Migration has taken place throughout human history. However, push and pull factors for migration have changed, and some have not been identified during long periods of time. Since 1970, migration studies have  paid more attention to the role of women in migration processes, noting that patterns in migration are sometimes similar to men, but many other times differ, this is also known as the feminization of migration. Women, like men, migrate in search for a better future and new opportunities. Moreover, women migrant workers migrate to provide better future for their families back home. However, this migration process leaves great exposure to abuse and exploitation for both men and women. Feminist research argues, however, that this vulnerability is also gendered, affecting women and men differently. This study aims to contribute to understand the paradox of the agency of women migrant workers on the one hand, and vulnerabilities on the other, from the perspective of migrants themselves. Eleven interviews were conducted with women migrant workers in Amman. Some of the findings of this study show that the interviewees choose to migrate mainly due to economic needs, familial constraints and social structures,   which in turn influence their power over their rights and situation, leaving them in vulnerable conditions prone to abuse. Moreover, the alternatives for migration are limited by social and economic structures, in addition to lack of knowledge of rights and obligations.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos da composição de gênero na trajetória profissional e na atuação jurisdicional do Tribunal de Justiça do Pará, especialmente em termos de efetivação dos direitos humanos das mulheres, a partir das perspectivas das desembargadoras que atuam no órgão. A escolha do TJPA justifica-se por ser o único Tribunal de Justiça cuja composição de desembargadoras é consideravelmente maior que a de desembargadores (64%), conforme censo realizado pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça em 2014. Além disso, o órgão teve quatro presidências ocupadas por mulheres e duas por homens nos últimos dez anos, situação atípica em relação ao restante do país. Para tanto, partimos da hipótese recorrente em pesquisas sobre mulheres na profissão jurídica: afinal, a maior presença de mulheres no Judiciário pode trazer uma perspectiva diferente para a atuação jurisdicional, especificamente para a efetivação de direitos humanos das mulheres? O fato da composição do TJPA ser predominantemente feminina significa que as desembargadoras vivenciam menos discriminações na carreira? A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com as desembargadoras. Em relação à análise de dados, as entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, com a elaboração de cinco categorias-chave: trajetória profissional, discriminações, relação carreira x família, diferenças de gênero no fazer jurisdicional e percepções sobre feminismo. Como resultados, concluímos que as percepções das desembargadoras acerca das discriminações vividas na carreira, bem como àquelas relativas à existência de diferenças no fazer jurisdicional são influenciadas pelos ideais da neutralidade e da imparcialidade. Esses resultados apontam para a necessidade de repensarmos não apenas a cultura masculina imbricada na profissão jurídica, mas, principalmente, os fundamentos capazes de servir como sólida base teórica para assegurar a igualdade de gênero (e de outros marcadores de diferenças sociais) no Poder Judiciário. / The objective of the present research is to analyze the possible impacts of gender composition on both the professional trajectory and the jurisdictional performance of the Court of Justice of Pará, especially in terms of the women\'s human rights effectiveness, based on the perspectives of the judges that work in the institution. Selecting TJPA is justified because it is the only Court of Justice whose female judges composition is considerably higher than that of male judges (64%), according to a census conducted by the National Justice Council in 2014. In addition, in the last ten years four women occupied presidencies against only two occupied by men, which is an atypical situation compared the rest of the country. For this, we start with the recurrent hypothesis in research on women in the legal profession: after all, can the greater women\'s presence in the Judiciary bring a different perspective to the judicial process, specifically for the realization of women\'s human rights? Does the fact that the TJPA composition is predominantly feminine mean that judges experience less career discrimination? The methodology used is qualitative, having as an instrument of data collection the performance of semi-structured interviews with the judges. Regarding data analysis, the interviews were submitted to content analysis, with the elaboration of five key categories: professional trajectory, discrimination, career and family relationships, gender differences in jurisdictional making and perceptions about feminism. As a result, we conclude that judges\' perceptions of career discrimination, as well as those concerning the existence of differences in jurisdictional doings, are influenced by the ideals of neutrality and impartiality. These results point to the need of rethinking not only the masculine culture imbricated in the legal profession, but also the foundations capable of serving as a solid theoretical basis in ensuring gender equality (and other markers of social differences) in the Judiciary.

The aim of the thesis is to investigate patterns and consequences of internal and international migration in Laos during the period 1985-2005 on both a macro-and a micro-level. The thesis focuses on the influences of socio-economic change and government policies on inter-regional and rural-urban migration as well as on crossborder migration from Laos to Thailand. The study also examines the effects of migration and industrial factory work on gender relations during economic transition and consequences of undocumented migration to Thailand. The background consists of a discussion on socio-economic change within the country and on government policies influencing migration patterns, as well as on how socio-economic change, urbanization and industrialization in the region affect internal and international migration in Laos. The thesis consists of three empirical studies which derive from different sources of data; the first is based on Population Censuses in 1995 and 2005 and the second and the third draw from empirical surveys in 2004-2005 and 2006. Paper I focuses on how socioeconomic factors and government policies influence migration patterns in Laos. The paper found that the interregional migration rate decreased in the later census period. This was due to significantly higher rural-rural migration in the earlier period, which in turn was influenced by various types of government policies. Papers II and III are based on micro surveys; paper II focuses on an urban industrial area in Vientiane Capital and explores the current feminization of rural-urban migrations during economic transition with specific focus on the effects of industrial work on gender roles and status of women as industrial workers. Industrial work was seen by the women as temporary jobs for saving money, for sending remittances, and for either returning home or moving to other jobs in Vientiane or Thailand. Paper III is based on surveys in three provinces, and deals with undocumented migration from Laos to Thailand and its consequences. Different income levels, existing social networks, similar language and socio-cultural backgrounds were determinants of cross-border migrations. The study found that migrants who had contacts with informal brokers were highly exposed to risks of human trafficking and violence.

Submitted by Jamile Barbosa da Cruz (jamile.cruz@ucsal.br) on 2017-01-17T17:50:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO COSETE.pdf: 922415 bytes, checksum: e7926e11b5b74b6e1f8c5d5b54144e94 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-01-18T16:56:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO COSETE.pdf: 922415 bytes, checksum: e7926e11b5b74b6e1f8c5d5b54144e94 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-18T16:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO COSETE.pdf: 922415 bytes, checksum: e7926e11b5b74b6e1f8c5d5b54144e94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-07 / Desde a sua descoberta em 1981, a epidemia da infecção pelo vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e Aids vem se mostrando como um fenômeno global, contínuo, instável e dinâmico. Em pouco tempo, essa epidemia se transformou em um grave problema de saúde pública mundial em razão dos altos índices de morbi-mortalidade. A característica epidêmica fortemente masculina dessa patologia, com a maioria das vitimas homens, tanto homossexuais quanto heterossexuais vem mudando o seu perfil, e, cada vez mais a população feminina tem sido acometida: segundo dados da UNAIDS, no mundo, as mulheres jovens representam mais de 60% de todos os jovens que vivem com HIV e na África essa taxa chega a 72%. Diante desses dados, suscitou-se ao seguinte questionamento: Será que a vulnerabilidade das mulheres relacionada ao gênero vem contribuindo com o processo de feminização do HIV/Aids no município de Salvador no estado da Bahia? A partir de então, traçou-se como objetivo geral dessa pesquisa: descrever valores, atitudes, crenças, comportamentos e contextos historico-socio-culturais que possam ter vulnerabilizado mulheres para a infecção pelo vírus HIV/Aids em Salvador, no estado da Bahia. E, como objetivos específicos: identificar com mulheres já contaminadas, no município de Salvador, valores, atitudes, crenças, comportamentos e contextos historico-socio culturais que vulnerabilizaram as mulheres ao processo de infecção ao HIV/Aids; buscar com mulheres já contaminadas sua percepção frente a contaminação pelo HIV/Aids com relação ao homem, a idade, a renda e ao bairro; examinar com mulheres contaminadas as ações de saúde que poderiam ser realizadas na intenção de minimizar o processo de feminização do HIV/Aids. A metodologia adotada foi a qualitativa, com abordagem exploratória, tendo como foco a feminização da AIDS, adotando o gênero como recorte analítico. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida no antigo Centro de Referencia em DST/ AIDS do Estado da Bahia (Creaids), instituição pública do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A população foi composta por um quantitativo mínimo de 14 mulheres cadastradas no serviço, no período de 2004 (momento do início do funcionamento da unidade) a agosto de 2011. / Since its discovery in 1981, the epidemic infection by the Human Immunodeficiency vírus (HIV) and AIDS presentes itself as a continuous, dynamic, and unstable global phenomenon. In a short space of time, this epidemic became a serious worldwide public health problem due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality. This epidemic that was heavily male with most victims both heterosexual and homosexual men is increasingly female: according to data from UNAIDS, in the world, young women represent over 60% of all young people living with HIV in Africa and this rate reaches 72%. Given these data, raised to the following question: Does the vulnerability of women related to gender has contributed to the process of feminization of HIV / AIDS in the city of Salvador in Bahia? From then drew up the general objective of this research: to describe values, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and contexts historico-socio-cultural factors that may have vulnerabilized women to HIV infection / AIDS in Salvador, state of Bahia. And, as specific objectives: to identify with women already infected, in the city of Salvador, values, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and socio-historical contexts cultural that may have vulnerabilized women to the process of infection with HIV / AIDS; seeking women already infected with their perception against contamination by HIV / AIDS in relation to men, age, income and neighborhood; examine women infected health actions that could be undertaken in an attempt to minimize the process of feminization of HIV / AIDS. The methodology was qualitative, with exploratory, focusing on the feminization of AIDS, adopting gender as analytical approach. This research was developed in ancient Reference Center for STD / AIDS State of Bahia (CREAIDS), a public institution of the Unified Health System (SUS). The population was composed of a minimum quantity of 14 women enrolled in the service, from 2004 (the time of initial operation of the unit) to August 2011.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1946686 bytes, checksum: 952ef0dbe79ff59c23b4762772e9a7d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This article presents a brief review of the history of Aids epidemic, analyzing tendencies, stigma, prejudice, factors of social, economic and cultural vulnerability, gender relations and points out the answers to that disease given by Brazilian social movements and government of Brazil. In the area of sexuality and the safe sexual practice, we identify some difficulties that women experience: the negotiation about the condom use, lack of autonomy and empowerment, gender violence and lack of awareness about the risk of women become infected by HIV. All this strengthened by a sexist culture that has denied women s right to experience their sexuality in a free way, making them increasingly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. / A história da epidemia da Aids, retrata tendências, estigmas, preconceitos, fatores de vulnerabilidades sócio, econômico e culturais, relações de gênero e políticas públicas direcionadas a responder um dado epidemiológico, principalmente, a ações referentes a feminização da Aids no Brasil e na Paraíba. A dissertação buscou compreender e analisar as representações sociais da epidemia da Aids junto as mulheres soropositivas do estado da Paraíba, na perspectiva de gênero e das vulnerabilidades, compreendendo a dimensão da sexualidade em interface da adoção ou não de práticas preventivas relacionadas com o cuidado da sua saúde sexual e reprodutiva, a luz das políticas públicas de saúde destinada a estas mulheres. Identificar as mulheres, seu perfil, desejos, necessidade e sonhos fizeram parte de nossas análises. O estudo revelou a interface entre a cultura machista, patriarcal e vivência das mulheres na sua descoberta do soropositividade, as relações de gênero e as desigualdades existentes entre o mundo produtivo e reprodutivo das mulheres, apontando os dilemas vividos na sexualidade, nos relacionamentos familiares e com suas redes de apoio. Analisar a partir dos discursos sobre o cotidiano soropositivo das mulheres contribui para analisar como são pensadas, ou não, as políticas públicas para este segmento, dar voz possibilita construir um mundo com menos desigualdades e exclusão, torná-las sujeitos de diretos é possibilitar o exercício da cidadania.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta dissertaÃÃo tem como objetivo apreender o universo simbÃlico de jogos erÃticos de poder elencados sob a denominaÃÃo de feminizaÃÃo masculina, um conjunto de rituais que à parte do universo do BDSM, ou sadomasoquismo erÃtico, ou ainda, sadofetichismo. O propÃsito desta investigaÃÃo Ã, por meio de pesquisa etnogrÃfica dessas prÃticas atravÃs de narrativas acessadas de postagens de blogs pessoais e entrevistas, compreender as travessias de gÃnero que sÃo acionadas, as negociaÃÃes de masculinidades e rituais de feminizaÃÃo que compÃem esse universo. Utilizo como pano de fundo material proveniente de sites, blogs e perfis do Facebook sobre o tema sadofetichismo e prÃticas relacionadas à feminizaÃÃo: submissÃo masculina, FemDom, dentre outras, a fim de contextualizar o objeto de anÃlise, as performances de gÃnero que acontecem nas e a partir dessas prÃticas e experiÃncias de feminizaÃÃo, âforÃadaâ. Trata-se, portanto, de descriÃÃo etnogrÃfica de jogos erÃticos de poder sob o termo submissÃo masculina na Internet, que sÃo elementos constitutivos de rituais de feminizaÃÃo masculina, objeto de anÃlise desta dissertaÃÃo. Hà um vasto material sobre submissÃo masculina na rede, mas pouco material nacional sobre as prÃticas de feminizaÃÃo masculina e feminizaÃÃo forÃada. As prÃticas que envolvem submissÃo, dentre elas a prÃpria feminizaÃÃo, apresentam configuraÃÃes ritualÃsticas; a maneira como as prÃticas sÃo tratadas, enquanto âtreinamentoâ, âritualâ, âetiquetaâ, âadestramentoâ, âpreparaÃÃoâ, âdisciplinaâ, âdomesticaÃÃoâ. Optei por considerar o material produzido no Brasil como forma de explicitar a impossibilidade de abarcar a totalidade do fenÃmeno registrado na Internet. / This thesis aims to grasp the symbolic universe of erotic power games listed under the feminization of male name, a set of rituals that are part of the BDSM universe, or erotic sadomasochism, or even sado-fetishism. The purpose of this research is through ethnographic research of these practices through narratives accessed from personal blogs posts and interviews, understand the gender crossings that are triggered, negotiations and feminization of masculinity rituals that make up this universe. I use as material background from websites, blogs and Facebook profiles on the sado-fetishism theme and practices related to feminization: male submission, FemDom, among others, in order to contextualize the object of analysis, the performances of genre that happen in and out of these practices and experiences of feminization, "forced". It is therefore ethnographic description of erotic power games under the term male submission on the Internet, which are constituent elements of rituals male feminization, analyzed in this dissertation. There is a vast amount of material on male submission on the network, but little material on national practices of male feminization and forced feminization. Practices involving submission, among them the very feminization present ritualistic settings; the way practices are treated as "training", "ritual", "label", "training", "preparation", "discipline", "domestication". I chose to consider the material produced in Brazil as a way to explain the impossibility of embracing the entire phenomenon registered on the Internet.

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objeto central o sujeito político mulher de favela. Sendo este um constructo teórico, ele é entendido como sendo coletivo por natureza, historicamente determinado e geograficamente circunscrito. Este estudo assume que do ponto de vista histórico o sujeito político mulher de favela vem se construindo, principalmente, a partir da década de 1990, no contexto da globalização, e geopoliticamente se refere aos territórios de segregação sócio-espacial que se classificam como favelas (ou são percebidos como comunidades) no Rio de Janeiro. A questão que norteia este estudo é: Quem é o sujeito político mulher de favela? Os objetivos centrais deste trabalho são: 1) refletir sobre quem são elas e o quê as distingue das demais moradoras das favelas cariocas; 2) descrever como, porquê e através de quais mecanismos elas se constroem enquanto um sujeito político e atuam em seus territórios, e 3) adensar o entendimento sobre qual o papel, as funções e os significados sociais do sujeito coletivo que elas encarnam. A construção conceitual do objeto deste estudo se dá através da mobilização dos conceitos de território e territorialidade da área da Geografia; do conceito de identidade apropriado do campo antropológico e de uma discussão ontológica sobre a mulher de favela a partir de contribuições do debate feminista, em particular sobre a mulher negra no Brasil. Do ponto de vista epistêmico, adotamos o testemunho dos sujeitos subalternos como principal base documental de onde se extraíram evidências sobre as sinergias das trajetórias de vida de 15 colaboradoras, todas elas encarnando o conceito mulher de favela em cada uma das 15 favelas cariocas que representam neste estudo. As conclusões apontam para a solidariedade como o valor ético central e a urgência da necessidade de uma transformação radical como eixo central da luta política da mulher de favela. / [en] The core object of this work is the political subject favela woman. It is assumed that this theoretical concept represents a subject that is collective by nature, historically dated and geo-politically circumscribed. From the historical point of view, the political subject favela woman emerged, mainly, from the 1990 s onwards, in a context known as globalization and it is geopolitically referred to the social-spatial segregation territories named favelas (or perceived as communities) in Rio de Janeiro. This work s research question is: Who is the political subject favela woman? The goals of this study are: 1) to learn who they are and what makes them different from other women who live in the favelas; 2) to describe how, why and by which means they turn themselves into such a political subject within their territories, and 3) to deepen the knowledge about their social role, their territorial management functions and their social meanings as such. The conceptual support of this work has been built by the appropriation of the concepts of territory and territoriality from Geography; identity from the anthropological field and an ontological discussion about the favela woman based on the contributions of the feminist debate, particularly about the back woman in Brazil. From the epistemological point of view, we adopted the subaltern s testimony as the main documental base, from which we extracted evidences about the synergies observed in the life stories of 15 research collaborators. All of them are favela woman who represents 15 favelas of Rio de Janeiro, where they belong. The conclusions points out to the solidarity as her major ethical value and for the urgency of a radical socio-political transformation as the core line of her political struggle.

In the decades following 1945, Americans moved increasingly out of cities into suburbs. The migration illustrated the emergence of a new, broader middle class as a result of growing postwar affluence. In the previous half-century, families living in a suburb could claim middle-class status. The emerging class built its identity on the forms and values adopted from this earlier, more affluent Victorian middle class. These adopted values were played out in a home designed around Progressive era ideals of the family. Through this Progressive filter, the new concept of the home was scaled down, without servants, and ceased existing wholly as the wife's sphere of influence--as in the Victorian version. The Progressive impulse also reduced the size of the house to make it more efficient, and through government subsidies shaped the home into a smaller, economically sized package. The financial framework that determined the shape of the postwar home also influenced the technology placed within its walls. This financially influenced technology particularly affected the shape and content of the kitchen. The new, efficient kitchen did not release women from their duty to provide daily family meals, but it did create a culturally safe space for men to cook as a hobby. In the postwar, suburban kitchen women and men contended with economic pressures and changing social realities which complicated the Victorian values and Progressive ideals. Middle-class women needed to leave the home for work, and--now separated from traditional urban social outlets--middle-class men sought refuge in the suburban home. By examining Sunset magazine's "Chefs of the West" column, traditional women's cookbooks and service magazines, men's magazines, building industry trade journals, and census reports, the kitchen demonstrates that women and men reshaped the home in response to changing middle-class values. While financing regulations at first shaped how the emerging middle class lived within the postwar, suburban home, residents reinterpreted the space as a reaction to the economic changes around them. This cycle continued with each new interpretation of the postwar single-family home.

No description available.

RésuméEn raison des bouleversements qui ont eu lieu dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, le monde a connu une accélération notable de l'histoire. Cette accélération s'est manifestée sur plusieurs fronts – l'historique, le scientifique, le technologique – mais aussi sur le front littéraire, changeant à jamais la façon dont nous représentons notre monde et notre passé. Cette thèse porte sur les nouveaux modes de représentation ou mimesis dans l'œuvre d'art. Comment les événements, qui se déroulent en dehors du roman, ont-ils affecté la forme même, la technique et la langue du roman contemporain ? Comment la violence qui a été infligée au monde extérieur s'est-elle reflétée dans le récit littéraire ? Du fait que la forme narrative est en soi un moyen de « rassembler » les événements dispersés et les incohérences de la réalité, la forme traditionnelle manipule violemment cette réalité dans le but de lui donner un sens, quand elle est souvent inexplicable. En mettant en question les conventions naturelles et données du récit, les romans expérimentaux du XXe siècle ont tenté de mettre en place des formes originales, en mesure de représenter des expériences différentes. Notre thèse traite principalement de ces nouvelles conceptions de la représentation dans le roman contemporain et de la manière dont, en dépit de leur fragmentation, de l'expérimentation et de la rupture violente avec les traditions du passé, ces romans innovants ont néanmoins réussi à produire des «représentations» de la réalité qui captent fidèlement notre histoire contemporaine, caractérisée par l'accélération et la fragmentation. Pour justifier cet argument, nous avons comparé les récits de fiction avec ceux des deux autres domaines à partir desquels nous tirons la connaissance de notre passé, à savoir l'histoire et la mémoire. Où est la place de la fiction aux côtés de ces deux piliers de connaissance souvent totalisants et totalitaires ? Enfin, que peut faire la littérature pour ces sujets de l'histoire, systématiquement exclus de l'écriture de l’histoire dominante ? En prenant la plume pour écrire leur version de l'histoire, ces «autres» du document historique dominant ont inscrit leur histoire particulière sur le palimpseste existant de l'histoire dominante et ont également obligé les canons littéraires, auxquels ils appartiennent, à développer leurs limites esthétiques et éthiques. / SummaryAs a result of the changes that have occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century, the world has witnessed a noticeable acceleration of history. This acceleration has manifested itself on many fronts – the historic, the scientific, the technological – but also on the literary front changing forever the way we represent our world and our place in it. This paper deals with the new modes of representation or mimesis in the work of art. How have the events happening outside the novel affected the very form, technique and the language of the contemporary novel? How has the violence that has been inflicted on the outside world being replicated and perhaps resolved in the literary narrative? Because narrative form is in itself a way of ordering and “bringing together” the fragmented events and incoherencies of reality, the very traditional form often violently manipulates this reality with the aim of giving meaning to an often inexplicable reality. By bringing into question the natural and given conventions of narrative, the experimental novels of the twentieth century have tried to realize original and unique forms that are able to represent different experiences. Our paper deals with primarily with these new conventions of representing reality and how, despite their fragmentation, experimentation, and violent rupture with the traditions of the past, they have nonetheless successfully produced “representations” of reality that faithfully capture our contemporary history characterized by acceleration as well as fragmentation. In order to justify this argument, we have compared narratives of fiction with the other two domains from which we derive the knowledge of our past, namely history and memory. Where is the place of fiction alongside these two often totalizing and totalitarian pillars of knowledge? Finally, what can literature do to those subjects of history who have systematically excluded from the writing of their dominant History? By taking the pen to write their side of the story, these “others” of the dominant historical document have both inscribed their particular stories on the existing palimpsest of dominant history, but have also forced the literary canons in which they belong to expand both their aesthetic and ethical boundaries.