In the boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, time series of tree-ring width (TRW) and maximum density in the latewood (MXD) are highly correlated to local instrumental summer-temperature data and are thus widely used as proxies in high-resolution climate reconstructions. Hence, much of our present knowledge about climatic variability in the last millennium is based on tree-rings. However, many tree-ring records have a lack of data in the most recent decades, which severely hampers our ability to place the recent temperature increase in a longer-timescale perspective of natural variability. The main objective of this thesis is to update and extend the Torneträsk TRW and MXD records in northern Sweden. Local instrumental climate-data is used to calibrate the new tree-ring records. The results show that TRW is mainly forced by temperature in the early growing season (June/July) while MXD has a wider response window (June – August) and has a higher correlation to temperature. Two reconstructions of summer temperature are made for (i) the last 7,400 years based on TRW, and (ii) the last 1,500 years based on a combination of TRW and MXD. The reconstructions show natural variability on timescales from years to several centuries. The 20th century does not stand out as a notably warm period in the long timescale perspective. A medieval period from AD 900 – 1100 is markedly warmer than the 20th century. The environmental impact from a large explosive volcanic eruption in 1628/1627 BC is analysed in the tree rings of 14C-dated bog pines in south-central Sweden and in absolutely-dated subfossil pines from Torneträsk. The results show evidence of an impact in the southern site at approximately this time but no detectable impact in the North. Subfossil trees of Fitzroya cupressoides in southern Chile were 14C-dated to approx. 50,000 years BP and amalgamated into a 1,229-year TRW chronology. This tree-ring record is the oldest in the world. The variability in this Last-glacial chronology is similar to the variability in present-day living trees of the same species. These results suggest that the growth–forcing mechanisms 50,000 years ago were similar to those at present.

This thesis, Space, Curriculum Space and Morality, focuses on the two roles of the school, i.e. developing identities and transmitting knowledge. The latest curriculum reform commissions the teachers to transform the fundamental values of the curriculum to the separate subjects. The principal object of the school subjects is to contribute to the implementation of the curriculum goals, namely to educate and promote democratic citizens. Since the new course syllabi lack guidelines about subject content and method, the intention of this work it is to analyse in what way the teachers’ fill this curriculum space, which subject content the teachers choose in order to connect the curriculum goals to the course syllabi goals and, to the practical teaching of geography as a school subject. The understanding of the teachers’ choice of subject content is the overall aim of this thesis. The thesis can be placed within a curriculum theory tradition that regards education and its content as situated in a field of tension ultimately determined by social and political forces engaged in struggle. Within this tradition, an approach has been developed which examines the educational content of the school subjects as contingent. A curriculum historical analysis – supplemented by a text analysis of textbooks, a number of observations (81) of geography lessons in upper secondary school and the following qualitative interviews with geography teachers – shows that the teachers’ choice of content can be understood and explained by the strong selective traditions which have formed within the subject during 150 years. These selective traditions together form a school subject discourse which implies that the moral dimension is lost as the subject content is characterized by an essentialistic approach. The consequences of the findings can be discussed in relation to what content is excluded in the school geography education. Some examples are a gender perspective, issues regarding equality, ethnicity, solidarity, social justice and sustainable development. The issues that the school geography excludes contain ethical and moral considerations. If these issues were presented, they would relate to the fundamental values and the promotion of democracy, issues given strong prominence in the curriculum.

African elephants are ‘keystone’ species with respect to biodiversity conservation in Africa since they maintain habitats that support several animal communities by changing vegetation structure through foraging and by dispersing seeds between landscapes. Elephants are also ‘flagship’ species because, given their impressive size, they can make people sympathetic and stimulate local and international concerns for their protection. Economically, elephants contribute to national revenues as tourists are willing to pay to watch them. Despite all these factors, little is known however about elephant movement and how they utilize resources, especially in miombo-wetland ecosystems. This thesis investigates how elephants utilize resources in a miombo-wetland ecosystem in the Ugalla landscape of Western Tanzania over different protected areas containing different resource users. Using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars fitted to six elephants, it was observed that some elephant families are not confined in one protected area in the Ugalla landscape. Rather, they moved readily between different protected areas. Elephant movements were restricted to areas near the rivers, especially the Ugalla River, during the dry season and were dispersed widely during the wet season. As they move, elephants in the miombo woodlands of Ugalla selected the most abundant woody plants for browsing. Common to many woody plants, the browsed plants were short of mineral nutrients (e.g., sodium, calcium). Elephants obtained additional minerals by eating soils from certain termite mounds. Soils from termite mounds are richer in mineral elements (e.g., sodium, calcium, iron) compared to soils from the surrounding flood plain or compared to the browsed plants. However, the recorded termite mounds from which elephants eat soils were not evenly distributed in the landscape but confined mainly to the flood plains in the Ugalla Game Reserve. The Ugalla River, which is the main source of water for the elephants and other animals and also supports fishing activities by the local people in Ugalla during the dry seasons, is infested by the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Such infestation potentially limits access to these precious surface water supplies. In addition at the regional level, the Ugalla River is among the major rivers that flow into the Lake Tanganyika which is shared by the countries of Tanzania, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia. Thus, the spread of water hyacinth if left unchecked threatens to impact Lake Tanganyika, affecting many countries and ecosystem services. This thesis highlights that sustainable conservation of biodiversity in different protected areas in the Ugalla landscape requires an integrated management approach that will embrace conservation of different interrelated landscape resources required by both wildlife and the rural poor populations for their livelihoods. Regular coordinated wildlife anti-poaching patrols should be initiated across the entire Ugalla landscape because the elephants, among other wildlife, utilize different protected areas in Ugalla. Local communities should also be engaged in conservation initiatives (e.g., controlling the spread of the water hyacinth) as these directly impact local livelihoods. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / INTEGRATED NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Air pollution is a global problem and concern that affects every nation around the world.One of the chemical elements that is part of bad air quality is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).Children are a vulnerable group to air pollution due to their immature health system, thusplanning for safe and healthy neighborhoods is essential for their future development.Sweden is a one of the international leaders of sustainable development, with Gothenburgone of the main cities in the country that has an impressive ecological concern. The purposeof this study is to measure the exposure of children, ages 0 – 15 years old, to NO2 on aneighborhood level in Gothenburg.With the use of the software ArcGIS 10.6.1 and the spreadsheet Microsoft Excel, it waspossible to analyze the neighborhoods where children live and are exposed to bad air qualityas well as identify family neighborhoods that might also be high pollution areas. The resultsshow different conclusions between the age groups of children while the mean levels of airpollution are mostly concentrated in the city center.

Swedish travelers’ consumption has increased in relation to better economic conditions and demographic changes. In 2017, domestic leisure travelers’ consumption increased and the reason for such a changed tourism industry which is due to a changed behavior among travelers. One major reason is that internet and social media has had a major impact on the tourism industry (TIllväxtverket, 2017). Social media has developed new marketing techniques such as Influencer Marketing (IM) and Viral Marketing. The purpose of this study is to find out how travelers are affected by IM when choosing a destination, as a basis for this research the writers created a web survey where the target group was Swedish travelers who like to travel, the survey was answered by 188 respondents. The writers used netnography to review ten influencers to build their own interpretation of the subject and the result suggests that influencers have a role as an information source (eWOM) but are not the decision-making source for travelers’ consumption.

The aim of this study is to examine how Belgrade as a tourist destination was affected by previous political disorder during the 1990’s on the query of destination image, destination branding and destination development. The research also discussed how different actors in the public and private sectors work on the issue and how international tourists’ perspectives look like in relation to this topic. A qualitative method was applied through semi-structured and structured interviews with three actors within tourism sector, one from the public sector, and further 15 interviews with international tourists. The study's results show that Belgrade, as a tourist destination, was mainly affected by the civil war in the 1990’s. The war created a negative destination image, undefined destination branding and a non-sustainable destination development. The following led to, reduced number of incoming tourists and economic stagnation, which resulted in a lack of resources to invest in destination development. It created a negative destination image in a global aspect, and in addition to that international tourists usually associated Belgrade with insecurity and political instability. However, tourism started to increase following the new political regime approximately 10 years ago, when major efforts were made by both international and national investors. Accordingly, actors within various private and public sectors are involved in expanding tourism products, increasing marketing efforts and placing the destination on an international tourism market. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur Belgrad som en turistdestination påverkades av tidigare oroligheter under 1990-talet i frågan om destinationsimage, branding samt utveckling. Undersökningen berörde även hur olika aktörer inom den offentliga och privata sektorn arbetar i frågan samt hur internationella turisters perspektiv ser ut i relation till detta. En kvalitativ metod tillämpades genom semistrukturerade och strukturerade intervjuer med tre aktörer inom turismsektorn och en från den offentliga sektorn samt 15 intervjuer med internationella turister. Studiens resultat visar att Belgrad som en turistdestination påverkades i en stor utsträckning till följd av krigshändelserna under 1990-talet. Detta skapade en negativ destinationsimage, odefinierad destination branding samt att destinationsutvecklingen som var icke hållbar. Därmed minskade antal inkommande turister, ekonomin stagnerade samt att det resulterade i brist på resurser för investeringar i att återuppbygga destinationen. Detta skapade en negativ destinationsimage för omvärlden då potentiella turister associerade staden med osäkerhet och politisk instabilitet. Dock konstaterades det att turismen började öka i och med den nya politiska regimen, då ca 10 år sedan började det ske stora insatser från både internationella och nationella investerare. Därmed arbetar olika aktörer inom den privata och offentliga sektorn med att utöka sina turistprodukter och marknadsföringsinsatser samt placera Belgrad på den internationella turistmarknaden.

Syfte: Segregation har blivit aktuellt för kommunerna i Sverige under de senaste åren.Den ojämna fördelningen av människor beror främst bland annat på sociala ochekonomiska anledningar, vilket skapar den så kallade boendesegregation. Med tanke påhållbar utveckling försöker kommunerna ständigt att främja integration genom olikasatsningar, fysisk planering är då ett av de verktygen som används. Detta sker på olikanivåer och översiktsplanering är här av särskilt intresse då den täcker hela kommunensyta och visar hur olika områden ska utvecklas. Hur kommunerna försöker att styraöversiktsplaneringen för att motverka segregation är den frågan som studien handlarom. Vidare är målet med denna studie är analysera om översiktsplan är ett bra verktygför att uppnå ett mångkulturellt samhälle. Metod: Studien genomförs som en jämförande fallstudie mellan Ronneby, Nässjö ochVellinge kommun. Statistiken för alla tre kommuner samlas och presenteras i form aven tabell. Extra fokus ligger på Nässjö kommun då mer statistik presenteras för tätortenNässjö och området Runneryd. En semistrukturerad intervju medsamhällsplaneringskontoret i Nässjö kommun har också genomförts. Översiktsplanernaför alla tre kommuner analyseras utifrån den socioekonomiska klassen. Resultat: Planeringsavdelning i en kommun lägger översiktsplaner för kommunen ochdär kan man betona integration som ett mål inom långsiktig hållbarhet vision, genomt.ex. att blanda boende och verksamheter. Däremot begränsas möjligheterna förkommunen att styra mot detta mål då den inte har alla verktyg för att uppnå målet.Dessutom finns det andra intressenter som kan också påverka situationen men dekanske inte prioriterar integration i dess insatser. För att motverka segregation visar sigatt man behöver hantera olika aspekter, fysiska och icke-fysiska. Det första är den delensom går att styra med fysiskplanering. Dock kan detta särskilt motverkaboendesegregation. Det andra, alltså den icke-fysiska aspekten, är svårare att hanteraoch behöver ständigt arbete med bl.a. sociala organisationer. Konsekvenser: Blandat boende och funktionsblandning är en bra lösning tillboendesegregation. Dock har översiktsplanen i sig vissa förhinder eftersom den ärberoende på intressenter. Därför krävs samarbete mellan alla medverkande parter ikommunen. Begränsningar: I denna uppsats avgränsas national planering, regional planering ochdetaljplanering, utan bara planering på översiktlig nivå undersöks. Vi studerar främstsmå kommuner och behandlar inte storstäderna. Studien begränsas tillboendesegregation inom det socioekonomiska perspektivet och berör inte andraaspekter för. Politikens roll framförs inte i denna uppsats heller. / Purpose: Segregation has become an important issue for the municipalities in Swedenin the recent years. The uneven distribution of people depends mainly on social andeconomic reasons, which creates the so-called housing segregation. With a view tosustainable development, the municipalities are constantly trying to promote integrationthrough various initiatives, then physical planning is one of the tools used. This is doneat different levels and overview planning here is of interest as it covers the entiremunicipality's area and shows how different areas should be developed. How themunicipalities try to control the overview planning to counter segregation is thequestion that the study is about. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to analyse whetherthe overview plan is a good tool for achieving a multicultural society. Method: The study is conducted as a comparative case study between Ronneby, Nässjöand Vellinge municipality. The statistics for all three municipalities were collected andpresented in the form of a table. By focusing more on Nässjö municipality morestatistics were presented for the urban area Nässjö and the area Runneryd. A semistructuredinterview with the community planning office in Nässjö municipality wasalso conducted. The overview plans for all three municipalities were analysed based onthe socio-economic class. Findings: Planning department in a municipality places overview plans for themunicipality and there one can emphasize integration as a goal within long-termsustainability vision, through e.g. to mix accommodation and activities. However, thepossibilities for the municipality are limited to steering towards this goal as it does nothave all the tools to achieve the goal. In addition, there are other stakeholders who canalso influence the situation, but they may not prioritize integration into its efforts. Tocounter segregation, it turns out that one needs to handle different aspects, physical andnon-physical. The first is the part that can be controlled by physical planning. However,this can counteract housing segregation. The other, that is, the non-physical aspect, ismore difficult to handle and needs constant work with, for instance, socialorganizations. Implications: Mixed-income housing and mixed urban function is a good solution tohousing segregation, but the overview plan itself has problems because of itsdependence on private stakeholders, therefore cooperation of all participating parties inthe municipality is required. Limitations: In this paper, national planning, regional planning and detailed planningare delimited, but only planning at a general level is examined. We mainly study smallmunicipalities and do not treat the big cities. The study is limited to housing segregationwithin the socio-economic perspective and does not concern other aspects. The role ofpolitics is not presented in this paper either.

The aim of the study is to investigate various aspects of child poverty related to the work at youth centers. The purpose of the study is also to investigate experiences of the area in which the youth center is located. In order to investigate the purpose and questions of the study, six individual interviews have been conducted with the staff at a youth center located in a suburb in Stockholm city. The empirical material has been analyzed based on theories of class and consumer society. The study answers three questions with the first one describing the staff’s view of the area in which the youth center is located, as well as what effects these descriptions may have on their clientele. The remaining issues deals with the social consequences of child poverty which the staff identify and work counteracting. The study's conclusions show that the relative child poverty can adversely affect the social life of youths. It can cause difficulties in the maintaining of social relationships with peers and create feelings such as shame, fear and exclusion. This is explained by the demands placed on individuals to achieve a desirable class and consumer level. The study also showsthat the area’s character has an impact on the clientele. Furthermore, the study concludes that the youth center is working actively against the social consequences via inclusion, health and care. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka olika aspekter av barnfattigdom kopplat till fritidsgårdars arbete. Syftet är även att undersöka upplevelser av det område som verksamheten ligger i. För att undersöka studiens syfte och frågeställningar har sex stycken enskilda intervjuer genomförts med personal på en fritidsgård belägen i en närförort till Stockholms stad. Empirin har sedan analyserats utifrån teorier om klass och konsumtionssamhället. Studien svarar på tre frågeställningar och den första beskriver personalens uppfattning av området som fritidsgården är belägen i, samt vad dessa kan ha för betydelse för deras klientel. Resterande frågeställningar behandlar de sociala konsekvenser av barnfattigdom som personalen på fritidsgården identifierar och arbetar mot. Studiens slutsatser visar på att den relativa barnfattigdomen kan påverka ungdomars sociala liv negativt. Det kan därmed medföra svårigheter att upprätthålla sociala relationer till jämnåriga samt känslor av skam, rädsla och utanförskap. Detta förklarat utifrån de krav som ställs på individer att uppnå en eftersträvad klass och konsumtionsnivå. Studien kommer även fram till att områdets karaktär påverkar vilka ungdomar som väljer att besöka fritidsgården. Till sist drar studien slutsatser om att fritidsgården aktivt arbetar mot de sociala konsekvenserna genom inkludering, hälsa och omsorg.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa hur forskning beskriver de faktorer som gynnar nyanlända elevers språk- och kunskapsutveckling inom de samhällsorienterande ämnena. Studien utgår från sociokulturell teori där socialt samspel och muntlig interaktion med andra står i fokus. De faktorer som forskare anser vara relevanta för området är språkpolicy, scaffolding, socialt samspel, språklig medvetenhet, translanguaging och genrepedagogik. Utefter aktuell forskning förklaras, sammanställs och diskuteras dessa i studien. I resultatet som presenteras har tretton vetenskapliga källor bidragit med forskning och faktorerna har här blivit olika teman. Det gäller att arbeta aktivt med dessa faktorer och gärna parallellt med varandra för mest framgångsrikt resultat. Exempelvis kan en skola arbeta utefter en gemensam språkpolicy för att upprätthålla en god syn på flerspråkighet i verksamheten. Det kan samtidigt handla om mer konkreta klassrumssituationer där eleverna undervisas genom translanguaging, som kan innebära att två elever med samma förstaspråk hjälps åt för att nå ett mål. Studiens diskussionsavsnitt grundar sig i resultatet och där diskuteras varje tema enskilt men ställs även mot varandra. Den slutsats som kan dras är att när lärare, med god insikt i hur skolspråket och ämnesspråket fungerar, arbetar aktivt med de gynnande faktorerna i sin undervisning, kommer detta också gynna elevernas språk- och kunskapsutveckling. All den forskning som granskats och analyserats är enig om detta.

The phenomenon of renting out your own home is a trend that has been spread worldwide. From a spatial behavior, human territory has opened in society by making the power over its geographical area accessible to people which the landlord does not need to have any relation to. A business site, based on the sharing economy, which has gained ground today, is Airbnb. This study aims to map out experiences and opinions of the sharing economy and Airbnb from two perspectives, central social actors and the population. A mix of qualitative and quantitative research is made. The study shows that there are differences in experiences and opinions, which have consequences for the population, such as precarious regulations and income declaration. Our research also shows that there is a change in social behavior through the sharing economy, which at best can become a creative development for the population who want to be part of the sharing economy. / Fenomenet att hyra ut sitt eget hem till andra är en trend som gjort succé världen över. Ur ett rumsligt beteende öppnas människans territorialitet upp i samhället genom att makten över sitt geografiska område tillgängliggörs för personer som uthyraren inte behöver ha någon relation till sedan tidigare. En affärsidé, med utgångspunkt ur delningsekonomi, som fått fäste i dagens samhälle är Airbnb. Denna studie syftar till att kartlägga erfarenheter och åsikter av delningsekonomi och Airbnb utifrån den två perspektiven samhällsaktörer och befolkningen. En blandning av kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskning görs. Studien visar att det finns skillnader i erfarenheter och åsikter som har konsekvenser för befolkningen, exempelvis osäkra förordningar och inkomstdeklaration. Vår forskning visar på att det finns en förändring av socialt beteende genom delningsekonomin, som i bästa fall kan bli en kreativ utveckling för befolkningen som vill vara en del av delningsekonomin.