Jordan is one of the countries in the Middle East where “honour culture” is a part of the Jordanian society. “Honour culture” is often accused of leading to honour killings. While there are several studies on honour and femininity in the Middle East, there are less research done on masculinity and young men in the region. Women are often the victims and researchers tend to have the focus on them, but what about the young men who grow up in the Jordanian society? This study was conducted in Amman, Jordan, to explore how young men live and define honour. During the months of October, November, and December 2021, 12 Jordanian and Palestinian men living in Amman were interviewed, whereas most of them grew up outside the capital. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and observations. As a result of phenomenological analysis of the material, common themes and meanings were identified. There are two different types of honour within the Jordanian society according to my findings: Sharaf and ́ird. Sharaf is what the participants define as their manhood because it makes you a righteous man and a better person. ́ird is what the participants associate with the Jordanian society ́s view on honour and is being described as a conservative and traditional way of thinking. ́ird is what the participants are taking distance from in the interviews, but it is discussed how accurate this is. In the patriarchal Jordanian society, it seems to be sharp gender-roles where each gender has different obligations and expectations, which is created by the society and taught trough life trajectories. As honour is a controversial and sensitive topic, this study provides a nuanced and understanding of gender roles, family structures, and masculinity behind the tradition, as well as the feelings and opinions of those involved.

<p>The longstanding relationship between honour and violence has obvious martial and chivalric overtones. The prevalence of the duel in early modern England points to the developing performativity and growing symbolic meaning of violence during the period, a codified violence that relied heavily on hierarchical guidelines. The duel helped to stabilize social notions of rank and masculinity, and became a means of culturally validating masculinity and reifying honour codes. This thesis frames a study of violence and its relationship to honour and masculine identity through analysis of dramatized scenes involving masculine honour in three of Shakespeare’s plays – <em>Twelfth Night</em>, <em>Henry V</em>, and <em>Hamlet</em> – with a concurrent investigation of contemporary policies and essays on civility and honour. I examine instances of public violence that directly relate to private or personal concepts of honour, as well as the ways in which honour is conceived of and transmitted both linearly, through generations, and horizontally through discourses of national or social honour to one’s duty. This study contributes to a sense of honour as a dynamic and omnipresent discourse in the early modern era, one that structured and dictated the lives of the Elizabethan aristocracy.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

Denna studie undersöker hur Statens institutionsstyrelse (SiS) arbetar med flickor som lever under hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Fokus ligger på behandlingspersonalens roll och deras kompetensutveckling samt hur regeringens satsningar på ökad förståelse och utbildning påverkar flickornas tillvaro på institutionen. Genom att analysera SiS insatser och strategier syftar studien till att identifiera tillsatta åtgärder för att förbättra välbefinnandet och säkerheten för dessa unga flickor. För att svara på frågeställningarna användes en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserades med tematisk analys. Totalt intervjuades åtta personer med olika roller inom en institution som tar emot skolpliktiga flickor mellan 12–16 år. De teoretiska begreppen gräsrotsbyråkrati och totala institutioner tillämpades vid analysen av det insamlade materialet. Resultaten visar att det finns utbildningsmöjligheter, men dessa är varken obligatoriska eller tillgängliga för alla. Behandlingspersonalen upplever en brist på kompetens i relation till hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck, samtidigt som de uttrycker en vilja att utveckla sin kunskap. Studien visar även att institutionen genomför sitt säkerhetsarbete genom regelbundna riskbedömningar och individuella säkerhetsplaner anpassade efter varje flickas unika situation. Resultaten lyfter utmaningar i arbetet som inkluderar att förhindra kontakt mellan flickorna och obehöriga genom falska identiteter, samtidigt som personalen möter dilemman där flickorna lyfter önskemål om kontakt till obehörig. Studien visar också att institutionen fokuserar på att erbjuda adekvat vård och stöd anpassat efter flickornas individuella behov, men personalens varierande utbildningsnivåer och brist på specifik utbildning utgör en utmaning. / This thesis investigates how the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (SiS) handles girls who live under honor-related violence and oppression. The focus is on the role of the treatment staff and their competence development, as well as how government initiatives for increased understanding and education affect the girls' situation at the institution. By analyzing SiS's efforts and strategies, the study aims to identify measures to improve the well-being and safety of these young girls. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used to answer the research questions, and the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. A total of eight individuals with different roles within an institution, which accommodates school-aged girls between 12-16 years old, were interviewed. The theoretical concepts of street-level bureaucracy and total institutions were applied in the analysis of the collected material. The results show that there are educational opportunities, but these are neither mandatory nor accessible to everyone. The treatment staff experience a lack of competence in relation to honor-related violence and oppression, while also expressing a desire to develop their knowledge. The study also reveals that the institution conducts its safety work through regular risk assessments and individual safety plans tailored to each girl's unique situation. The results highlight challenges in the work, including preventing contact between the girls and unauthorized persons through false identities, while staff face dilemmas when the girls express desires for contact with unauthorized individuals. The study also shows that the institution focuses on providing adequate care and support tailored to the girls' individual needs, but the varying levels of education among the staff and the lack of specific training pose a challenge.

Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck utgör ett allvarligt samhällsproblem som kräver brådskande åtgärder, och socialtjänsten har en central roll i detta arbete. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur socialtjänsten arbetar med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck i Sverige, med fokus på uppfattningar och tillvägagångssätt. Studien syftade även till att identifiera behov av förändringar i det aktuella arbetet. Ur detta avseende ansågs en kvalitativ studie med fenomenologisk-hermeneutisk ansats och ett deduktivt synsätt lämpligast, varpå semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialtjänstarbetare genomfördes. En analys utfördes utifrån ett intersektionellt teoretiskt ramverk för att ge en djupare förståelse för våldet. Resultaten belyser det kollektiva inslaget i våldet, där flera förövare bidrar till komplexiteten och utmaningarna för socialtjänsten. Förebyggande åtgärder och integration identifierades som nödvändiga inslag i arbetet mot hedersrelaterat våld. Det finns komplexa faktorer att ta hänsyn till, men om det får fortgå riskerar många kvinnor att fortsätta leva under förtryck. / Honour-related violence and oppression constitute a serious societal issue requiring urgent action, with social services playing a central role in this endeavor. The purpose of this study was to investigate how social services work with honour-related violence and oppression in Sweden, focusing on perceptions and approaches. The study also aimed to identify needs for changes in current practices. A qualitative study with a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach and a deductive perspective was deemed most appropriate, leading to semi-structured interviews with social workers. An analysis was conducted from an intersectional theoretical framework to provide a deeper understanding of the violence. The results highlight the collective nature of the violence, where multiple perpetrators contribute to the complexity and challenges for social services. Preventive measures and integration were identified as necessary components in combating honour-related violence. There are complex factors to consider, but if left unchecked, many women risks continuing to live under oppression.

The subject and scope of this dissertation is Paul’s use of honour and shame language in 1 Cor 1–6. The methodology applied is a modified socio-rhetorical criticism as developed by George A. Kennedy. Two interrelated aspects of first century Corinthian culture will also be examined in connection with Paul’s rhetoric in 1 Cor 1–6; that of the patron-client relationship and the role of honour and shame in that relationship and in the larger society. It will be argued that Paul’s rhetorical argument in 1 Cor 1–6 is heavily based upon the social values of honour and shame. This study will examine 1 Cor 1–6 in three sections. The first section to be examined will be that of 1:1–2:5. Paul begins this section by presenting Jesus as the super-patron who is over and above all the members of the congregation. This presentation of Jesus rebukes the patronal based factionalism and it also elevates Paul to the unique status as that of apostle and proclaimer Jesus. The second section to be examined will be 1 Cor 4. In this section Paul continues to reduce the status of the patrons as he elevates his own status. By the end of this section Paul seeks to re-establish himself not only as the apostle and proclaimer of Jesus, but also as the Corinthians’ father through the gospel. The third section to be examined will be 1 Cor 5–6. In this section it will be argued that Paul addresses three issues in connection with patronal abuse; that of the incestuous man in 1 Cor 5, the abuse of the law courts in 6:1–10, and immoral banquets in 6:11–20. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Studies)

What topics are discussed within the female genital mutilation debate? And who gets to speak out? Are there any prominent patterns able to detect? This thesis tries to elaborate these thoughts examining the journalistic coverage of FGM in Swedish newspapers during the year of 2016. A content analysis of all published newspapers during the year of interest sets the empirical basis, and is supported by interviews with journalists covering the issue. The dissertation holds a constructionist approach meaning that the perception of reality is constructed, and thereof differs. This approach also clarifies that there is no constant truth, but several. Findings within the empirical data are mainly discussed connected to feminist theory as well as the concept of agenda-setting, eventually involving discussions about human rights issue as a value for journalism. What is clear here is that women are overrepresented within the debate, and are depicted as strong individuals, are seldom victimized or depicted in stereotyped gender roles as opposed by scholars. Meanwhile, participating journalists are somewhat semi-aware about their own portrayals since they opine that they are focusing on representing female characters in their articles. This might indicate that the FGM debate is unilaterally represented in some ways. The result also shows a clear pattern in representing FGM in media as a global issue treating the prevalence of FGM around the world, even when a domestic perspective is used. The issue of interest is also perceived as a procedure aiming to control women and/or their sexuality in a quite vast extent, scholarly as well as empirically

Wegen der hohen Diversität der Straftäterpopulation sind interkulturelle Aspekte auch bei der Kriminalprognose von großer Bedeutung. Allerdings werden diese Aspekte bisher weder in umfassenden Kriminaltheorien noch bei kriminalprognostischen Methoden explizit berücksichtigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte anhand von vier Studien interkulturelle Aspekte der Kriminalprognose am Beispiel von Männern mit türkischem oder arabischem Migrationshintergrund (MH). Die kulturvergleichende, retrospektive Studie 1 zeigte, dass sich Täter ohne und mit türkischem oder arabischem MH hinsichtlich der Ausprägungen gängiger Risikofaktoren unterscheiden. Diese erwiesen sich für Täter ohne MH als valide, was jedoch nur mit Einschränkung für Täter mit türkischem MH galt. Bei Tätern mit arabischem MH war fast keiner der Risikofaktoren ein valider Prädiktor. Um etwaige Besonderheiten bei Personen mit türkischem oder arabischem MH zu ergründen, wurden in Studie 2.1 und Studie 2.2 forensische Experten befragt. Diese hielten migrations- und kulturbedingte Aspekte für genauso wichtig für die Erklärung von Delinquenz bei Personen mit türkischem oder arabischem MH wie gängige Risikofaktoren. Aus den subjektiven Relevanzbewertungen wurde ein Erklärungsansatz extrahiert, der neben gängigen Risikofaktoren auch migrations- und kultursensible Aspekte umfasst. Diese migrations- und kultursensiblen Faktoren wurden in Studie 3 validiert. Robuste Zusammenhänge mit Delinquenz fanden sich für folgende Faktoren: Einstellungen, die Gewalt befürworten bzw. gegen die Werte der Aufnahmegesellschaft gerichtet sind, ein globales Diskriminierungserleben und die soziale Unterstützung. Die Befunde unterstreichen zum einen die Notwendigkeit, interkulturelle Aspekte in Zukunft bei der Kriminalprognose zu berücksichtigen. Zum anderen sind die Theoriebildung und die empirischen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit ein wichtiger Schritt hin zu einer kultursensiblen Kriminalprognose. / Due to the high diversity of offender population, intercultural aspects are very important for risk assessment. However, intercultural aspects are hardly addressed explicitly, neither in comprehensive crime theories nor in methods of risk assessment. Aiming to bridge this gap the current research project analysed intercultural aspects of risk assessment via four different studies taking men with a Turkish or Arab migration background (MB) as an example. The cross-cultural retrospective study 1 showed that offenders without a MB differ from offenders with a Turkish or Arab MB regarding the manifestation of well-known risk factors. Moreover, these risk factors proofed to be valid for offenders without a MB. For offenders with a Turkish MB, the validity was restricted. Critically, among offenders with an Arab MB nearly no risk factor was a valid predictor. To fathom potential particularities among people with a Turkish or Arab MB, forensic experts were surveyed in study 2.1. and 2.2. When explaining delinquency among people from Turkey or Arab countries, experts rated factors sensitive to migration and culture as relevant as common risk factors. Grounding on these individual ratings, a comprehensive theory was constructed which comprises common risk factors as well as risk factors sensitive to migration and culture. These culture and migration sensitive factors were validated in study 3. Robust correlations with delinquency were found for the following factors: attitudes approving violence or being directed against values of the host society, perceived global discrimination, and social support. On the one hand, the findings underline the necessity to take intercultural aspects into account in risk assessment. On the other hand, the theory construction and the empirical results of the current project already make an important step towards a culture-sensitive risk assessment.

<p>The purpose of this paper was to describe how a phenomenon is constructed into being a social problem, by studying articles on honour killing in the Swedish daily press and in the technical journal Socionomen. The main questions were: can different discourses on honour killing be identified, and if so, have they changed over time, and are there differences between the discourses identified in the daily press and in Socionomen? The method used was a qualitative analysis of discourse influenced by Faircloughs Critical Discourse Analysis. The main conclusion was that honour killing has been textually constructed as a social problem in the studied media. There was one main discourse which clearly pointed out groups as bearers and victims of the social problem. This discourse has provided causality to society by indicating culture, religion and ethnicity as the reasons for the honour killing. Adding to this, our interpretation is that there was only a slight difference between how the social problem had been textually constructed in the Swedish daily press and in Socionomen, and that honour killing has been textually constructed as a social problem almost without contribution from social workers.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to investigate how mothers in families with strong patriarchal traditions</p><p>see their role as a mother and as a woman. The study is built upon two main questions: What are</p><p>the expectations of your family and your immediate environment on you as a mother and as a</p><p>woman? And what does “honour” mean for you as a mother and as a woman? In our paper we</p><p>had as a starting point a gender perspective that was further on applied in defining our research</p><p>question. We are also giving an account of the phenomenological perspective that we also had as</p><p>a basis of our work. We interviewed six mothers living in families with strong patriarchal</p><p>traditions. There were half-structured interviews according to an interview guide, with half open</p><p>questions. We followed the qualitative method. The results show that “honour” is a basic norm</p><p>for the mothers, that they have difficulties to even imagine living a life without honour. For all of</p><p>our informants, honour means not to have sexual relationships with several men, and to keep a</p><p>woman’s virginity until she gets married. Avoiding bad rumours that may lead to shame is an</p><p>important part of the mothers’ lives. As women, the mothers are forced to take into consideration</p><p>their husbands’ and older family members’ opinions. It is the mothers’ duty to educate their</p><p>children to behave in “the right” way. According to our informants, a mother should be caring</p><p>and in charge of the household work.</p>

<p>Under åren 1977–89 bedrev arkeologiska institutionen vid Umeå universitet en forskningsundersökning av en boplats från äldre järnålder på Genesmon i Själevad socken, norra Ångermanland. Under åren 1991–99 rekonstruerades delar av gården i Gene fornby, ett hundratal meter därifrån. Denna avhandling behandlar uppbyggnad och inredning av ett av gårdens långhus, hus II, samt den treskeppiga byggnadstypens konstruktion och funktion i en större kontext. Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva växelverkan mellan teori och praktik i rekonstruktion, att beskriva rekonstruktionsarbete som en föränderlig förklarings- och förståelseprocess samt att undersöka om rekonstruktion kan bidra till ökad förståelse av arkeologiska huslämningar. Efter nära 5000 års dominans i södra och mellersta Skandinavien upphör långhusen att vara det allmänna byggnadsskicket i slutet av yngre järnålder. Varför detta sker blev en viktig fråga för förståelsen av byggnadstypen.</p><p>En hermeneutisk modell används för att beskriva hur tolkningarna under rekonstruktionsarbetet kom att inverka på varandra i en serie av samverkande eller motverkande förklaringar till den arkeologiska lämningen. Utifrån arkeologiska och skriftliga källor beskrivs därefter indelning och inredning av långhuset i sju rumsfunktioner som kan benämnas bur, önd, skåle, fjös, stall, lada och eldhus. Eldens roll, hedersplatsens placering och byggnadstypens förändring i Island blev viktiga delar för att förstå byggnadens ideologiska betydelse. Genom flera experiment med uppvärmning har lösningar sökts på problem med en rökig bostadsmiljö. Erfarenheterna leder slutligen fram till ett förslag på lösning som också illustrerar hur påtagligt förebilden kom att styra tolkningsarbetet.</p><p>Rekonstruktionsarbetet ledde till resultat av olika karaktär: dels erfarenheter om konstruktion, funktion samt material - och tidsåtgång för uppförande av den specifika huslämningen hus II och dels nya generella frågor och ny kunskap som ökar förståelsen kring den treskeppiga byggnadstypen. Långsträckt form, takbärande stolpar, mitthärd och relation till kult och ideologi föreslås som karaktäristiska element för byggnadstypen över tid och rum och byggnadens relation till ideologi föreslås som en av förklaringarna till varför långhusen försvinner i samband med kristnandet. När övergången till ett nytt byggnadsskick med ramverkshus sker under vikingatidens slutskede diskuteras den politiska och kyrkliga makten som styrande till dessa genomgripande förändringar.</p> / <p>During the years of 1977-89 the Department of Archaeology at Umeå University conducted a scientific investigation of an Early Iron Age settlement at Genesmon in the parish of Själevad, northern Ångermanland. Subsequently, during the years 1991-99 parts of the farm were reconstructed at Gene Fornby, a couple of hundred meters away from the site. This thesis deals with the construction and furnishing of one of the farm’s longhouses (House II), and the wider context of the construction and function of the “three-aisled” building type. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the interaction between theory and practice in reconstruction, to describe the reconstruction process as a constantly changing process of explanation and understanding, and to investigate as to whether reconstructions can contribute to an increased understanding of archaeological house remains. At the end of the Late Iron Age, after nearly 5000 years of dominance in Southern and Central Scandinavia, the longhouse ceases to be the dominant form of construction. Understanding why this happened became an important problem in this work. </p><p>During the reconstruction work, different interpretations influenced one another in a series of positive and negative feedbacks into the explanations of the archaeological remains. A hermeneutic model is used to describe this phenomenon. From archaeological and written sources, division and furnishing of the long-houses can be described in terms of seven room functions. These can be classified as storage bur, porch önd, living room skåle, byre fjös, stable stall, barn lada and rough kitchen eldhus. In order to understand the ideological meaning of the buildings the role of the fire, the placement of the seat of honour and the change in the type of building in Iceland became important parts of this study. Numerous heating experiments have been undertaken in order to try to solve the problem of excessive smoke within the building. The experiments finally led to a possible solution that also serves to illustrate just how the model itself came to influence the process of interpretation.</p><p>The reconstruction work led to results of different character: partly data on construction, function and materials – and the time frame for the construction of House II from its archaeological remains; and partly knowledge and new theories which increase our understanding of the three-aisled building form. The elongated form, roof supporting poles, central hearth and a close association with ritual and ideology are suggested as characteristic elements for this type of construction, throughout its chronological and spatial extent. The relationship between the building and Norse ideologies is suggested as one of the explanations for the longhouse’s dissappearance with the introduction of Christianity. At the end of the Viking Age, there is a transition into a new framework based method of construction, and the political and ecclesiastical authorities are discussed as having governed these widespread changes.</p>