focus on authenticity and digitalization throughout the essay. There are mixed methods in the thesis, two interviews, phenomenology and object-based learning. The theoretical frame-work of the thesis were The Social Life of Things as well as authenticity, digitalization and collections management. In the analysis it showed that the social life of things as well as the cultural biography of things is something that is constantly constructed, and will shift and grow throughout time. The analysis also showed that a proper collections management will improve the cultural biography of things, it will also improve a more authentic digitalization. The conclusion of the thesis is that the social life of things is dynamic, even though some information may seem static. A cultural biography is possible to write about objects, however, not only one person can do this since we need academics from different branches to try and understand the objects. It is also important to when possible research the objects with your hands, in order to research one owns feelings. Further research on the topic could be done by more researchers investigating the objects, as well as a combination of testing of the material in order to trace the objects’ cultural biography in the prehistoric age. This is a two years master’s thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.

Our whole society is affected by the digitisation process. The policies of the Swedish government encourage the cultural heritage organizations to strategically develop the digitisation of their collections. These strategies often aim to make the collections more accessible but there is not much research about how researchers who have use of the digital information meet with the digital collections. The intention of this thesis is to study four researchers in the field of humanities who have textile objects as source material, and their professional experience of the digitisation of the cultural heritage. The researchers were interviewed in a semi-structured qualitative way, and the interviews were recorded and transcribed for analyzation of the data collected.  The main result of the study is that the digital access of research material represents an improvement of their work when it comes to getting a quick and easy overview of their research subject which also represent a chance to improve the research quality by being able to compare and search for similar objects all over the world without having to travel to the collections. It has also become cheaper because of less travelling. Being able to take digital photos is also a big improvement compared to analogue photographs that are expensive and takes time to develop. One negative aspect that the study shows, is that the information in digital collections often lacks the quality that the researchers need, for example close-up pictures or relevant and reliable metadata. The researchers also experience an uncertainty in how to use the digital tools and computer programs in an effectively way and expresses a need for more knowledge about the different IT-systems. This thesis shows that the research topics seem to change due to the digitisation, partly because of the technological possibilities that new methods offers. Digital humanities points to this as a possibility to develop the research in the field of humanities and explore new areas that cannot be done without the digital methods.

Object deformation is an essential factor for the robot to manipulate the object, as the deformation impacts the grasping of the deformable object either positively or negatively. One of the most challenging problems with deformable objects is estimating the stiffness parameters such as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. This thesis presents a learning-based approach to predicting the stiffness parameters of a 3D (volumetric) deformable object based on vision and haptic feedback. A deep learning network is designed to predict Young’s modulus of homogeneous isotropic deformable objects from the forces of squeezing the object and the depth images of the deformed part of the object. The results show that the developed method can estimate Young’s modulus of the selected synthetic objects in the validation samples dataset with 3.017% error upper bound on the 95% confidence interval. The conclusion is that this method contributes to predicting Young’s modulus of the homogeneous isotropic objects in the simulation environments. In future work, the diversity of the object shape samples can be expanded for broader application in predicting Young’s modulus. Besides, the method can also be extended to real-world objects after validating real-world experiments. / Objekt är en väsentlig faktor för roboten att manipulera objektet, eftersom det påverkar greppet om det deformerbara objektets deformation antingen positivt eller negativt. Ett av de mest utmanande problemen med deformerbara objekt är att uppskatta styvhetsparametrarna som Youngs modul och Poissons förhållande . Denna avhandling presenterar en inlärningsbaserad metod för att förutsäga styvhetsparametrarna för ett 3D (volumetriskt) deformerbart objekt baserat på syn och haptisk feedback. Ett nätverk för djupinlärning är utformat för att förutsäga Youngs modul av homogena isotropa deformerbara objekt från krafterna från att klämma ihop objektet och djupbilderna av den deformerade delen av objektet Resultaten visar att den utvecklade metoden kan uppskatta Youngs modul för de utvalda syntetiska objekten i valideringsexempeldatauppsättningen med 3.017% fel övre gräns på 95% konfidensintervall. Slutsatsen är att denna metod bidrar till att förutsäga Youngs modul för de homogena isotropa objekten i simuleringsmiljöerna. I framtida bredare arbete kan mångfalden av objektformproverna utökas för tillämpning vid förutsägelse av Youngs modul. Dessutom kan metoden också utvidgas till verkliga objekt efter validering av verkliga experiment.

The use of external dimensions in products has great importance in numerous areas and a digital measurement can lead to a more streamlined workflow. In this project are the suitability of sensors for measuring irregularly shaped objects investigated and a prototype for digital measurement built. The prototype consists of a measuring cart, Raspberry Pi, two cameras and MQTT with React web front-end. Measurement is started by a client and reported back to the client with the measurement station’s established measurement values. The result is presented as 79% of measured dimensions ending up within ±10 mm margin of the manually measured value. The result is based on tests of 10 objects with deviating characteristics to challenge the measurement capacity. The biggest challenge that has arisen has been the handling of objects’ perspectives in relation to the cameras. It is one of the areas that could be further developed to improve the reliability of the measuring station. / Användningen av yttermått hos produkter har en stor betydelse inom en stor mängd områden och en digital mätning av detta kan medföra en mer strömlinjeformad arbetsgång. I detta projektet undersöks sensorers lämplighet för mätning av oregelbundet formade objekt och det byggs en prototyp för digital mätning. Prototypen består av en mätvagn, Raspberry Pi, två kameror och MQTT med React-baserat webbgränssnitt. Mätning startas av en klient och rapporteras tillbaka till klienten med mätstationens fastslagna mätvärdena. Resultatet slutar i att 79% av uppmätta dimensioner hamnar inom ±10 mm marginal av manuellt uppmätt värde. Ett resultat som baseras på tester av 10 objekt med avvikande egenskaper för att utmana mätkapaciteten. Det största utmaningen som uppkommit har varit hanteringen av objekts perspektiv i förhållande till kamerorna. Det är ett av områdena som fortsatt har möjlighet att vidarutvecklas för att ytterliggare förbättra mätstationens pålitlighet.

This study sheds light on an interface between the concepts of museum and religion, based on case studies of two churches located at open-air museums: Seglora kyrka at Skansen in Stockholm and Murbergskyrkan at Murberget in Härnösand. These represent two types of museum churches, where Seglora kyrka originally was built för religious use within the Church of Sweden, while Murbergskyrkan originally was built by an open-air museum. This has been done through studies of both the biographies of the churches, to understand the changes in identities that they have undergone during their lives, and the use of the churches today, to understand possible conflicts between pedagogical and religious use of churches at museums. The research has been carried out as a methodological bricolage, where printed sources have been combined with interviews with museum employees and observations of the churches. Based on the biographies of the churches, it can be stated that Seglora kyrka has gone through several changes, to when transferred to Skansen be assigned its present identities as both a museum object and a religious object. Murbergskyrkan has always been assigned these parallel identities. Both churches are still used both pedagogically and religiously, and assigned identities as both museum objects and religious objects. The different uses of the churches do sometimes stand in conflict. Religious practice can go against a museal conservational mission. Pedagogical use of religious objects can be a subject of debate, for example when programs aimed for schools take place in religious buildings. Churches are located at several open-air museums, in Sweden and internationally, and are often included in both educational and religious use. Awareness of possible conflicts between pedagogical and religious use of churches should hence be required from museum educators and employees. This is a two years master’s thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.

It is a truism that the legal system lags behind societal and technological developments. The common system of VAT is no exception. The objective of this thesis is to examine how the existing VAT rules applies to virtual assets, in particular NFTs and purchasable collectibles in computer games. The aim is to study how transactions with these assets are classified from a VAT perspective and to evaluate whether this classification is compatible with the VAT neutrality principle and the function of VAT as a general tax on final consumption.  One finding related to the classification part of this thesis is that these transactions, which often involve a token and an underlying asset, are treated as a composite supply of services and not a supply of goods for VAT purposes. This implies that the special scheme for second-hand goods cannot be applied. Other classification aspects to assess whether the supply falls within the scope of VAT and whether the supply is taxed or exempt, are also analyzed. There is no ground for NFTs or other virtual assets to be exempt generally. Though, certain types or functions for NFTs may be exempt as financial transactions. The evaluation concludes that the existing rules are partly adapted to handle transactions with these types of virtual assets conducted in a virtual environment. However, the existing rules could lead to an unmotivated double taxation, which may preclude the pursuit of economic activities.

No description available.

Denna uppsats rör sig inom fältet kritiska kulturarvsstudier och fokuserar på svensk utförselreglering av kulturhistoriska föremål genom tiderna. Utgångspunkten ligger i 2014 års omformulering av kulturmiljölagens portalparagraf, vilken numera inkluderar mångfaldsmål. Kulturmiljölagens utförselreglering (reglerad i 5:e kapitlet), som inte uppdaterades samtidigt, är tänkt att läsas mot bakgrund av de inledande bestämmelserna. Eftersom den sedan tidigare uppfattats vila på ålderdomliga nationalistiska värdegrunder, uppstod frågan ifall det fanns en diskrepans i förhållande till de nya målen. För att hitta svar söker sig uppsatsen tillbaka till utförselregleringens formativa moment samt förändring från 1920-talet och framåt och sätter detta i relation till nuvarande kulturpolitiska mål och kulturvård i dagens samhälle. Motiv till utförselreglering men också vilka föremålstyper som skyddats genom tiderna har studerats, analyserats och jämförts kvalitativt. Källmaterialet utgörs framförallt av lagtexter, statliga offentliga utredningar och propositioner. Undersökningen visar att lagen från att ha skyddat ett fåtal föremåltyper succesivt har utökats och detaljerats både vad gäller föremålstyp, ålder, värde och ursprung. Med den högre graden särskiljning och utpekande följer problematik kring vad som räknas in och inte. Vissa traditionellt högt värderade föremålstyper och perioder har skyddats hela tiden medan andra mindre värderade konsekvent har uteslutits, trots långt gånga diskussioner om en mer inkluderande lagstiftning redan i tidiga förarbeten. Den breddade synen kring vad som är bevarandevärt, vilken kan skönjas i museers nutida insamlingspolicys, återspeglas inte i lagtexten. Istället har tydliga ekonomiska, kulturella, etniska och åldersmässiga hierarkier skapats. Flytt från en ursprunglig historisk miljö till en annan plats i Sverige kan orsaka skador på kulturarvet som är större än de skador som kan uppstå om ett föremål som redan flyttats från sin ursprungliga miljö istället flyttas utomlands, något som ignoreras i lagtexten. Lagen utgår ifrån att vissa föremål är svenska folkets egendom och att nationen Sverige är en trygg, ursprunglig och naturlig miljö för dem trots att motsatsen ofta har bevisats. En paradox skönjas i det faktum att vanskötsel och förvanskning av värdefulla och utförselskyddade kulturföremål inte är olagligt, så länge föremålet stannar innanför landsgränsen. De kulturpolitiska målen har alltsedan 1970-talets slut påverkat de uttalade motiven till utförsellagstiftningen. Eftersom ålderdomliga värdegrunder och normer, däribland en hel del nationalistiska sådana, där svensk kultur ses som tydlig avgränsad, högtstående och suverän, fortfarande lyser igenom i utförsellagstiftningen, tydliggörs tendensen till en retorisk men inte grundläggande förändring inom kulturarvssektorn. Hypotesen om att kapitel 5 fortfarande står på en grund av nationalistiska värderingar, nationell protektionism och nationellt identitetsskapande kan därmed sägas stämma. / This paper is located in the field of critical heritage studies and focusses on Swedish cultural heritage law and the export control of moveable heritage objects. The starting point for the research lies in the 2014 redrafting of the opening section of the cultural heritage law, which for the first time includes objectives relating to pluralism and diversity. Export control (which is regulated in the 5th chapter of the cultural heritage law), was not updated at the same time, but it is nevertheless intended to be read in the light of the preliminary provisions. Since chapter 5 previously was perceived to rest on outdated nationalistic values, the question arise as to whether there is a discrepancy in relation to the new objectives that were formulated in 2014. In order to address the question the study looks back at the formative moments and change of the export control regulations from the 1920s onwards and relates this to current cultural policy objectives and goals of conservation. The motives for export control and the type of objects protected through the ages are analysed and compared qualitatively. The source material primarily consists of legal documents, state government investigations and government bills. The study shows that the law gradually changed from protecting a few object types to become more expansive and detailed in terms of the type of artifact and it´s age, value, and origin. This increased degree of segregation and designation leads to concerns relating to what is included and what is not. Some traditionally highly valued object types and periods have continued to be protected whilst others are consistently less valued and excluded, despite ongoing discussions about the need for a more inclusive legislation since the early preparatory work. The broadened idea about what is worth preserving, which can be seen in the contemporary collection policies of museums, is not reflected in the legislation. Instead evident economic, cultural, ethnic and age hierarchies have been created. The law ignores the fact that moving an artifact from its original historical setting to another location in Sweden can cause greater harm than moving an object that has already been moved from its original location overseas. Instead the law assumes that certain objects are the property of the Swedish people and that the nation of Sweden is a safe, original and “natural” environment for them, despite the fact that the opposite often proves to be the case. A paradox is evident in the fact that the mismanagement and distortion of valuable artifacts that are protected against export is not illegal, as long as the object stays inside the borders of Sweden. Cultural policy objectives have, since the late 1970s, influenced the stated rationale for cultural heritage law and export legislation. Since outdated values and standards, including numerous nationalistic ones, where Swedish culture is seen as being distinct, high-cult and sovereign, still shines through in the export legislation, it is clear that there is a tendency to a rhetorical but not a fundamental change in parts of the cultural heritage sector, including the legislative context. The hypothesis that chapter 5 is still underpinned and characterised by nationalistic values, national protectionism and the creation of national identity can thus be said to be proven.

Authenticity is an interesting and, in some ways, even a problematic term. Yet there is a very special feeling when someone observes a cultural object, knowing it is the real thing. The purpose of this thesis is to examine revealed forgeries for aspects of authenticity and discuss whether these revealed forgeries have something unique they can offer as museum objects. To form a premiss for both the analysis and the discussion of different museum objects, the thesis uses theoretical perspectives from Denis Dutton, David Lowenthal and Siân Jones regarding authenticity and cultural objects. Using the theoretical perspectives as a tool for analysis and discussion regarding the different museum objects, varying patterns of authenticity can be seen. The discussion leads to the conclusion that there are qualities revealed forgeries can offer as museum objects. They can contribute as objects of entertainment, educational purposes or as escapism, for the museum visitor. This is a two years master’s thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.