In the present electrical market there is an increasing penetration of intermittent energy sources. Several studies have examined its effect on the planning of hydropower operation and the conclusion is that an increasing intermittent production is likely to result in a more variable hydropower operation, utilising a wider span of operational set points. The wear of a hydropower unit is generally at a minimum when operated close to best efficiency and increases when operating at higher or lower set points. This study introduces a method to calculate an operation dependent cost (ODC) function for an arbitrary hydropower unit or unit combination based on vibration measurements and operational data. The method is tested in a case study where an ODC is implemented in Akkats, located in the Small Lule River in order to evaluate its effect on operational pattern, profitability and balancing contribution. The results show that the implemented ODC mainly affects Akkats. For an increasing ODC, Akkats is operated closer to the best point of efficiency and the operational pattern gets less variable and the effect gets more apparent the lower the spot price. Akkats ability to follow the spot price is reduced, decreasing the earning per produced energy with a few percent­ages. Akkats balancing contribution decreases significantly more, due to a less variable operational pattern. The study compares the reduced ODC to the reduced spot income and concludes that the wear cost in Akkats has to be above 1,21 €/MWh in order to be economically feasible to include in the planning. The operational pattern for the simulated river is close to unchanged at highest price hours but during lower price hours an increasing ODC results in an increased production, due to an increasing mean flow and changed operational pattern in Akkats. More production during low prices hours results in a decreasing profitability for all plants along the river. The balancing contribution is close to unchanged in all plants except Akkats, since the production still follows the same pattern.

Syftet med studien var att försöka förstå faktorerna och motiven bakom kommunernas övergång från cellkontor till aktivitetsbaserade kontorslösningar. För att se vad som har påverkat beslutet om övergången och för att se hur kommunerna har gått till väga under processen mot införandet av den nya kontorsformen. / The purpose of the study was to create an understanding of the factors and motives behind the municipal transition from cellular offices to an activity based workplace. To see what influenced the decision about the transition and to see how the municipalities proceeded in the process of the new form of office.

The project presented in this report was conducted by Hans Iverlund and was the final thesis of the Study programme in innovation and design engineering at Karlstad University. The project included 22,5 ECTS credits. Parts of the project were carried out in collaboration with Robin Westlund, who also did his final thesis of the Study programme in innovation and design engineering. The project was conducted in collaboration with Moelven Eurowand AB, which is a company that manufactures, sells and installs room solutions consisting of wall systems, door portals and some furniture, mainly for offices. Supervisor from Moelven Eurowand AB was Pernilla Irewährn, tutor from Karlstad University was Monica Jakobsson and examiner for the project was Professor Fredrik Thuvander. Moelven Eurowand AB wished to get better insight for how the future office would look and operate, so that they could develop their future products in the right direction. To gain that insight, the project began with extensive research, consisting of literature studies, field studies and interviews with people that work in offices. Parameters that were identified as important for the future of office were the ability of control over the surroundings and the need for acoustical and visual privacy and social interaction with other people. This resulted in a vision for the future that was visualized with a continuously variable dimmer switch that controls the acoustic environment and the visual interaction with other people in the area in which the individual office employee is located. The dimmer switch became the aim for the development of a product that would fit into this vision for the future. The product development was carried out using a list of demands, idea generation and a systematic generation of concepts. The product that was developed was called Summit Flexiwall, and was a flexible panel-wall solution that enabled control of the acoustic environment and the amount of social interaction. The product may serve several different functions in an office environment. / Projektet som presenteras i denna rapport genomfördes av Hans Iverlund och var ett examensarbete på Högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i innovationsteknik och design vid Karlstads universitet. Examensarbetet omfattade 22,5 högskolepoäng. Delar av projektet genomfördes tillsammans med Robin Westlund som även han gjorde examensarbete på högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i innovationsteknik och design. Projektet genomfördes i samarbete med företaget Moelven Eurowand AB som tillverkar, säljer och monterar rumslösningar i form av systemväggar, dörrportaler och viss inredning, till framförallt kontorslokaler. Handledare från Moelven Eurowand AB var Pernilla Irewährn, handledare från Karlstads universitet var Monica Jakobsson och examinator var professor Fredrik Thuvander. Moelven Eurowand AB önskade få bättre insikt i hur framtidens kontor kommer se ut och fungera, för att kunna anpassa sitt produktsortiment. Projektet inleddes med en omfattande research bestående av litteraturstudier, studiebesök och intervjuer med kontorsanställda, för att på så vis skaffa den insikten. Faktorer som identifierades som viktiga för framtidens kontor var möjligheten till kontroll av sin omgivning och behovet av enskildhet och samhörighet. Detta resulterade i en framtidsvision, i form av en steglös dimmer som styr den akustiska miljön och den visuella interaktionen med andra människor, på den plats som den enskilde kontorsarbetaren befinner sig. Resultatet av detta blev sedan målbilden för utvecklingen av en produkt som skulle passa in i denna framtidsvision. Produktutvecklingen genomfördes med hjälp av en kravspecifikation, idégenereringar och en systematisk konceptgenerering. Produkten som utvecklades kom att kallas Summit Flexiwall, och var en flexibel panelväggslösning som möjliggör kontroll av den akustiska närmiljön samt valfrihet när det gäller enskildhet och samhörighet. Produkten kan fylla flera olika funktioner i en kontorsmiljö.

Undersökningen har bearbetat förväntningar och förbättringar på planlösningar i flerbostadshus. Enkätundersökning bland allmänheten och de boende i Vikaholm, Växjö, samt intervjuer med arkitekter användes för att få synpunkter på förbättringar. Även intervjuer med de boende utfördes för att få mer utvecklande och motiverande svar än enbart från enkätundersökningen. Framtagning och utformning av planlösning har utformats efter de önskemål och synpunkter som framkommit i undersökningen. Planlösningarna är yteffektiva och är utformade med hänsyn till bland annat omätbara värden som finns i en bostad, det vill säga rumsliga kvalitéer som är mindre uppenbara och svåra att kvantifiera. Olika punkter som bekvämlighet, bättre möblerbarhet och mer förvaringsmöjlighet har gjort att bostaden har fått en annan utformning än de ursprungliga planlösningarna. Flexibla och generella rum som följer krav vid utformning och som inte har onödiga ytor har varit målet med arbetet. Arbetets resultat kan användas till andra framtida planlösningar än till det flerbostadshus som legat som grund för detta examensarbete. / The survey has processed expectations and improvements on floor plans in a multi-family house. A survey by the public and residents in Vikaholm, Växjö, and interviews with experts were made to get views of improvements. Also interviews with residents were also made to get more developing and motivational answers than just from the opinion poll. The design and layout of the planning has been designed according to the desires and views expressed in the survey. The plan solutions are highly space-efficient and are designed with regard to, inter alia, intangible values that exist in a dwelling, which is spatial qualities that are less obvious and difficult to quantify. Different items such as comfort, better furnishing and more storage have made the accommodation a different design than the original floor plans. Flexible and general spaces that meet design requirements and have no unnecessary surfaces have been the aim of the work. The results of the work can be used for other future floor plans than for the multi-family house that has been the basis for this degree project.

The purpose of this thesis is to simulate different scenarios where all vehicles are replaced by electric vehicles in the future.   An addition of electric vehicles to the electric grid is not easy to handle, especially not if the consumers choose to charge their vehicles with higher power. As can be seen in the results of this report, flexible demand through power management is a good option to reduce overall power consumption. Of course, customers will have to agree to that their consumption is controlled in this manner.   Using solar cells during the summer works well, but it’s harder wintertime as the largest electric demands arise during the night, when there is close to no sunlight. However, in the case of batteries, they may be helpful. Possibly by letting the solar cells charge the battery during the day and then use it to help charge the electric vehicle during the night. Unfortunately, it was not possible to include this scenario as the used software was unable to handle batteries in that way.   By completely replacing the heat source, in this case with district heating, and thus releasing available power in the transformer, turned out to be the best option. In this way, virtually all predicted amounts of electric cars could be charged with optional charging strength between 3.7 and 11 kW.   As for the T422 transformer, there is no choice but to replace it if a larger number of electric vehicles wants to start charging there. At present, it can handle a maximum of 10-20 electric vehicles that charge at the lowest power as there is only about 50 kW available there winter time. District heating cannot be applied either as the connected customers do not use electric heating. / Detta arbete har till syfte att simulera olika scenarier i ett område där samtliga fordon ersätts av elbilar i framtiden.   En tillkomst av elbilar i elnätet är inte lätt att hantera, speciellt inte om kunderna i nätet väljer att ladda med högre effekt. Vilket kan ses i resultatet i denna rapport, är flexibel förbrukning genom effektstyrning ett bra alternativ för att sänka den totala effektförbrukningen. Fast det gäller då givetvis att kunderna går med på att förbrukningen styrs på detta sätt.   Att använda solceller fungerar bra sommartid, men vintertid är det värre, då det största elbehovet uppstår på natten, när det inte är lika stor solljustillgång. I samband med batterier kan de dock vara till hjälp. Möjligen genom att låta solcellerna ladda upp batteriet under dagen och sedan använda det för att hjälpa till att ladda elbilen under natten. Dessvärre var det inte möjligt att simulera detta scenario på grund av brister i mjukvaran som användes.   Att helt ersätta värmekällan, i detta fall med fjärrvärme, och därmed frigöra effekt i transformatorn visade sig däremot vara det bästa alternativet. På så sätt kunde i stort sett samtliga mängder elbilar laddas med valfri laddningsstyrka mellan 3,7 och 11 kW.   Vad gäller transformator T422, ses inget annat val än att byta ut den om ett flertal elbilar ska börja ladda där. I nuläget klarar den av högst 10-20 elbilar som laddar på lägsta effekt eftersom det endast finns ca 50 kV tillgängligt vintertid. Fjärrvärme kan inte användas där heller som komplement då de tillkopplade kunderna inte använder elektrisk uppvärmning.

Sweden is experiencing a national housing shortage. The housing market has created a financial inequality between generations and as a result, homeownership has become unachievable for many. Citizens who have become tired of the situation have found their solution in the mobile dwelling. With the main motivation of freedom this thesis examines the role of the mobile dwelling and those who strive for mobile lifestyles, while discussing whether it is a viable way of living as it is constantly challenged.   The focus has been on investigating the challenges of living mobile, as the dwelling does not address the broader challenge of long-term financial security. Also, as the long-term residency is constantly challenged by its location through legislation it contributes to the already vulnerable situation.   The project concentrates on mobile living on water in the context of Stockholm, where I argue that its water as an asset has not yet been fully explored. The covered case studies have demonstrated the challenges of long-term residency for mobile dwellers have been overcome through different steps of actions, which in turn has contributed to the freedom of mobility.   This project proposes that in keeping the benefits of mobile living and re-imagining a framework, mobile residents using their own assets and know-how, can through a collective action become developers themselves. Focus is given to the achievement of long-term financial and residential security and as a result, the mobile dwelling becomes more than a temporary solution.

Employers’ responsibility of the health and safety on the environment for the employee who is teleworking is one of the questions in this essay. What is teleworking, in relation to the aim for this essay, is the second question. Teleworking is an employment which is growing and the Swedish legislation is vague. The methods which have been used to investigate and understand the legislation is jurisprudence method and the legal dogmatic method. After the investigation of the aim and question of this essay it is possible to say, the Employers always have the responsibility for the environment of employees’ health and safety. But teleworking makes it hard for the employer to verify the health and safety on the environment, when they do not know where the employer is working.

We proposed and demonstrated the first account of large-area, semi-transparent, tandem photosensitive nanocrystal skins (PNSs) constructed on flexible substrates operating on the principle of photogenerated potential buildup, which avoid the need for applying an external bias and circumvent the currentmatching limitation between junctions. We successfully fabricated and operated the tandem PNSs composed of single monolayers of colloidal water-soluble CdTe and CdHgTe nanocrystals (NCs) in adjacent junctions on a Kapton polymer tape. Owing to the usage of a single NC layer in each junction, noise generation was significantly reduced while keeping the resulting PNS films considerably transparent. In each junction, photogenerated excitons are dissociated at the interface of the semi-transparent Al electrode and the NC layer, with holes migrating to the contact electrode and electrons trapped in the NCs. As a result, the tandem PNSs lead to an open-circuit photovoltage buildup equal to the sum of those of the two single junctions, exhibiting a total voltage buildup of 128.4 mV at an excitation intensity of 75.8 μW cm⁻² at 350 nm. Furthermore, we showed that these flexible PNSs could be bent over 3.5 mm radius of curvature and cut out in arbitrary shapes without damaging the operation of individual parts and without introducing any significant loss in the total sensitivity. These findings indicate that the NC skins are promising as building blocks to make low-cost, flexible, large-area UV/visible sensing platforms with highly efficient full-spectrum conversion.

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Detta examensarbete utfördes på Scania CV AB och behandlar delar i lastbilens avgassystem som utsätts för korrosion och nötning. Huvudmålet med detta arbete är att utveckla en provmetod för livslängdsundersökning av flexibla slangar. En serie tester utfördes för att förstå grundorsakerna till brott och en FE-analys utfördes för att verifiera resultaten till dessa prov. En stor del av den flexibla slangen blir stel på grund av höga avgastemperaturer och som leder till plastisk deformation av slangen. Men de tre första lindningarna som ligger närmast motorn behåller sin flexibilitet på grund av kontinuerliga motorvibrationer. Slutsatsen är att huvudorsaken som gör att de flexibla slangarna går av, är slitage som leder till sprickinitiering. Den sprickan sprider sig i form av lågcykelutmattning d.v.s att det tar ganska kort tid tills brott sker i den flexibla slangen. Korrosion initierar mellan de icke-flexibla delar av slangen Korrosionshastigheten ökar med tiden och det orsakar små hål på ytorna. Baserat på testresultaten är den mest lämpliga stället för livslängdsundersökningar Scanias komponentprovceller. Genom att mäta slitagedjupet under repeterbara förhållanden som rekommenderas i rapporten och med hjälp av data från kundutfall, kan en livslängd uppskattas. För att kunna förbättra livslängden för de flexibla slangarna, rekommenderas att använda rostfritt stål typ 1.4828 vid tillverkning av dessa slangar bör varmformning användas, samt att avståndet mellan lagrena respektive tjockleken ökas. Flera tester med olika teststidsintervall behöver göras för att ta reda på nötningshastigheten. / This thesis was conducted at Scania CV AB with information based on corrosion and wear. The main goal of this work is to develop a test method to investigate the stripwounded hose’s lifetime. A series of tests were performed to understand the reasons of their failure and a FE analysis was performed to verify the results obtained from these tests. It was observed that a large part of stripwounded hose becomes stiff due to high temperatures of the exhaust gas. The high temperature leads to plastic deformation of the hose. In contrast, the three first windings closest to the engine keep their flexibility due to continuously engine vibrations while there is sign of wear between the layers in these three windings more than other parts of the stripwounded hose. Hence, it is concluded that the main reason for stripwounded hose’s unpredictable failures is wear which leads to crack initiation. The crack propagation is in type of low cycle fatigue which means that it takes a short time until the stripewounded hose breaks. Corrosion is initiated between the non-flexible parts of the hose. The rate of corrosion is increased by time and causes small holes on the surfaces. According to results from the experiments the most suitable location for the lifetime investigation is Scania’s component test cells . Several tests with different time spans needs to be performed. By measuring the wear depth rate under repeatable test conditions and bycomparing with stripwounded hoses from customer trucks, a lifetime can be estimated. To improve the fatigue lifetime of the stripwounded hoses, it is recommended to use stainless steel of type 1.4828, manufactured through hot-forming with larger distance between layers and thicker layers to find out the wear rate.