The objective of this project was to study the influence of increased salinities on interaction processes in the system radionuclide – organics – clay – aquifer. For this purpose, complexation, redox, sorption, and diffusion studies were performed under variation of the ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg) and the background electrolyte. The U(VI) complexation by propionate was studied in dependence on ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg NaClO4) by TRLFS, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. An influence of ionic strength on stability constants was detected, depending on the charge of the respective complexes. The conditional stability constants, determined for 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 complexes at specific ionic strengths, were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. The interaction of the bacteria Sporomusa sp. MT-2.99 and Paenibacillus sp. MT-2.2 cells, isolated from Opalinus Clay, with Pu was studied. The experiments can be divided into such without an electron donor where biosorption is favored and such with addition of Na-pyruvate as an electron donor stimulating also bioreduction processes. Moreover, experiments were performed to study the interactions of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium noricense DSM-15987 with U(VI), Eu(III), and Cm(III) in 3 M NaCl solutions. Research for improving process understanding with respect to the mobility of multivalent metals in systems containing humic matter was focused on the reversibility of elementary processes and on their interaction. Kinetic stabilization processes in the dynamics of humate complexation equilibria were quantified in isotope exchange studies. The influence of high salinity on the mobilizing potential of humic-like clay organics was systematically investigated and was described by modeling. The sorption of Tc(VII)/Tc(IV) onto the iron(II)-containing minerals magnetite and siderite was studied by means of batch sorption experiments, ATR FT-IR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The strong Tc retention at these minerals could be attributed to surface-mediated reduction of Tc(VII) to Tc(IV). An influence of ionic strength was not observed. The influence of ionic strength (up to 3 mol/kg) and background electrolyte (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) on U(VI) sorption onto montmorillonite was studied. The U(VI) sorption is influenced by the background electrolyte, the influence of ionic strength is small. Surface complexation modeling was performed applying the 2SPNE SC/CE model. Surface complexation constants were determined for the NaCl and CaCl2 system and were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. Surface complexation in mixed electrolytes can be modeled applying surface complexation constants derived for pure electrolytes. The influence of citrate on U(VI) diffusion in Opalinus Clay was studied using Opalinus Clay pore water as background electrolyte. The diffusion parameter values obtained for the HTO through-diffusion and the U(VI) in-diffusion in the absence of citric acid were in agreement with literature data. In the presence of citric acid, U(VI) diffusion was significantly retarded, which was attributed to a change in speciation, probably U(VI) was reduced to U(IV). Larger-scale heterogeneous material effects on diffusive transport were investigated with PET. Diffusion parameters were derived by optimum fit of a FEM-model to the measurement. These parameters are in accordance with the results from 1D-through-diffusion experiments. Deviations from the simple transversal-isotropic behavior, which are identified as residuals from the model, are indications for heterogeneous transport on the mm-scale. PET measurements were also conducted in order to display the improvement of the EDZ with waterglass injections. These experiments enable to draw conclusions on the complex reactive transport process and thus an estimation of the achieved improvement of the barrier function. The image reconstruction procedure was largely improved, mainly with the aid of Monte-Carlo simulations, and now allows quantitative analysis and error estimation.

Der Begriff Geschlechterdispositiv verweist auf den Dispositiv-Begriff bei Michel Foucault und umfasst das machtvolle Zusammenspiel von hegemonialen Geschlechternormen in Gestalt von gesellschaftlich-kulturellen Leitbildern (Diskursen), von institutionellen Regelungen wie Geschlechtsrollenverteilungen (Institutionen), von vergeschlechtlichten Praktiken im Sinne des doing gender (Praxis) und von geschlechtlichen Identitätsangeboten (Subjektivität). Die Konstruktion von Geschlecht ist mit Machtbeziehungen und Wahrheitspolitiken verbunden. Das Geschlechterdispositiv stellt damit auch eine Analyseeinheit dar, die sich für eine empirische Forschung im Sinne einer relationalen Machtanalytik öffnet.

Kooperation sowie Kommunikation und deren Organisation sind nicht Selbstzweck, sondern sollen die Leistung verbessern und Innovationen erzeugen. Ob sie das leisten, hängt weniger von den Technologien, d.h. den Mitteln ab, mittels derer sie abgewickelt werden sollen, sondern von den Inhalten und Arten der Kooperation selbst. Kooperation bei dafür ungeeigneten Aufgaben oder in ungeeigneter Weise wird auch durch innovative Vermittlungstechnologien nicht geeigneter.

The objective of this project was to study the influence of increased salinities on interaction processes in the system radionuclide – organics – clay – aquifer. For this purpose, complexation, redox, sorption, and diffusion studies were performed under variation of the ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg) and the background electrolyte. The U(VI) complexation by propionate was studied in dependence on ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg NaClO4) by TRLFS, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. An influence of ionic strength on stability constants was detected, depending on the charge of the respective complexes. The conditional stability constants, determined for 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 complexes at specific ionic strengths, were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. The interaction of the bacteria Sporomusa sp. MT-2.99 and Paenibacillus sp. MT-2.2 cells, isolated from Opalinus Clay, with Pu was studied. The experiments can be divided into such without an electron donor where biosorption is favored and such with addition of Na-pyruvate as an electron donor stimulating also bioreduction processes. Moreover, experiments were performed to study the interactions of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium noricense DSM-15987 with U(VI), Eu(III), and Cm(III) in 3 M NaCl solutions. Research for improving process understanding with respect to the mobility of multivalent metals in systems containing humic matter was focused on the reversibility of elementary processes and on their interaction. Kinetic stabilization processes in the dynamics of humate complexation equilibria were quantified in isotope exchange studies. The influence of high salinity on the mobilizing potential of humic-like clay organics was systematically investigated and was described by modeling. The sorption of Tc(VII)/Tc(IV) onto the iron(II)-containing minerals magnetite and siderite was studied by means of batch sorption experiments, ATR FT-IR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The strong Tc retention at these minerals could be attributed to surface-mediated reduction of Tc(VII) to Tc(IV). An influence of ionic strength was not observed. The influence of ionic strength (up to 3 mol/kg) and background electrolyte (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) on U(VI) sorption onto montmorillonite was studied. The U(VI) sorption is influenced by the background electrolyte, the influence of ionic strength is small. Surface complexation modeling was performed applying the 2SPNE SC/CE model. Surface complexation constants were determined for the NaCl and CaCl2 system and were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. Surface complexation in mixed electrolytes can be modeled applying surface complexation constants derived for pure electrolytes. The influence of citrate on U(VI) diffusion in Opalinus Clay was studied using Opalinus Clay pore water as background electrolyte. The diffusion parameter values obtained for the HTO through-diffusion and the U(VI) in-diffusion in the absence of citric acid were in agreement with literature data. In the presence of citric acid, U(VI) diffusion was significantly retarded, which was attributed to a change in speciation, probably U(VI) was reduced to U(IV). Larger-scale heterogeneous material effects on diffusive transport were investigated with PET. Diffusion parameters were derived by optimum fit of a FEM-model to the measurement. These parameters are in accordance with the results from 1D-through-diffusion experiments. Deviations from the simple transversal-isotropic behavior, which are identified as residuals from the model, are indications for heterogeneous transport on the mm-scale. PET measurements were also conducted in order to display the improvement of the EDZ with waterglass injections. These experiments enable to draw conclusions on the complex reactive transport process and thus an estimation of the achieved improvement of the barrier function. The image reconstruction procedure was largely improved, mainly with the aid of Monte-Carlo simulations, and now allows quantitative analysis and error estimation.

Der Begriff Geschlechterdispositiv verweist auf den Dispositiv-Begriff bei Michel Foucault und umfasst das machtvolle Zusammenspiel von hegemonialen Geschlechternormen in Gestalt von gesellschaftlich-kulturellen Leitbildern (Diskursen), von institutionellen Regelungen wie Geschlechtsrollenverteilungen (Institutionen), von vergeschlechtlichten Praktiken im Sinne des doing gender (Praxis) und von geschlechtlichen Identitätsangeboten (Subjektivität). Die Konstruktion von Geschlecht ist mit Machtbeziehungen und Wahrheitspolitiken verbunden. Das Geschlechterdispositiv stellt damit auch eine Analyseeinheit dar, die sich für eine empirische Forschung im Sinne einer relationalen Machtanalytik öffnet.

Unter Diversity (dt.: Vielfalt) wird die Heterogenität und Diversifizierung sozialer Lebenslagen und sozialer Zugehörigkeiten verstanden, die in Folge von unter anderem Migrationsbewegungen, veränderten Geschlechterbeziehungen und der Pluralisierung von Familienformen in westlichen Gesellschaften zunehmen bzw. stärker thematisiert werden als zuvor. Dabei ist eine Lesart vorherrschend, die Diversity als gesellschaftliche und besonders als ökonomische Ressource, als Potenzial, betrachtet.

Kooperation sowie Kommunikation und deren Organisation sind nicht Selbstzweck, sondern sollen die Leistung verbessern und Innovationen erzeugen. Ob sie das leisten, hängt weniger von den Technologien, d.h. den Mitteln ab, mittels derer sie abgewickelt werden sollen, sondern von den Inhalten und Arten der Kooperation selbst. Kooperation bei dafür ungeeigneten Aufgaben oder in ungeeigneter Weise wird auch durch innovative Vermittlungstechnologien nicht geeigneter.

The field of geosciences, including geophysics, plays a crucial role in addressing society's pressing concerns related to energy demand, climate change, resource preservation, and environmental protection. Reactive systems encountered in this context are characterized by intricate interactions among various phases, environmental conditions, physical and chemical processes. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of these processes and quantitatively evaluating reactive systems necessitates a holistic scientific approach. This approach encompasses efficient categorization of reactive systems, the development of appropriate experimental and computational tools, and the collection and dissemination of relevant data. In this context, this thesis contributes to geophysics and petrophysics with a focus on reactive systems. It presents and interprets laboratory datasets that address various complex aspects of rock behavior, including the presence of graphite, resulting anisotropy, and the challenging petrophysical characteristics of carbonate rocks. This compilation of research results provides a multifaceted perspective on the complex nature of rocks, including their mineralogical, physical, and chemical properties. It thus contributes to a deeper comprehension of electrical rock properties and their practical utility. Upon examining carbonate rocks and the response of graphitic schist to CO$_\mathrm{2}$ under reservoir conditions, it becomes clear that the impact of increased reactivity in a system on geophysical parameters varies depending on the specific characteristics of the rocks and systems under investigation. Consequently, geophysical methods aiming at a quantitative assessment of reactive systems must exhibit robustness and efficiency in order to be effectively applied in a site- and system-specific manner. Expanding on this foundation, computational methods have been developed to aid in the quantitative analysis of reactive processes in laboratory experiments. These methods also serve as tools for gaining insights into the origin of rock properties and the impact of microstructure variation. Furthermore, inversion techniques are introduced in conjunction with custom-designed experiments within the field of petrophysics. The resultant software tool is made publicly accessible. The research further delves into the exploration of how physical properties of rocks are influenced by their microstructure, as well as how the stochastic nature of pore space geometry can introduce variability and uncertainty in rock physics data. This investigation was carried out through microstructure modeling and finite element simulations. Leveraging these tailored computational techniques allowed for a comprehensive understanding of laboratory data, facilitating robust generalizations and contextualization for field applications and site-specific integrated interpretation. To illustrate the application in a complex natural reactive system, a field study focusing on coastal fumarolic vents in volcanic terrain was carried out and is presented. The challenges, prospects and visualization strategies for integrating simulation or inversion results from different methods are examined. Effective evaluation of complex sites requires open access to existing knowledge, including laboratory datasets. Consequently, this work documents and provides openly accessible examples of complex multi-method laboratory datasets to facilitate better understanding, re-evaluation and application in the field. Finally, the handling of multi-reactive systems in field applications is discussed. It involves the integration of three-dimensional subsurface models with petrophysical insights related to multi-reactive systems. These models are calibrated using additional complementary data from surface or borehole sources. This integrated approach enables a quantitative assessment of site-specific multi-reactive systems.

Der Zweck dieser Arbeit ist es, die Beziehung zwischen die Größe des Landes und das Wachstum auf internationaler Ebene und vergleichsweise in der Wirtschafts-und Währungsunion zu untersuchen und erarbeiten ihre Folgen für das Verhalten der wachstumsorientierte Finanzpolitik. Um ein globales Verständnis des Zusammenhangs zwischen Größe des Landes und das Wachstum in der EWU weiter verfolgen wir einen interdisziplinären Ansatz, einschließlich der makroökonomischen Modellierung (DSGE), Ökonometrie und Analyse der politischen Ökonomie. Die Kombination dieser Untersuchungen schließen wir, dass die Größe des Landes einen Einfluss auf die wirtschaftlichen Strukturen der Nationen, die Auswirkungen ihrer Politik und damit auf ihre Wachstumsdynamik hat. Aus diesem Grund ist es notwendig, die Bedeutung der Größe des Landes und ihre Folgen für die WWU wieder. / The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship between country size and growth at the international level and comparatively in the Economic and Monetary Union, and to draw up its consequences for the conduct of growth-orientated fiscal policies. To further a global understanding of the link between country size and growth in the EMU, we follow an interdisciplinary approach, including macro-economic modelling (DSGE), econometrics and political economy analysis. Combining these analyses, we conclude that country size has an incidence on the economic structures of nations, the effects of their policies and therefore on their pace of growth. For this reason there is a need to reinstate the importance of country size and its consequences for the EMU.

PDF-Datei beinhaltet Anhänge zur Dissertation / Die Schwerpunktsetzung der Dissertation fokussiert die lehrkraftorientierte und berufsschulbezogene Auseinandersetzung mit Heterogenität; dabei werden bereits existente Lösungsansätze berücksichtigt. Ein Ziel der Arbeit ist, den Lehrkräften theoretisch fundierte adäquate Umgangsformen mit Heterogenität von Jugendlichen in den Klassen und Lerngruppen zu offerieren. Als theoretische Grundlage dient die Beschreibung von Heterogenitätsmerkmalen von Schülern, die in der einschlägigen Literatur für das erfolgreiche Lernen als signifikant relevant eingeschätzt werden. Des Weiteren rückt die Arbeit die Lehrkräfte mit ihren subjektiven Theorien, Kompetenzbündeln, Belastungsempfindungen und die lernförderlichen Umgangsformen der Lehrkräfte mit Heterogenitäten ins Zentrum sowie die kritische Betrachtung von Konzepten der inneren Differenzierung als mögliches Lösungskonzept. Die empirischen Untersuchungen erfolgen in ausgewählten staatlichen Berliner beruflichen Schulen im Berufsfeld Wirtschaft und Verwaltung mittels Leitfadeninterviews und deren Analyse in Anlehnung an die dokumentarische Methode in vertikaler und horizontaler Richtung. Ergänzt wird der qualitative Forschungsansatz durch eine statistische Dokumentenanalyse. Ein Ergebnis der Arbeit ist, dass Lehrkräfte Heterogenität nicht eindeutig als entweder Belastung oder als pädagogische Herausforderung empfinden, sondern dass der jeweils wahrgenommene Belastungsgrad stark durch die Intensität der jeweils vorliegenden Schülervarianzen in der Klasse/Lerngruppe geprägt ist. Es geht deshalb in den unterrichtsnah formulierten Hilfestellungen, die mittels einer Checkliste ermittelt werden können, um individuell zugeschnittene Handlungsempfehlungen, die sich entweder auf den Kern der Heterogenitätsvorstellung, auf die Reflexion der eigenen Handlungskompetenz, auf spezielle Heterogenitätsdimensionen, auf konkrete Hilfen für die Umsetzung der inneren Differenzierung oder auf die Belastungsreduktion im Berufsalltag beziehen. / The present thesis focuses on the ways in which vocational school teachers address student heterogeneity, giving due consideration to existing approaches. One of the goals is to provide teachers with theoretically well-founded, adequate forms of accommodating adolescent heterogeneity in various class and learning groups. The theoretical basis of this study is provided by a description of student heterogeneity features deemed to be significantly relevant to successful learning in the literature. Another primary concern is with teachers’ professional activity, including their subjective theories, their individual sets of competences, their feelings of stress and learning-conducive ways of addressing heterogeneity. Critical attention is given to differentiation by activity or outcome as a potential approach to dealing with heterogeneity. Empirical studies were conducted in a selection of Berlin-based vocational schools specializing in business and administration, using guided interviews and analyzing these by means of a methodology borrowing from the documentary method and availing itself of both vertical and horizontal perspectives. This qualitative approach is complemented by a statistical document analysis. One finding is that teachers do not view heterogeneity unambiguously as either a stress factor or a pedagogical challenge; rather, the degree of stress felt by teachers is heavily dependent on the extent of student variance inside the class or learning group. Instead, this study offers a checklist that teachers can use to obtain support and recommendations tailored to their individual needs and readily applicable to classroom settings. These recommendations concern the core of teachers’ perceptions of heterogeneity, their ability to reflect on their own ‘action competence’, specific dimensions of heterogeneity, concrete support for implementing differentiation inside the classroom, and stress reduction in day-to-day professional practice.