Barns lek ses som välgörande för barns utveckling och välmående. Idag framställs stress som ett problem för många barn, även inom förskolan. Barns stress och lek antas vara två sidor av barns vardag. Studien syftar till att belysa och analysera förskollärares resonemang kring den fria leken i förskolan och förskolebarns stress. Målet är att utröna huruvida den fria leken uppfattas som stressförebyggande, stressande och/eller stressförlösande för att fördjupa förståelsen av den fria lekens betydelse i förskolan. Studien är av kvalitativ empirisk art och grundar sig på enskilda intervjuer med sju förskollärare från fyra olika förskolor. Resultatet visar att den fria leken kan vara så väl positiv som negativ för barnen ur stressynpunkt. Den fria leken när den är välfungerande innehåller många aspekter som kan anses både stressförlösande och stressförebyggande. En välfungerande lek erbjuder bland annat tillfälle till bearbetning av känslor och upplevelser, avkoppling och utvecklande av social kompetens, vilket är positivt ur stressynpunkt. Den fria leken kan också leda till stress. Orsakerna till att den fria leken kan leda till stress kan vara att barngrupperna är stora med mindre lekyta för barnen, en högre ljudnivå samt att barnen löper större risk att bli störda av andra barn. Förskollärarna pekar även på den egna rollen i förhållande till barnens fria lek och stress och anser att den kan bidra till barnens stress liksom att förskolläraren genom organisation kan arbeta för att stävja den. Stora barngrupper och ökade administrativa uppgifter för förskollärarna gör dock att det krävs mer arbete av förskollärarna för att organisera verksamheten så att en välfungerande lek som kan ses positiv ur stressynpunkt främjas. Studiens slutsats är att den fria lekens förutsättningar är beroende av såväl förskollärares kunskaper om och inställning till leken, men också att ekonomiska aspekter är av betydelse. / The purpose of the study is to show and analyse the preschool teacher’s reasoning around the free play in preschool related to the stress of preschool children. The intention with the study is also to examine and gain understanding of the free play’s meaning in preschool - if the free play is seen to prevent stress from occuring, or if it is a trigger for stress to arise. The study is of qualitative empirical kind and is based on separate interviwes with seven preschool teachers from four different preschools. The result shows that preschool teachers consider the free play to be both negative and positive for the children in the view of stress. The free play at its best, contains several aspects which can be seen as both releaser and preventive to stress. A well-succeeded form of play offers opportunities to work on emotions, experiences, to relax, and development of social competence which is positive from a perspective of stress. Among the results, it has also been shown that the free play can lead to stress. The reasons to the development of stress in the free play could occur because of bigger groups of children in smaller play areas, a higher level of noise, and also run a higher risk to be inerupted by other children. The teachers also reason their own role in relation to the children’s free play and stress, and the result shows that they think they can contribute to the stress of children, just as they can organize and work to prevent it from growing. Bigger groups of children and increasing tasks of administrative work for the teachers sets the work to be harder for the preschool teachers in order to organize the activity so that a succeeded play in a positive perspective of stress can be supported.

Studier visar att leken i förskolan har en stor betydelse för barnens utveckling. Pedagogens ansvar för barnens sociala samspel betonas i förskolans läroplan. Därför valde vi att genomföra vår studie med syftet att ta reda på och belysa pedagogers syn på den fria leken i förskolans verksamhet i relation till pedagogens ansvar. Studien avgränsades till synen på den egna rollen i barnens fria lek samt hur pedagogerna påverkar barnens fria lek och därmed deras utvecklingsmöjligheter ur ett pedagogperspektiv. Vi har också haft som utgångspunkt att undersöka vilka konsekvenser verksamhetens organisation får för den fria leken och barnens utveckling enligt pedagogerna. Vi har använt oss utav en kvalitativ metod med strukturerade gruppintervjuer samt öppna kvalitativa enkäter för att få fram pedagogers syn på den fria leken i förskolan i relation till pedagogens ansvar. Sammanlagt intervjuades sex pedagoger och sju pedagoger svarade på enkäter. Urvalet är ifrån tre olika kommuner i Västra Götaland. I vår analys fick vi bland annat fram att pedagogerna anser att de har en viktig roll i barnens lek, dock påverkas leken av alla rutiner som existerar samt övriga arbetsuppgifter de har. I diskussionskapitlet reflekterar vi över ekonomins påverkan hos pedagogerna och deras val av utformningen av miljön i förskoleverksamheterna. / During the time for our education there has often been a discussion about children’s playing and the responsibility of the teacher related to it. That’s why we chose to do this study with the purpose of identifying the teacher’s role in children’s development and play time in pre-school. Among other things there has been a starting point in making out what consequences organized play time would get according to the teachers, how it would affect the children and how they relate to this. We used an empirical research method where we used both structured group interviews and open qualitative surveys to get insight in a few selected teachers’ views around play time. A total of six teachers were interwied and seven teachers responded to questionnaires. The sample is from three different municipalities in Västra Götaland. In our analysis did we come to the conclusion that the teachers believe that they have an important role in children’s playing but that the play is affected by all the routines and other tasks they have. In the final discussion we reflect on what impact the economy has with the teachers and their choices they make regarding the way the environment looks in pre-schools.

<p>Studier visar att leken i förskolan har en stor betydelse för barnens utveckling. Pedagogens ansvar för barnens sociala samspel betonas i förskolans läroplan. Därför valde vi att genomföra vår studie med syftet att ta reda på och belysa pedagogers syn på den fria leken i förskolans verksamhet i relation till pedagogens ansvar. Studien avgränsades till synen på den egna rollen i barnens fria lek samt hur pedagogerna påverkar barnens fria lek och därmed deras utvecklingsmöjligheter ur ett pedagogperspektiv. Vi har också haft som utgångspunkt att undersöka vilka konsekvenser verksamhetens organisation får för den fria leken och barnens utveckling enligt pedagogerna.</p><p>Vi har använt oss utav en kvalitativ metod med strukturerade gruppintervjuer samt öppna kvalitativa enkäter för att få fram pedagogers syn på den fria leken i förskolan i relation till pedagogens ansvar. Sammanlagt intervjuades sex pedagoger och sju pedagoger svarade på enkäter. Urvalet är ifrån tre olika kommuner i Västra Götaland. I vår analys fick vi bland annat fram att pedagogerna anser att de har en viktig roll i barnens lek, dock påverkas leken av alla rutiner som existerar samt övriga arbetsuppgifter de har. I diskussionskapitlet reflekterar vi över ekonomins påverkan hos pedagogerna och deras val av utformningen av miljön i förskoleverksamheterna.</p> / <p>During the time for our education there has often been a discussion about children’s playing and the responsibility of the teacher related to it. That’s why we chose to do this study with the purpose of identifying the teacher’s role in children’s development and play time in pre-school. Among other things there has been a starting point in making out what consequences organized play time would get according to the teachers, how it would affect the children and how they relate to this.</p><p>We used an empirical research method where we used both structured group interviews and open qualitative surveys to get insight in a few selected teachers’ views around play time. A total of six teachers were interwied and seven teachers responded to questionnaires. The sample is from three different municipalities in Västra Götaland. In our analysis did we come to the conclusion that the teachers believe that they have an important role in children’s playing but that the play is affected by all the routines and other tasks they have. In the final discussion we reflect on what impact the economy has with the teachers and their choices they make regarding the way the environment looks in pre-schools.</p>

Βασικός σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανίχνευση και αποτύπωση των στοιχείων που συγκροτούν το ελεύθερο παιχνίδι των παιδιών στο διάλειμμα, σύμφωνα με τις θεωρητικές αρχές και τα μεθοδολογικά εργαλεία (παρατήρηση, καταγραφή και συνέντευξη) της εθνογραφίας. Συγκεκριμένα, μετά την παρατήρηση και καταγραφή των ελεύθερων δράσεων των παιδιών μιας ομάδας νηπιαγωγείου κατά τη διάρκεια του διαλείμματος, αναλύονται οι κατηγορίες και υποκατηγορίες παιχνιδιών όπως αυτές προέκυψαν από τα δεδομένα του υλικού μας και οι παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν αυτούς τους τύπους παιχνιδιών. Η έρευνά μας επιπρόσθετα εστιάζει και στις δυνατότητες εισαγωγής του παραδοσιακού ομαδικού παιχνιδιού ή στοιχείων αυτού στο ελεύθερο παιχνίδι των παιδιών στο διάλειμμα μετά την υλοποίηση μιας οργανωμένης από την εκπαιδευτικό-ερευνήτρια διδακτικής συνθήκης. Όπως προέκυψε από την ανάλυση της παρατήρησης που ακολούθησε την διεξαγωγή της διδακτικής παρέμβασης και των αποτελεσμάτων που αφορούν στη διεξαγωγή συνεντεύξεων από την εκπαιδευτικό-ερευνήτρια στα παιδιά, η αδυναμία εισαγωγής οργανωμένου παραδοσιακού ομαδικού παιχνιδιού ή στοιχείων αυτού στις ελεύθερες δράσεις των παιδιών είναι απόρροια ποικίλων παραγόντων που χρήζουν περαιτέρω διερεύνηση η οποία δεν μπορεί να εξαντληθεί στα όρια της παρούσας μελέτης. Σε κάθε περίπτωση η αξιοποίηση της εθνογραφίας για τη μελέτη του φαινομένου του παιχνιδιού σε σχέση με μία συγκεκριμένη ομάδα παιδιών νηπιαγωγείου θεωρούμε ότι προσφέρει πολύτιμα στοιχεία τόσο για την ίδια την εκπαιδευτικό-ερευνήτρια (αποκάλυψη πτυχών της εκπαιδευτικής πραγματικότητας), όσο γενικότερα και για τη μελέτη ενός σύνθετου φαινομένου, του παιδικού παιχνιδιού. / The main objective of this study is to detect and identify the components of children free play during break, according to the theoretical principles and methodological tools (observation, recording and interview) of ethnography. Specifically, after observation and recording of the free actions of a group of kindergarten children, during school break, the categories and subcategories of games that emerged and the factors that affect these types of games are being analyzed. The research also focuses on the possibility of introducing traditional team play or elements of it in children free play during the break within a set didactic project by the teacher - researcher. As resulted from the analysis of observation that followed the didactic intervention and outcomes related to interviews to children conducted by the teacher - researcher, the impossibility to introduce traditional team play or elements of it in the free activities of children is due to various factors that require further investigation which can not be exhausted within the limits of this study. In any case, the use of ethnography in the study of the phenomenon of play in relation to a specific group of kindergarten children is believed to provide valuable information both for the teacher - researcher (revealing aspects of the educational reality), as well as for the study of the complex phenomenon of children play.

The purpose of my study is to examine how four teachers reflect on free play and controlled play in preschool. What are their reflects concerning free play, controlled play and children’s development and education. The main focus of this research is the experiences of the teachers and I compare their perspectives against each other regarding free and controlled play. To be able to realize this study, I propose the following questions: What kind of vision does the teacher have concerning free play and controlled play? According to the teacher, how does playing affect the children? Which development areas are affected by participating in the play? This is a qualitative study, based on interviews with four teachers from two different preschools. My theoretical approach to this is Vygotskij theories which are used to analyze the collected data. The result obtained is according to two teachers. They thought that the result of controlled play was positive. Meanwhile, two other teachers meant that the combination of free and controlled play should be used as a complement to children’s development and learning. The four teachers have different experience regarding what they think is good for the Childers development and education.

Den här essän handlar om den fria leken i förskolan och pedagogens roll i relation till leken. Jag argumenterar för att pedagogens roll inte är att stå utanför leken. Det handlar om att vara delaktig i barnens lek utan att styra eller ta över den. Essän har sin utgångspunkt i två olika berättelser där jag som pedagog möter leken ur två olika perspektiv, först som deltagare och senare som observatör. Jag reflekterar kring berättelsen och min roll som pedagog med hjälp av pedagogisk forskning om lek (Knutsdotter Olofsson), fantasi (Vygotskij) och om pedagogens betydelse för barnets utveckling i förskolan (Öhman). En problematik på förskolan är de många, oftast onödiga avbrotten vi pedagoger orsakar i barnens lekar och jag funderar i essän över hur man kan minska dessa avbrott. Här problematiserar jag också ett arbetssätt som jag och mina kollegor använder oss av för att ge barnen mer tidsutrymme för lek. I min text funderar jag också över om den fria leken i förskolan är till för alla barn. Många barn behöver vuxenstöd i samspelet med andra. Det innebär många gånger att vi pedagoger måste styra in det barnet på aktiviteter som han eller hon inte alltid fått välja själv. Därför ställer jag slutligen frågan om den fria leken är till för alla barn i förskolan. Om inte, hur skapar vi förutsättningar i vår strävan att göra den fria leken tillgänglig för alla barn? / This essay is about free play in preschool and the pedagogue’s role in relations to children’s play. I am arguing that the pedagogue’s role is not to stand beside the play. This is about being involved in the children´s play without controlling or taking over it. The essay is based on two different situations where I as a pedagogue encounter the play from two different perspectives: first as a participant and later as an observer. I reflect on the situations and my role as a pedagogue with the help of educational research on play (Knutsdotter Olofsson), fantasy (Vygotskij) and the pedagogue significance for the child’s development in preschool (Öhman). A problem in preschool consists in the many and often unnecessary interruptions the pedagogues are causing in the children´s play. Therefore, I am in this essay investigating how one can minimize those interruptions. Here I also problematize a working method which can be used in order to give the children more time-space for play. In my text I am also questioning if all children at preschool can participate in what we call “free play”. Many children need adult support in interaction with others. This implies many times that pedagogues must guide a child into activities not chosen by the child itself. Because of that, my final question is if free play in preschool is available for all children. If not, how can we create conditions in our effort to make the free play available for all children at preschool?

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1871545 bytes, checksum: 2b36e778be713aae4e221031134a4fe8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Abstract. Autism is classified as a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) characterized by a triad of impairment involving losses in the development of social interaction, communication and imagination. Its etiology is diverse, with varying degrees of impairment, such factors make that the promotion of social interaction of autistic children represents a major challenge. With technological advances, the computer has become as an auxiliary tool in the interactive process, justifying the development of studies that focus on social interaction of autistic children in digital environments. This study aimed to analyze the mother-child autistic interaction in situations of free play and a situation involving the use of a computer. The specific objectives aimed to apprehend maternal conceptions about autism; to identify and compare the communication styles of mother-child autistic in situations of free play and using a computer; and also analyze the strategies used by mothers to stimulate the child's interest in the activities. This is a descriptive study, characterized by a qualitative and quantitative approach with the participation of four mother-child dyads, aged 4-6 years, and used the following instruments: Sociodemographic Questionnaire; Semi-structured interview; Filming in free play and using a computer; and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). The participants belong to the Autism Parents and Friends Association (ASAS) in Joao Pessoa and the data were collected at their homes. Four film sessions were conducted with each dyad (two in free play and two using a computer), each one with a total duration of 20 minutes, considering the central 10 minutes. The systematic observations of the sessions in conjunction with the semi-structured interviews enabled the development of software for each child that was used in the third and fourth session. For the processing and analyses of the contents brought out from the interviews was used the model of Content Analysis proposed by Bardin. The recordings were transcribed under the rules of Codes for Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT) which consists of a transcription system of Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES). It was used categories and subcategories related to maternal communicative styles and communicative behaviours of the child. Among them it was identified continuity, discontinuity and frequency of interactive episodes, considering their co-occurrence and duration. In the analysis of interactions observations among dyads, there were a variety of continuous and discontinuous episodes permeated by maternal strategies to promote child development. The challenge was characterized by the role of the mediator who has to work constantly to stimulate the child to focus to achieve the goal of the program and to be able to perceive the mediator as an intentional agent performing the achievement of triad interaction proposed in this study: mother-child-computer. / Resumo. O autismo é classificado como um Transtorno Invasivo do Desenvolvimento (TID) caracterizado por uma tríade de prejuízos que envolve o comprometimento do desenvolvimento da interação social, da comunicação e da imaginação. Possui etiologia diversa, com graus de comprometimentos variáveis, fatores estes que fazem com que a promoção da interação social de crianças autistas represente um grande desafio. Com o avanço tecnológico, o computador surge como ferramenta auxiliar no processo de interação, justificando o desenvolvimento de estudos que focam a interação social de criança autistas em ambientes digitais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral: analisar a interação mãe-criança autista em situações de brincadeira livre e no computador; e objetivos específicos: apreender as concepções maternas sobre o autismo; identificar e comparar os estilos de comunicação da díade mãe-criança autista nas situações de brincadeira livre e computador; e verificar as estratégias utilizadas pelas mães para estimular o interesse da criança nas atividades. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, caracterizado por uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Participaram 4 díades mãecriança, com idade entre 4 a 6 anos, e foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário Sociodemográfico; Entrevista Semiestruturada; Filmagem em brincadeira livre e no computador; e a CARS Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Os dados foram coletados nas residências dos participantes pertencentes à Associação dos Pais e Amigos dos Autistas ASAS em João Pessoa. Foram realizadas 4 sessões fílmicas com cada díade (duas de brincadeira livre e duas no computador), cada uma com duração total de 20 minutos, considerando os 10 minutos centrais. As observações sistemáticas das sessões conjuntamente com as entrevistas semi-estruturadas possibilitaram a elaboração de um software para cada criança que era utilizado na terceira e quarta sessão. Para processamento e análise dos conteúdos advindos das entrevistas utilizou-se o modelo de análise temática proposto por Bardin. As filmagens foram transcritas segundo as normas do CHAT Codes for Human Analysis of Transcripts que consiste em um sistema de transcrição do CHILDES Child Language Data Exchange System. Foram elaboradas categorias e subcategorias referentes aos estilos comunicativos maternos e aos comportamentos comunicativos das crianças, sendo identificada a continuidade, descontinuidade e a frequência dos episódios interativos, considerando sua coocorrência e duração. Na análise das observações das interações entre as díades, observou-se uma variedade de episódios contínuos e descontínuos que foram permeados pelas estratégias maternas para promover o desenvolvimento da criança. Percebeu-se que o desafio consiste em fazer com que o mediador esteja em constante trabalho de estimulação da criança para que esta foque sua atenção não apenas no objetivo do programa a ser atingido, mas que seja capaz de perceber o mediador como agente intencional e realize a concretização da tríade de interação que foi proposta no presente estudo: mãe-criança-computador.

Syftet med studien var att öka kunskapen om förskollärares erfarenheter, känslor och resonemang om arbetet med att motverka traditionella könsroller i den fria leken i förskolan.  Metoden som valdes var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra förskollärare. Resultatet visar att förskollärarna såg på den fria leken som att den skall ske på barnens initiativ men att det är av stor vikt att pedagogerna är närvarande. De betonade vikten av att vara nära dels för att stötta vid konflikter men även för att utmana och stötta barnen i den fria leken, utan att för den delen styra leken. Förskollärarna lyfte även att det är av vikt att ha ett förhållningsätt som inte bidrar till att skapa traditionella könsroller och att det är viktigt att bli medveten och reflektera över sitt förhållningsätt. De betonade vikten av att reflektera över den fysiska miljön och vilket material som finns i förskolan och hur de kan motverka att traditionella könsroller skapas. Förskollärarna är alla överens om att de inte vill kategorisera barnen utefter deras kön utan istället se varje barn som en enskild individ och att barnets livsvärld påverkar hur de uppfattar sina könsroller / The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge on how preschool teachers experience, feels and reasons of how traditional gender roles in the free play in preschool is counteracted. The chosen method was qualitative semi-structured interviews with four preschool teachers. The results showed that the preschool teachers felt that the children's play should be controlled mostly by the children but the preschool teachers should be close to the children to help children solve conflicts and support and challenge their knowledge. The preschool teachers also talk about the way they approach the children can contribute to create traditional gender roles and that it is important to be aware of how they approach boys and girls. They underlined that it is useful to think about how the physical environment and the material can contribute to contract or encourage traditional gender roles and they all agree that they don't want to categorize children if they are a girl or a boy and that they prefer to see the children as personalities. The preschool teachers also talked about that the world around the children contributed their  perception of gender roles.

No description available.

Mitt syfte med denna undersökning är att studera pedagogers erfarenheter, upplevelser och lärdomar av att organisera den fria leken och vilka konsekvenser det får för barnens lek och verksamheten. Undersökningen har genomförts med semistrukturerade intervjuer som metod. Det innebär att intervjufrågorna var utformade så att respondenterna fick möjlighet att fördjupa sig i frågorna. I min studie intervjuade jag fyra pedagoger från fyra olika förskolor. Det framkommer i studiens resultat att syfte med att organisera den fria leken var att bygga sociala relationer mellan barnen, introducera olika material och skapa ett lugn. Barn kunde med hjälp av organisationen nå sin proximala utvecklingszon. Pedagogerna hade stor makt vid dessa organisationer och det resulterade i atmosfärer som var instabila och kontrollerande. Det uppstod tillfällen då barnen visade motstånd. / The purpose of this study is to study preschool teachers’ experiences and knowledge of organizing the free play and which consequences it leads to for the children and the activities.  The research has been made with semi-structured interviews as a method. It means that the interview questions were shaped so the respondent could develope the answer. I have interviewed four preschool teachers from four different preschools. It emerged in the study’s results that the purpose of organizing the free play was to build social relationship between the children, introducing different kinds of materials and quietude. The organization could help the children reach their zone of proximal development. The preschool teacher’s authority was strong in these organization and it results in instable and supervised ambiences. It arises occasions where the children resisted.