I denna essä undersöker jag blickarnas betydelse i förskolan i relation till de yngsta barnen. För att få en kontrast som förtydligar och tillför mer komplexitet får mitt umgänge med hästar och ridning vara med. I min undersökning av blickarna utgår jag från en glidande skala mellan en varm mjuk blick och en kall hård blick. En klok erfaren pedagog vet vilken blick som passar när och kan snabbt läsa av olika situationer. Metoden för undersökandet blir egna erfarenheter, reflektioner över deltagande observationer där också barns teckningar blir ett medel för att få fatt på deras blickar på pedagogerna samt essäskrivandet. Essäskrivandet blir en undersökande metod som låter de egna reflektionerna, de deltagande observationerna och teorin bilda en väv av reflektioner och skapar nya tankar.  Det finns inte mycket forskning om blickens betydelse i förskolan, mer om hur vi använder blicken i olika sammanhang, både barn och pedagoger. Det finns studier om hur barn med funktionsnedsättningar som berör ögonkontakt agerar och om hur man använder blicken i olika situationer. Inom den praktiska kunskapens teori finns det forskning om blickar inom sjukvården som kan kallas kliniska men där de kombinerar faktakunskap med erfarenhet för att fatta kloka beslut. De teoretiska perspektiv som jag använder i min analys är filosofen Hannah Arendt och då främst hennes tankar om politiskt handlande och hur vi binds samman av en väv av relationer samt filosofen Maurice Merleau-Ponty och hans tankar om att jaget/subjektet och kroppen inte kan skiljas åt, vi är en kropp och vi har en kropp. Att kategorisera blickar är svårt och redan idén om den mjuka och den kalla blicken färgar tankarna. Med utgångspunkt i mitt material har jag valt ut några olika typer av blickar som man kan resonera runt, som också blir olika beroende på vilken som tar initiativet, barnet eller pedagogen. Jag låter blickarna speglas i omständigheter och mina valda filosofiska perspektiv samt mina erfarenheter med barnen men ibland också med hästar.  Blickar har betydelse både som de är direkt öga mot öga och som metaforer för ett sätt att förhålla sig till världen. Den här essän hoppas att kunna lyfta betydelsen av att diskutera hur vi använder våra blickar. / In this essay I examine the importance of the eyes in preschool in relation to the youngest children. To get a contrast that clarifies and adds more complexity, my interaction with horses and riding is included. In my examination of the gazes, I start from a sliding scale between a warm soft gaze and a cold hard gaze. A wise, experienced educator knows which gaze is suitable when and can quickly read different situations. The method of investigation becomes own experiences, reflections on participatory observations where children's drawings also become a means of catching their eyes on the educators and essay writing. Essay writing becomes an investigative method that allows one's own reflections, participatory observations and theory to form a web of reflections and create new thoughts. There is not much research on the importance of the gaze in preschool, more on how we use the gaze in different contexts, both children and educators. There are studies on how children with disabilities that concern eye contact act and on how to use the gaze in different situations. Within the theory of practical knowledge, there is research on gazes in healthcare that can be called clinical but where they combine factual knowledge with experience to make wise decisions. The theoretical perspectives that I use in my analysis are the philosopher Hannah Arendt and then mainly her thoughts on political action and how we are bound together by a web of relationships and the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty and his thoughts that the self/subject and the body cannot be separated, we are a body, and we have a body. Categorizing glances is difficult and the very idea of the soft and the cold gaze colors the thoughts. Based on my material, I have selected a few different types of glances that you can reason around, which also become different depending on who takes the initiative, the child, or the educator. I let my eyes be reflected in circumstances and my chosen philosophical perspectives as well as my experiences with the children but sometimes also with horses. Glances are important both as they are directly face to face and as metaphors for a way of relating to the world. This essay hopes to highlight the importance of discussing how we use our gazes.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka kvinnors upplevelse av otrygghet. Detta genom frågeställningar som berör otrygghetens uppkomst, kvinnornas emotioner och handlande i otrygga situationer. Ett hermeneutiskt och kvalitativt synsätt har använts med en abduktiv ansats. Tio kvinnliga studenter på Linköpings universitet har intervjuats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer och foto-elicitering. Analysstrategin som använts är tematisk analys, vilket lett till ett resultat med fyra teman - yttre faktorer, emotioner, handlade och rutiner. Alltifrån mörker och ensamhet till uppfostran och medier påverkar upplevelsen av otrygghet, visar resultatet. Emotioner som uppstår i otrygga situationer är exempelvis stress, rädsla och oro. Dessa kan sedan vara drivmedlet till att kvinnorna handlar på ett visst sätt, exempelvis går fortare. Vissa delar av handlandet är dessutom rutiner. Sist visar resultatet att kvinnors otrygghet reproduceras genom handlande, men även genom språk och medier. Genom en figur visas det hur otrygghet kan härledas och förstås. / The purpose of this study has been to examine women’s feeling of insecurity. It has been done through questions concerning the occurrence of insecurity, women’s emotions and acting in unsafe situations. A hermeneutic and qualitative approach has been used with an abductive approach. Ten female students from Linköping University have been interviewed through semistructured interviews and photo-elicitation. The analysis strategy used is thematic analysis, which has led to a result and a figure with four themes - external factors, emotions, actions and routines. Everything from darkness and loneliness to upbringing and media affect the experience of insecurity, the result shows. Emotions that arise in unsafe situations include stress, fear and anxiety. These can be the driving force for women to act in a certain way. Some parts of their actions are also routines. Finally, the results show that women's insecurity is reproduced through actions, but also through language and media.

<p>Anne Charlotte Leffler, Victoria Benedictsson and Frida Stéenhoff were all part of the Modern Breakthrough in Swedish literature. By utilizing Jürgen Habermas theoretical works on communicative action, and Nancy Fraser’s supplementary reading of his theory, this essay makes clear that the authors’ struggle for an understanding and a rethinking of social norms in their plays <em>Skådespelerskan </em>(1873), <em>Romeos Julia </em>(1888) and <em>Lejonets unge </em>(1896) can be read as a contribution to the public debate. Dialogue has a key function for female authors during the Modern Breakthrough. Women and mens’ possibilities to take part in conversation and argument as equals, requires the professional woman’s transgression and access to the privileges of both public (State) administration – “system”, and world of everyday life – “lifeworld”. As oppositional authors, Leffler, Benedictsson and Stéenhoff took advantage of the literary public domain, in this case the theatre. The theatre as public sphere had a more effective capacity to affect its audience than fiction. The plays were written and staged in a cultural period that, compared with the present one, in a greater sense influenced public opinion. The theatre was a powerful part of the public debate, and this debate involved parties from both on-stage and off-stage positions.</p><p>At the theatre Leffler, Benedictsson and Stéenhoff turned the private into politics. Their powerful contribution to the public debate were directed specifically towards the bourgeois audience. They carried on a controversy concerning the notion of the bourgeois family by showing scenarios that raised objection to its idealistic point of view. The bourgeois living room was exposed on stage. Conflicts related to the private sphere were brought up as a theme in a public sphere and by so means were incorporated into the public debate, which at that time was dominated by men. The plays mirrored the audience and the authors’ strategies were based upon the remodeling power inherent in conversation and argumentation. Thereby, the audience were confronted with an alternated reflection of themselves. This reflection should be read as a problematic representation of the writing of history. The alternate mirroring brought in itself forward an argument that emphasized why a new reflection was necessary.</p><p><em>Skådespelerskan</em>, <em>Romeos Julia </em>and <em>Lejonets unge</em> examine female artists in a bourgeois environment. Through the artist the structures that maintain bourgeois ideals are exposed and questioned, but first and foremost the artist show that communicative action between men and women was insufficient. The androcentric order did not acknowledge women and men as equals, in accordance with that, the possibility of conversation, in the sense of Habermas, came to nothing. Under such circumstances an understanding between men and women could not be reached. Love within the institution of marriage also suffered since it could not be founded in acknowledgement as long as the structure maintained. Saga and Adil, the main characters in <em>Lejonets unge</em>, personify, on the other hand, Stéenhoffs ideas of what is being needed to change the androcentric structure. They are citizens of the future.</p><p>My focus is on human action (in an Aristotelian sense) in the plays, the way characters stage themselves and bring the plot forward, shed light upon their possibilities and limitations in proportion to each other as men and women. My analysis thereby contrasts with the greater part of earlier research. I give prominence to the connection between psychological conflict and social position/role. In <em>Skådespelerskan</em>, <em>Romeos Julia</em> and <em>Lejonets unge</em> all of the characters’ psychological conflicts are based in gender issues, the consequences of being a man or woman in the 18th century, rather than explicit existential matters.</p>

Anne Charlotte Leffler, Victoria Benedictsson and Frida Stéenhoff were all part of the Modern Breakthrough in Swedish literature. By utilizing Jürgen Habermas theoretical works on communicative action, and Nancy Fraser’s supplementary reading of his theory, this essay makes clear that the authors’ struggle for an understanding and a rethinking of social norms in their plays Skådespelerskan (1873), Romeos Julia (1888) and Lejonets unge (1896) can be read as a contribution to the public debate. Dialogue has a key function for female authors during the Modern Breakthrough. Women and mens’ possibilities to take part in conversation and argument as equals, requires the professional woman’s transgression and access to the privileges of both public (State) administration – “system”, and world of everyday life – “lifeworld”. As oppositional authors, Leffler, Benedictsson and Stéenhoff took advantage of the literary public domain, in this case the theatre. The theatre as public sphere had a more effective capacity to affect its audience than fiction. The plays were written and staged in a cultural period that, compared with the present one, in a greater sense influenced public opinion. The theatre was a powerful part of the public debate, and this debate involved parties from both on-stage and off-stage positions. At the theatre Leffler, Benedictsson and Stéenhoff turned the private into politics. Their powerful contribution to the public debate were directed specifically towards the bourgeois audience. They carried on a controversy concerning the notion of the bourgeois family by showing scenarios that raised objection to its idealistic point of view. The bourgeois living room was exposed on stage. Conflicts related to the private sphere were brought up as a theme in a public sphere and by so means were incorporated into the public debate, which at that time was dominated by men. The plays mirrored the audience and the authors’ strategies were based upon the remodeling power inherent in conversation and argumentation. Thereby, the audience were confronted with an alternated reflection of themselves. This reflection should be read as a problematic representation of the writing of history. The alternate mirroring brought in itself forward an argument that emphasized why a new reflection was necessary. Skådespelerskan, Romeos Julia and Lejonets unge examine female artists in a bourgeois environment. Through the artist the structures that maintain bourgeois ideals are exposed and questioned, but first and foremost the artist show that communicative action between men and women was insufficient. The androcentric order did not acknowledge women and men as equals, in accordance with that, the possibility of conversation, in the sense of Habermas, came to nothing. Under such circumstances an understanding between men and women could not be reached. Love within the institution of marriage also suffered since it could not be founded in acknowledgement as long as the structure maintained. Saga and Adil, the main characters in Lejonets unge, personify, on the other hand, Stéenhoffs ideas of what is being needed to change the androcentric structure. They are citizens of the future. My focus is on human action (in an Aristotelian sense) in the plays, the way characters stage themselves and bring the plot forward, shed light upon their possibilities and limitations in proportion to each other as men and women. My analysis thereby contrasts with the greater part of earlier research. I give prominence to the connection between psychological conflict and social position/role. In Skådespelerskan, Romeos Julia and Lejonets unge all of the characters’ psychological conflicts are based in gender issues, the consequences of being a man or woman in the 18th century, rather than explicit existential matters.

Att människan är företagets viktigaste resurs vidhåller många organisationer i det moderna arbetslivet. Ett företags HR-avdelning ansvarar för att hantera alla frågor som rör de anställda i en organisation, såsom kompetensförsörjning, ledarskapsutveckling, arbetsmiljö- och lönefrågor. HR-arbetet har under de senaste decennierna genomgått en transformation från administrativ stödfunktion till strategisk affärspartner, och ska existensberättigas genom ett ständigt värdeskapande mot företagets affärsmål. I Sverige ansvarar HR-funktionen också för att säkerställa en strategi för de organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljöproblem som under 2010- talet legat till grund för landets kraftigt ökade sjukskrivningar orsakade av detta. Forskning visar att ledarskapet är en faktor som har stor betydelse för medarbetarnas hälsa. I vår studie har vi undersökt HR-chefers upplevelser av sin roll, och analyserat vilka resurser HR-cheferna är beroende av för att skapa inflytande i sitt arbete. Studiens analytiska verktyg har utgjorts av teorier om styrningsfilosofi, Bourdieus kapitalteori, Ostroms teori om kollektivt handlande samt Dave Ulrichs transformationskoncept Värdeskapande HR. Vi har utfört åtta tematiska intervjuer med kvinnor verksamma som HR-chefer. Resultatet visar att samtliga HR-chefer i vår studie har inslag av både mjuk och hård HRM i sitt arbete, men att tyngdpunkten mellan perspektiven varierar mellan cheferna. Samspelet mellan HR-chefens och organisationfältets aktörer påverkar möjligheterna för HR-cheferna att skapa inflytande och att nå ett värdeskapande HR-arbetssätt där kollektivt handlande och organisationens affärsmål står i fokus. Detta står i direkt beroende av HR-chefens sociala och kulturella kapital, samt hur det används och efterfrågas av organisationsfältets aktörer. / Many organizations in modern working life holds their employees as their most important resource. The human resources (HR) department is responsible for managing all questions relating to the employees in an organization, such as talent management, supply of competence, leadership development, work environment and payroll issues. Over the past decades, the HR work organization has undergone a transformation; from being an administrative support function, to the present and modern role as a strategic business partner, where the existence of the HR function must be legitimized through constant value creation by working strategically towards the company's business goals. In Sweden, the HR department is also responsible for ensuring a strategy to manage the organizational and social workplace health problems. Since 2010, sickness absence due to these problems has increased dramatically in the country. Extensive research and science studies from the past decade, shows that the leadership has considerable impact on the state of health of the employees. We have studied HR managers’ experiences of their role, and analyzed which varieties of resources that they depend on to create influence in their work. The fundament in our analyze, is a set of scientific theories, which consists of contrasting organization theories, Bourdieu's capital theory, Ostrom's theory of collective action and Dave Ulrich's transformation concept; The HR Value Proposition. We have carried out eight thematic interviews with women in the position of HR manager. The result shows that all HR managers in our study practices elements of both soft and hard HRM in their work, but that the main emphasis between perspectives varies amongst the managers. The interaction between HR managers and organizational stakeholders effects the HR manager’s prospects to generate influence and to achieve a value-creating HR approach that focuses on collective action and the business goals of the organization. This circumstance also stands in direct reliance to the HR manager's amount of social and cultural capital, as well as how they are used and demanded by the organizational stakeholders.

Following an actor-centred approach to institutional change, the aim of the study was to explore the process of ‘greenfield organising’ through which unions and collective bargaining structures are established in workplaces where there are none initially. A qualitative theory-oriented single case study, using some principles of the grounded theory, analysed the organising process and negotiations at Foodora in Sweden that resulted in a collective agreement. Besides, a phenomenographic approach was employed to understand participants’ conceptions of an organising success. Riders and union officials of the Transport union were interviewed for both parts of the study. The empirical material of the case study also included a survey conducted by the union, the Transport and Foodora collective agreements, media reports and articles, organisational webpages, social media, and legal acts. The results showed that workforce fragmentation and isolation were obstacles to the riders’ mobilisation but social interactions, through which pre-existing networks were mobilised and new relations were built, were central to the organising process. These bonds facilitated the transformative agency exerted by the riders and the union, which was based on intense involvement, learning and strategy. Thereby, they were able to influence influential factors and to build new social structure through increased union membership and a new collective agreement. These outcomes might be considered emerging components of an organising success, which the participants conceive mainly in terms of high level of union membership, workers’ solidaristic engagement and knowledge of their rights, reaching a collective agreement, working conditions improvement. The main conclusions of the study are, firstly, that a relational approach to social reality is required to understand the mobilisation of actors and the significance of institutional contradictions for them. Secondly, resources mobilisation and strategic capabilities were key dimensions of the agency exerted by actors. Finally, this agency, albeit embedded in constraining structural conditions, was able to some extent to achieve institutional change. / Syftet med studien var att via ett aktörsinriktat tillvägagångssätt utforska så kallad "greenfield-organisering"- det vill säga institutionella förändringar inom vilka fackföreningar och förhandlingsstrukturer etableras på arbetsplatser där det till en början saknas sådana. Inspirerad av grundad teori genomfördes en kvalitativ teoriorienterad single case-studie för att analysera organiseringsprocessen och de fackliga förhandlingarna med Foodora i Sverige och som sedan resulterade i ett kollektivavtal. Därtill användes även fenomenografisk metod för att förstå deltagarnas uppfattningar om en framgångsrik organisering. Cykelbud och Transports fackliga tjänstemän intervjuades för båda delarna av studien. Ytterligare empiriskt material som utforskades i case-studien, var en facklig undersökning, Transports och Foodoras kollektivavtal, mediarapporter och artiklar, organisatoriska webbsidor, sociala medier, samt lagstiftning. Resultaten visade att fragmentering och isolering av arbetsstyrkan var ett hinder för cykelbudens mobilisering, men att sociala interaktioner, genom vilka redan existerande nätverk mobiliserades och nya relationer byggdes, var centrala i organiseringsprocessen. Dessa band underlättade transformativ handling – "agency" – för cykelbuden och facket, som baserades på intensivt engagemang, lärande och strategiskt handlande. Därigenom kunde de påverka viktiga faktorer och bygga upp en ny social struktur genom ökat fackligt medlemskap och ett nytt kollektivavtal. Resultatet kan betraktas som komponenter av en framgångsrik organisering på en arbetsplats, som deltagarna främst tänker på i form av hög facklig anslutning, solidariskt engagemang från arbetare och kunskap om sina rättigheter, vikten av att ha ett kollektivavtal och förbättrade arbetsvillkor. Studiens huvudsakliga slutsatser är, för det första, att det krävs ett relationellt förhållningssätt till den sociala verkligheten för att förstå aktörernas mobilisering och institutionella motsättningar. Den andra slutsatsen är att resursmobilisering och strategiska förmågor var viktiga dimensioner av aktörers handlingar - "agency." Trots att det var inbäddade i begränsande strukturella förhållanden kunde dessa handlingar slutligen i viss utsträckning uppnå institutionell förändring. / Suivant une approche du changement institutionnel centrée sur l'acteur, l'objectif de cette étude était d'explorer le processus d’implantation syndicale à travers lequel des syndicats et structures de négociation collective sont mis en place sur des lieux de travail qui en sont initialement dépourvus. Une étude de cas, qualitative et à finalité théorique, reprenant certains principes de la “grounded theory” - “théorie ancrée”, a eu pour objet d’analyser le processus d'organisation et de négociations à Foodora en Suède ayant abouti à un accord collectif. En outre, une étude phénoménographique a été menée afin de comprendre les conceptions qu’avaient les participant/e/s d'une implantation syndicale réussie. Des entretiens ont été conduits avec des livreurs/se de Foodora et des responsables du syndicat Transport pour les deux volets de l'étude. Le matériau empirique comprend également, pour l'étude de cas, les résultats d’une étude menée par le syndicat, les accords collectifs sectoriel et conclu avec Foodora, des articles et reportages dans les médias, les sites Internet et réseaux sociaux des organisations, ainsi que des textes législatifs. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que la fragmentation du collectif de travail et l’isolement des livreurs/ses ont été des obstacles à leur mobilisation; a contrario, les interactions sociales, à travers lesquelles des réseaux préexistants ont été mobilisés et de nouvelles relations ont été construites, ont été au cœur du processus d'organisation. Ces liens ont facilité l’action transformatrice des livreurs/ses et du syndicat, basée sur un engagement intense, l’apprentissage et une approche stratégique. Ils ont pu ainsi, d’une part, influencer des facteurs influents dans leur contexte, et d’autre part, mettre en place de nouvelles structures sociales à travers l’élargissement de la base syndicale et la négociation d'un nouvel accord collectif. Ces résultats peuvent être considérés comme des composantes émergentes d'une implantation syndicale réussie, que les participant/e/s conçoivent principalement en termes de niveau élevé de syndicalisation, d’engagement solidaire des travailleurs/ses, de connaissance par celles/ceux-ci de leurs droits, de mise en place d’un accord collectif, et d'amélioration des conditions de travail. L'étude conclut principalement, d'une part, qu'une approche relationnelle de la réalité sociale est nécessaire pour comprendre la mobilisation des acteurs/rices et la signification pour elles/eux des contradictions institutionnelles. D’autre part, la mobilisation des ressources et les capacités stratégiques ont été des dimensions clés de leur agence. Enfin, cette agence bien qu’insérée dans des conditions structurelles contraignantes a pu, dans une certaine mesure, réaliser un changement institutionnel.