<p>This thesis deals with questions concerning ongoing constructions of heterosexuality as a norm in the Swedish church. Empirically the study is based partly on interviews with thirteen homo- and bisexual priests, one district visitor and one church politician and partly on some of the church’s own inquiries and documents concerning the question of Christianity and ”deviant” sexuality.</p><p>The aim for this study is to examine how norms for sexuality, coexistence and gender are repeated in the documents created by the Swedish church itself about homosexuality and Christianity and to discern how these norms are present and have sense – are reproduced, challenged and transformed in life stories of Christian homo- and bisexual individuals. To be able to see how the notion of homosexuality as abnormal is reproduced, secured and challenged I have chosen to interpret texts, observations and life stories from a critical discourse perspective. In this theoretical tradition it is central to stress how, or rather to investigate what strategies are used to produce and maintain notions of ”abnormality”.</p><p>One dominating view in the discussions within the church is that homosexuals and heterosexuals have equal value but that partnership cannot be equated with marriage. This understanding is expressed in my examples of formations of heteronormativity within the church.</p><p>In the interview persons’ narratives there are discourses represented that are articulated in the church’s own inquiries but the narratives also express counter discourses. They speak about themselves in relation to, for example, imperative heterosexuality, homosexual ideals, core family ideals, theological way of thinking and dichotomizing understanding of gender. I have identified several ”uses” in the narratives and all of them are contained in an overall Christian homosexual ”us”.</p><p>Instead of viewing themselves as being ”wrong” some of the interview persons have moved the problem to the heteronormativity. Experiences of not being part of the norm have made them strong and willing to struggle and fight for their rights. This position, outside the norm, is by some viewed positively. The homosexuals’ experiences of oppression have led to a desire to liberate the church from homophobia and show ”the true” church, where no one is discriminated.</p><p>Homosexuals are accepted within the church, but only as deviants. This way heterosexuality is being made the superior category. Its meaning and superior position cannot be questioned according to many of the church’s representatives. Still, this is exactly what is happening when homosexuals are increasingly visible to the public and when they challenge the heterosexual norm. This provocation makes the heterosexual norm visible and forces representatives of the norm to deal with it!</p>

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Cette thèse interroge les représentations de la sexualité et les constructions de la masculinité chez une population de jeunes Marocains (âgés de 20 à 30 ans), musulmans, immigrés en Alsace (France) et en Toscane (Italie). Ce travail s’attache à analyser le pouvoir de l’hétéronormativité et son influence sur les expériences de ces jeunes hommes pendant leur transition vers l’âge adulte à l’étranger. À travers une approche qualitative – fondée sur des entretiens semi-directifs et sur l’observation ethnographique –, cette étude montre que l’hétéronormativité, loin d’être un pouvoir monolithique et figé, est une norme plurielle. L’enquête menée met en évidence que la force hégémonique de l'hétéronormativité ne se limite pas à définir les significations sociales de la sexualité et les processus de l’identification de genre, mais qu’elle façonne également les représentations subjectives et collectives des âges, les relations intra et intergénérationnelles, les rapports entre populations majoritaires et minoritaires ainsi qu’entre populations minoritaires à l’étranger. L’analyse des conduites sexuelles et des masculinités devient le terrain pour une étude bien plus large des profils sociaux des jeunes interviewés. / This thesis investigates representations of sexuality and constructions of masculinity among young Moroccan Muslim men (aged between 20 and 30) who migrated to France (Alsace) and Italy (Tuscany). Sexual accounts and gender identification processes are the main fields to study heteronormativity and to show how its hegemonic power is interwoven with other social relations which define the transition to adulthood of these young men. By exploring the outcomes of a qualitative research – based on ethnographic observation and interviews – this study demonstrates that heteronormativity, far from being a monolithic power, is a plural norm which produces not only social constructions of sexuality and masculinity among young Moroccans, but also shapes intra- and intergenerational relationships, relations among minority groups, and between migrants and the majority population.

This thesis seeks to explore how young, educated and seemingly liberated women construct their identities and make sense of their futures around their heterosexual relationships. Using the experiences of eight women participants engaged in long-term heterosexual relationships, combined with relevant secondary literature, issues of sexuality, identity, power and intimacy are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the implications of their identity construction and how they 'perform' their roles as women in society. How their sexual stories reflect their positioning in society is premised by the phrase, 'the personal is political' . Through analysis of the participants' experiences mixed with theoretical arguments, this thesis finds that young women are apparently sexually, economically and intellectually liberated but locked into discourses that provide highly unequal, limiting, disempowering and oppressive understandings of masculinity, femininity and sexuality. They live and experience a reality which is far from liberated.

Cette étude cherche à comprendre comment la production théorique dans le champ de la psychanalyse traditionnelle au Brésil décrit l’homosexualité et son rapport avec le concept psychanalytique de « complexe d’OEdipe », tandis que : a) il y a une reconnaissance scientifique que l’homosexualité per se n’est pas une pathologie, ce qui peut être observé dans des manuels diagnostiques comme celui du DSM et celui du CID ; b) l’instruction normative du Conseil Fédéral de Psychologie oriente les psychologues de ne pas agir de façon à "guérir" et/ou stigmatiser l'homosexualité; c) Il existe des critiques paradoxales (positives et négatives) aux textes freudiens concernant l'homosexualité; d) nous voyons une diffusion dans la culture d’un approche non-académique qui comprend l’homosexualité comme un défaut dans le processus d'OEdipe; e) notre recherche antérieure indique que des sujets qui ont eu une experience de thérapie psychologique disent que l’homosexualité a été vue par le(la) thérapeute comme une déviation d’un développement normal ; f) le processus défini comme psychanalisme par Robert Castel, d’une façon générale, indique comment la psychanalyse s'est institutionnalisée et a produit des effets dans le social, ce qui nous permet de penser que ce qui a été publié en théorie et clinique psychanalytique a influencé la société contemporaine occidentale. Quant à la démarche méthodologique, la recherche a été développée à partir d’une orientation archéogénéalogique qui se sert de la production théorique de Michel Foucault comme un moyen de réfléchir sur les conditions de possibilité de émmergence d’un discours psychanalytique déterminé. Nous avons alors cherché à comprendre les jeux de vérité qui traversent ce discours à partir de la problématisation des concepts et des approches naturalisés. Nous avons utilisé comme corpus de recherche, les articles publiés par la Revue Brésilienne de Psychanalyse dans la période de 1980 à 2010. Nous avons remarqué que les énoncés de la famille traditionnelle, de l'universalité du complexe d'OEdipe, de la menace de l'anti-OEdipe et de la racine phylogénétique font partie du réseau discursif de la psychanalyse traditionnelle. Celle-ci, nous pouvons le penser, est structuré sur les mêmes bases du discours du christianisme où les énoncés de culpabilité et de fatalité sont soulignés. Nous soulignons dans ce contexte que l'énoncé d'homosexualité renvoie à une connotation d'anomalie dans le discours psychanalytique. Nous concluons que l’homosexualité, lorsqu’elle est insérée dans le cadre théorique analysé comme équivalente à l'hétérosexualité, ébranle le réseau discursif de la psychanalyse traditionnelle, parce que celle-ci est le produit et au même temps une outil de renforcement du dispositif de la sexualité en affirmant l'hétérosexualité comme la norme. / Este estudo busca compreender como a produção teórica no campo da psicanálise tradicional no Brasil aborda a homossexualidade e sua relação com o conceito psicanalítico de “complexo de Édipo”, uma vez que: a) há o reconhecimento científico de que a homossexualidade per se não é uma patologia, o que pode ser observado em manuais diagnósticos como o DSM e o CID; b) a instrução normativa do Conselho Federal de Psicologia orienta os psicólogos e as psicólogas a não agirem de forma a “curar” e/ou a estigmatizar a homossexualidade; c) existem críticas paradoxais (tanto positivas quanto negativas) aos textos freudianos em relação à homossexualidade; d) se encontra a difusão na cultura de uma abordagem não-acadêmica que entende a homossexualidade como falha no processo de Édipo; e) pesquisa anterior aponta para o fato de que sujeitos que passaram pela clínica psicológica indicam que a homossexualidade foi vista pelo terapeuta ou pela terapeuta como algo que desvia do desenvolvimento normal; f) o processo definido como psicanalismo por Robert Castel, de uma forma geral, aponta para o modo pelo qual a psicanálise se institucionalizou e produziu efeitos no social, possibilitando pensar que o que foi publicado em termos de teoria e clínica psicanalítica influenciou a sociedade contemporânea ocidental. Quanto à perspectiva metodológica, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de uma orientação arquegenealógica, utilizando a produção teórica de Michel Foucault como forma de refletir sobre as condições de possibilidade de surgimento de um determinado discurso psicanalítico. Portanto, buscou-se compreender os jogos de verdade que atravessam esse discurso, problematizando conceitos e sentidos naturalizados. Utilizou-se como corpus de pesquisa os artigos publicados pela Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise no período de 1980 a 2010. Evidenciou-se que os enunciados da família tradicional, da universalidade do complexo de Édipo, da ameaça do anti-Édipo e da raiz filogenética fazem parte da rede discursiva da psicanálise tradicional. Esta, por sua vez, pode ser pensada como estruturada pelas mesmas bases do discurso do cristianismo, destacando-se os enunciados da culpa e da fatalidade. Ressalta-se nesse contexto o enunciado de homossexualidade remetendo a uma conotação de anomalia dentro do discurso psicanalítico. Infere-se que a homossexualidade, se inserida no construto teórico analisado como equivalente à heterossexualidade, abalaria a rede discursiva da psicanálise tradicional, uma vez que a mesma é produto e reitera o dispositivo da sexualidade, que afirma a heterossexualidade como norma. / This essay seeks to comprehend how the traditional Brazilian psychoanalysis theoretical production approaches the subject of homosexuality and its relation to the psychoanalytic prospect of “Oedipus complex”, once: a) there is a scientific acknowledgement that homosexuality per se is not a disease, what could be observed on diagnostic manuals such as DSM and CID; b) a normative act from Brazilian Federal Council of Psychology guiding psychologists neither stigmatize homosexuality nor to look for a cure for homosexuality; c) there are both positive and negative paradoxical critics concerning Freud’s texts about homosexuality; d) there is a cultural diffusion of a non-academic concept of homosexuality resulting from a failure to master the Oedipus complex; e) earlier researches indicates that many of those who experienced psychological clinics point that therapists usually considers homosexualism as something that departs from a standard behaviour; f) in a general form, the process defined by Robert Castel as psychanalysme points the ways psychoanalysis institutionalized itself on society and produced effects on it, making it possible to think that what was once published concerning psychoanalytic theory and clinics influenced contemporary Occidental society. Concerning the methodological approach, this research was developed based on an arch genealogical orientation, utilizing Michel Foucault theoretical production to sustain the possibility of emergence of a new psychoanalytic discourse. This essay also seeks to comprehend the truth games that go through such psychoanalytic discourse, problematizing concepts and meanings taken as naturals. Articles published on Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise from 1980 to 2010 were used as research corpus. It became evident that the discourse either from the traditional family, from the Oedipus complex universality, from the anti-Oedipus threaten, and from phylogenetic roots brings out part of the traditional psychoanalytic discourse, which could be thought as a structure similar to the one presented on Christianism, mainly on what concerns feelings of guilty and fatality. Based on this context, it is possible to highlight how homosexuality is treated as an abnormality in the psychoanalytic discourse. We may imply that homosexuality, if considered as equivalent to heterosexuality in the theoretical construct analysed in this essay, it would affect traditional psychoanalysis’ discursive network, once it is considered a product and it reiterates the sexuality device, which affirms heterosexualism as a norm. / Este estudio busca comprender cómo la producción teórica en el campo del psicoanálisis tradicional en Brasil aborda la homosexualidad y su relación con el concepto psicoanalítico de “complejo de Edipo”, una vez que: a) existe el reconocimiento científico de que la homosexualidad per se no es una patología, lo que puede ser observado en manuales diagnósticos como el DSM y el CID; b) la instrucción normativa del Consejo Federal de Psicología orienta a los psicólogos y a las psicólogas a no actuar de forma a “curar” y/o a estigmatizar la homosexualidad; c) existen críticas paradoxales (tanto positivas como negativas) a los textos freudianos con relación a la homosexualidad; d) se encuentra la difusión en la cultura de un abordaje no académico que entiende la homosexualidad como falla en el proceso de Edipo; e) investigación anterior señala para el hecho de que sujetos que pasaron por la clínica psicológica indican que la homosexualidad fue vista por el terapeuta o por la terapeuta como algo que desvía del desarrollo normal; f) el proceso definido como psicoanalismo por Robert Castel, de una forma general, señala para el modo por el cual el psicoanálisis se institucionalizó y produjo efectos en lo social, posibilitando pensar que lo que se publicó en términos de teoría y clínica psicoanalítica influenció a la sociedad contemporánea occidental. Cuanto a la perspectiva metodológica, la investigación fue desarrollada a partir de una orientación arquegenealógica, utilizando la producción teórica de Michel Foucault como forma de reflexionar sobre las condiciones de posibilidad de surgimiento de un determinado discurso psicoanalítico. Por lo tanto, se buscó comprender los juegos de verdad que atraviesan ese discurso, problematizando conceptos y sentidos naturalizados. Se utilizó como corpus de investigación los artículos publicados por la Revista Brasileña de Psicoanálisis en el período de 1980 a 2010. Se evidenció que los enunciados de la familia tradicional, de la universalidad del complejo de Edipo, de la amenaza del anti-Edipo y de la raíz filogenética forman parte de la red discursiva del psicoanálisis tradicional. Esta, por su vez, puede ser pensada como estructurada por las mismas bases del discurso del cristianismo, destacándose los enunciados de la culpa y de la fatalidad. Se resalta en ese contexto el enunciado de homosexualidad remitiendo a una connotación de anomalía dentro del discurso psicoanalítico. Se infiere que la homosexualidad, si inserida en el constructo teórico analizado como equivalente a la heterosexualidad, afectaría la red discursiva del psicoanálisis tradicional, una vez que la misma es producto y reitera el dispositivo de la sexualidad, que afirma la heterosexualidad como norma.

In A Question of Power Bessie Head explores metaphysical forms of knowledge and systems of belief (against a background of what is verifiable and can be called the truth) and finds them necessary but flawed because they are illogical. The experience of madness in Bessie Head's main character, Elizabeth, (which is caused by a deep fear of domination and oppression), provides an opportunity for the character to raise propositions and questions of philosophy related to race, class, heterosexuality, God, to mention but a few, and to come to the conclusion that the 'truth' claims which are implied in and suggested by these notions do not obtain in real life. In other words, there is no stable, transcendental reality. It dawns on Elizabeth (the main character) that certain realms of knowledge which society has determined as objective truth will remain forever unknowable. Thus Elizabeth, the main character in a A Question of Power, identifies and challenges all patriarchal structures and power hierarchies in society, seeing them as the real causes of her suffering. After completing this process of deeonstruction, she is able to integrate herself into society. / English Studies / M. A. (English)

Cette étude cherche à comprendre comment la production théorique dans le champ de la psychanalyse traditionnelle au Brésil décrit l’homosexualité et son rapport avec le concept psychanalytique de « complexe d’OEdipe », tandis que : a) il y a une reconnaissance scientifique que l’homosexualité per se n’est pas une pathologie, ce qui peut être observé dans des manuels diagnostiques comme celui du DSM et celui du CID ; b) l’instruction normative du Conseil Fédéral de Psychologie oriente les psychologues de ne pas agir de façon à "guérir" et/ou stigmatiser l'homosexualité; c) Il existe des critiques paradoxales (positives et négatives) aux textes freudiens concernant l'homosexualité; d) nous voyons une diffusion dans la culture d’un approche non-académique qui comprend l’homosexualité comme un défaut dans le processus d'OEdipe; e) notre recherche antérieure indique que des sujets qui ont eu une experience de thérapie psychologique disent que l’homosexualité a été vue par le(la) thérapeute comme une déviation d’un développement normal ; f) le processus défini comme psychanalisme par Robert Castel, d’une façon générale, indique comment la psychanalyse s'est institutionnalisée et a produit des effets dans le social, ce qui nous permet de penser que ce qui a été publié en théorie et clinique psychanalytique a influencé la société contemporaine occidentale. Quant à la démarche méthodologique, la recherche a été développée à partir d’une orientation archéogénéalogique qui se sert de la production théorique de Michel Foucault comme un moyen de réfléchir sur les conditions de possibilité de émmergence d’un discours psychanalytique déterminé. Nous avons alors cherché à comprendre les jeux de vérité qui traversent ce discours à partir de la problématisation des concepts et des approches naturalisés. Nous avons utilisé comme corpus de recherche, les articles publiés par la Revue Brésilienne de Psychanalyse dans la période de 1980 à 2010. Nous avons remarqué que les énoncés de la famille traditionnelle, de l'universalité du complexe d'OEdipe, de la menace de l'anti-OEdipe et de la racine phylogénétique font partie du réseau discursif de la psychanalyse traditionnelle. Celle-ci, nous pouvons le penser, est structuré sur les mêmes bases du discours du christianisme où les énoncés de culpabilité et de fatalité sont soulignés. Nous soulignons dans ce contexte que l'énoncé d'homosexualité renvoie à une connotation d'anomalie dans le discours psychanalytique. Nous concluons que l’homosexualité, lorsqu’elle est insérée dans le cadre théorique analysé comme équivalente à l'hétérosexualité, ébranle le réseau discursif de la psychanalyse traditionnelle, parce que celle-ci est le produit et au même temps une outil de renforcement du dispositif de la sexualité en affirmant l'hétérosexualité comme la norme. / Este estudo busca compreender como a produção teórica no campo da psicanálise tradicional no Brasil aborda a homossexualidade e sua relação com o conceito psicanalítico de “complexo de Édipo”, uma vez que: a) há o reconhecimento científico de que a homossexualidade per se não é uma patologia, o que pode ser observado em manuais diagnósticos como o DSM e o CID; b) a instrução normativa do Conselho Federal de Psicologia orienta os psicólogos e as psicólogas a não agirem de forma a “curar” e/ou a estigmatizar a homossexualidade; c) existem críticas paradoxais (tanto positivas quanto negativas) aos textos freudianos em relação à homossexualidade; d) se encontra a difusão na cultura de uma abordagem não-acadêmica que entende a homossexualidade como falha no processo de Édipo; e) pesquisa anterior aponta para o fato de que sujeitos que passaram pela clínica psicológica indicam que a homossexualidade foi vista pelo terapeuta ou pela terapeuta como algo que desvia do desenvolvimento normal; f) o processo definido como psicanalismo por Robert Castel, de uma forma geral, aponta para o modo pelo qual a psicanálise se institucionalizou e produziu efeitos no social, possibilitando pensar que o que foi publicado em termos de teoria e clínica psicanalítica influenciou a sociedade contemporânea ocidental. Quanto à perspectiva metodológica, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de uma orientação arquegenealógica, utilizando a produção teórica de Michel Foucault como forma de refletir sobre as condições de possibilidade de surgimento de um determinado discurso psicanalítico. Portanto, buscou-se compreender os jogos de verdade que atravessam esse discurso, problematizando conceitos e sentidos naturalizados. Utilizou-se como corpus de pesquisa os artigos publicados pela Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise no período de 1980 a 2010. Evidenciou-se que os enunciados da família tradicional, da universalidade do complexo de Édipo, da ameaça do anti-Édipo e da raiz filogenética fazem parte da rede discursiva da psicanálise tradicional. Esta, por sua vez, pode ser pensada como estruturada pelas mesmas bases do discurso do cristianismo, destacando-se os enunciados da culpa e da fatalidade. Ressalta-se nesse contexto o enunciado de homossexualidade remetendo a uma conotação de anomalia dentro do discurso psicanalítico. Infere-se que a homossexualidade, se inserida no construto teórico analisado como equivalente à heterossexualidade, abalaria a rede discursiva da psicanálise tradicional, uma vez que a mesma é produto e reitera o dispositivo da sexualidade, que afirma a heterossexualidade como norma. / This essay seeks to comprehend how the traditional Brazilian psychoanalysis theoretical production approaches the subject of homosexuality and its relation to the psychoanalytic prospect of “Oedipus complex”, once: a) there is a scientific acknowledgement that homosexuality per se is not a disease, what could be observed on diagnostic manuals such as DSM and CID; b) a normative act from Brazilian Federal Council of Psychology guiding psychologists neither stigmatize homosexuality nor to look for a cure for homosexuality; c) there are both positive and negative paradoxical critics concerning Freud’s texts about homosexuality; d) there is a cultural diffusion of a non-academic concept of homosexuality resulting from a failure to master the Oedipus complex; e) earlier researches indicates that many of those who experienced psychological clinics point that therapists usually considers homosexualism as something that departs from a standard behaviour; f) in a general form, the process defined by Robert Castel as psychanalysme points the ways psychoanalysis institutionalized itself on society and produced effects on it, making it possible to think that what was once published concerning psychoanalytic theory and clinics influenced contemporary Occidental society. Concerning the methodological approach, this research was developed based on an arch genealogical orientation, utilizing Michel Foucault theoretical production to sustain the possibility of emergence of a new psychoanalytic discourse. This essay also seeks to comprehend the truth games that go through such psychoanalytic discourse, problematizing concepts and meanings taken as naturals. Articles published on Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise from 1980 to 2010 were used as research corpus. It became evident that the discourse either from the traditional family, from the Oedipus complex universality, from the anti-Oedipus threaten, and from phylogenetic roots brings out part of the traditional psychoanalytic discourse, which could be thought as a structure similar to the one presented on Christianism, mainly on what concerns feelings of guilty and fatality. Based on this context, it is possible to highlight how homosexuality is treated as an abnormality in the psychoanalytic discourse. We may imply that homosexuality, if considered as equivalent to heterosexuality in the theoretical construct analysed in this essay, it would affect traditional psychoanalysis’ discursive network, once it is considered a product and it reiterates the sexuality device, which affirms heterosexualism as a norm. / Este estudio busca comprender cómo la producción teórica en el campo del psicoanálisis tradicional en Brasil aborda la homosexualidad y su relación con el concepto psicoanalítico de “complejo de Edipo”, una vez que: a) existe el reconocimiento científico de que la homosexualidad per se no es una patología, lo que puede ser observado en manuales diagnósticos como el DSM y el CID; b) la instrucción normativa del Consejo Federal de Psicología orienta a los psicólogos y a las psicólogas a no actuar de forma a “curar” y/o a estigmatizar la homosexualidad; c) existen críticas paradoxales (tanto positivas como negativas) a los textos freudianos con relación a la homosexualidad; d) se encuentra la difusión en la cultura de un abordaje no académico que entiende la homosexualidad como falla en el proceso de Edipo; e) investigación anterior señala para el hecho de que sujetos que pasaron por la clínica psicológica indican que la homosexualidad fue vista por el terapeuta o por la terapeuta como algo que desvía del desarrollo normal; f) el proceso definido como psicoanalismo por Robert Castel, de una forma general, señala para el modo por el cual el psicoanálisis se institucionalizó y produjo efectos en lo social, posibilitando pensar que lo que se publicó en términos de teoría y clínica psicoanalítica influenció a la sociedad contemporánea occidental. Cuanto a la perspectiva metodológica, la investigación fue desarrollada a partir de una orientación arquegenealógica, utilizando la producción teórica de Michel Foucault como forma de reflexionar sobre las condiciones de posibilidad de surgimiento de un determinado discurso psicoanalítico. Por lo tanto, se buscó comprender los juegos de verdad que atraviesan ese discurso, problematizando conceptos y sentidos naturalizados. Se utilizó como corpus de investigación los artículos publicados por la Revista Brasileña de Psicoanálisis en el período de 1980 a 2010. Se evidenció que los enunciados de la familia tradicional, de la universalidad del complejo de Edipo, de la amenaza del anti-Edipo y de la raíz filogenética forman parte de la red discursiva del psicoanálisis tradicional. Esta, por su vez, puede ser pensada como estructurada por las mismas bases del discurso del cristianismo, destacándose los enunciados de la culpa y de la fatalidad. Se resalta en ese contexto el enunciado de homosexualidad remitiendo a una connotación de anomalía dentro del discurso psicoanalítico. Se infiere que la homosexualidad, si inserida en el constructo teórico analizado como equivalente a la heterosexualidad, afectaría la red discursiva del psicoanálisis tradicional, una vez que la misma es producto y reitera el dispositivo de la sexualidad, que afirma la heterosexualidad como norma.

Cette recherche s’engage à comprendre la question des orientations sexuelles, en essayant de répondre aux questions soulevées par les comportements des sujets qui souffrent à cause de leur orientation homo/hétérosexuelle ou d’autres préférences. Cette étude propose d'abord des questions et méthodologies avec l’objectif de faire une recherche crédible sur la transmission intergénérationnelle et les orientations sexuelles. Elle s'adresse d'abord aux homo/hétérosexuels eux-mêmes, hommes et femmes, qu'ils soient sortis ou non de leur souffrance, qu'ils vivent seuls ou en couple. Elle doit leur permettre de mieux saisir les spécificités de ce qu’ils ont introjecté tout au long de leur cycle de vie pour conquérir leur identité sexuelle/orientation sexuelle et, surtout, débusquer l'homophobie sous toutes ses formes, y compris celle qu'ils portent souvent en eux-mêmes. Mais elle s'adresse aussi, de manière générale, à tous ceux qui ne sont pas satisfaits des clichés et des préjugés habituels identificatoires/orientations sexuelles différents de la civilisation hétérosexualiste. Il s’agit de faire connaissances des causes psychosociales et cliniques pour pouvoir intervenir dans le domaine de la santé. En tant que cliniciens, nous présentons une recherche qui exploite les causes qui déterminent des comportements sexuels chez les humains, surtout les formes de développement psychosexuel versus activité sexuelle. / The purpose of this research is to understand the issue of the sexual orientations, trying to answer the questions raised by the behavior of those who suffer with their homosexuality or other sexual orientation. This study firstly suggests questions and methodologies aiming to do a credible research about the attachment and sexual orientations. This research is firstly addressed to the homo/heterosexuals themselves, men and women, who have assumed themselves or not, whether they live alone or as a couple. It must allow them to better understand the details of their sexual orientation and, above all, to scrutinize the homophobia in all its ways, taking in account that one which most of the time they have in themselves, without knowing. However it’s also addressed, in a general way, to those who are not pleased with the usual clichés and prejudices of the different sexual orientations of the heterosexual society. The question is to know the clinical and psychosocial causes in order to be able to intervene in the health domain. As doctors, we present a research that explores the causes, which determine the homo/heterosexual behaviors between humans, especially the patterns of psychosexual development versus sexual activity.

Sexual practices in prisons the world over are almost the same. Men incarcerated for many years in limited space with other men without the opportunity for normal heterosexual sexual outlet end up practicing homosexual sex. South African prisons are not an exception. In this dissertation I tackled a number of issues from a Christian Ethics perspective, with a slant from the Evangelical wing of Christianity as this is my background. The few issues I investigated from a South African prison system are the following. Firstly the issue of homosexuality was looked at from an Evangelical perspective. The conclusion was that the practice of homosexuality is a sin just like any other sexual deviation from the God ordained sex within marriage. Secondly empirical research was done to verify homosexual sex in prisons in South Africa. The results of this research confirmed that homosexual sex acts are a daily occurrence in our prisons. The results also showed that the aspect of indecent assault, forced or coerced homosexual sex acts now classified as “male rape,” was rife in prisons. Other factors related to this matter were that prison gangs and Correctional members’ complicity aggravated this issue of “male rape”. Thirdly we looked at the policy of “no sex in prison” as set out by the Department of Correctional Services. A number of discrepancies were uncovered. Firstly, there is unfair discrimination in the treatment of heterosexuals and homosexuals in prisons. Whereas heterosexuals are legally barred from having sex with their spouses while in prison, homosexuals are having sex in prison with their partners. Although the DOCS insists on the policy of no sex in prison, they appear to be condoning it in that they provide free condoms to inmates. In accordance with the stipulation of the Bill of Rights regarding unfair discrimination, the DOCS should treat inmates equally. To make matters worse, the South African Government has sanctioned same sex unions but failed to put in place effective control measures in correctional service centres to ensure that the policy of no sex in prison is not undermined. The DOCS should look at either allowing heterosexuals to have conjugal visits or ensure that homosexuals are not put together in the same cell, so as to adhere to this policy. Fourthly the issue punishment and rehabilitation was also investigated. This was done from a Christian ethical perspective. The Department of Correctional Services says that their objective is not to punishment but to rehabilitate. The discussion showed that putting convicted criminals in prison was a punishment on its own. It was further discussed that punishment is biblical, and that whilst punishment should be left to God, He in turn has put governments on earth as His servants to mete out punishment to those who deserve it. It was also discussed that rehabilitation does not happen automatically, that it needs a buy in by the individual concerned as seen from the examples of individuals cited in the thesis. Lastly, the causes of such sexual behaviour in prison were investigated. Corrupt officials, overcrowding and inadequate food supply, among others, are matters to be rectified in dealing with this problem. Alternatives to jail sentences for minor offences are also strongly suggested so as to alleviate the problem of overcrowding. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Dogmatics and Christian Ethics / unrestricted

I följande studie har olika sexuella identiteters skildring och inkludering analyserats i tre av RFSU:s reklamfilmer, men med ett specifikt fokus på homosexualitet. RFSU, Riksförbundet för sexuell upplysning, är en etablerad svensk riksorganisation som arbetar med sexual upplysning, preventivmedel, aborträtt, frågor gällande sexualitet och rättigheter. Det framgår att reklamkampanjernas primära fokus är att få fler att använda och prata om kondomer, men också att köpa deras kondomer. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur framställningen och inkluderandet av homosexualitet har sett ut i reklamfilmerna i förhållande till heteronormativa strukturer. Studien behandlar dessutom likheter och skillnader reklamfilmerna emellan. Analysen och resultatredovisningen har genomförts med hjälp av ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv och en semiotisk metod, och dess redskap; denotation, konnotation och myt. Studiens resultat visar att RFSU reproducerar heteronormativa strukturer, även om graden av heteronormativitet varierar i de olika reklamfilmerna. / This bachelor thesis contains a study of how people who identify as homosexual, but also to some degree; people who identify as heterosexual, is portrayed in three commercials from RFSU, Swedish Association for Sexuality Education. RFSU is an established Swedish national organization working with questions regarding sexual education, contraceptives, abortion, sexuality, and human rights. The purpose of these three commercials is to encourage the usage of condoms and to deliver the importance of it but the intention is also to get people to buy their condoms. The purpose of this study is to examine how the representation and inclusion of homosexual people are portrayed in the selected commercials. The study also deals with similarities and differences between the commercials. A queer perspective and a semiotic method and its tools denotation, connotation, and myth are implemented in the analysis. The study shows that RFSU reproduce heteronormative structures, even though the extent of heteronormativity variegates and has altered in the three different commercials.