Syftet med denna studie var att sprida ljus över det svenska bemötandet av den så kallade ‘hederskulturen’. Studien gör detta genom att undersöka svenska myndigheter och svenska ideella verksamheter, med ett distinkt fokus på kvinnan, och tvångsäktenskap som en del av den tidigare nämnda hederskulturen. Tidigare forskning har visat att den svenska kulturen och hederskulturen är varandras motsatser. Forskningen har också påvisat komplexiteten av att existera inom hederskulturen, speciellt i Sverige, och hur detta kan påverka den enskilda individen (i detta fall kvinnan) på olika sätt. Vad tidigare forskning inte har visat är på vilket sätt Sverige hanterar den problematiska hederskulturen och denna studie ämnade då att fylla den kunskapsluckan. För att undersöka hur myndigheter och ideella verksamheter bemöter hederskulturen ställdes följande forskningsfrågor; hur ser svenska myndigheter och ideella organisationer på den svenska hedersutsatta kvinnan när det gäller tvångsäktenskap? Vad är kvinnans ställning inom den svenska kulturen och vad är hennes ställning inom hederskulturen? Hur sker det praktiska bemötandet av hederskulturen? För att besvara forskningsfrågorna genomfördes sex semistrukturerade intervjuer baserade på ett målinriktat urval. Genom att använda den ‘mångkulturella triaden’ och ‘individ- och gruppcentrerat tankesätt’ som ett teoretiskt ramverk visade det sig att den individuella kvinnan är en del av två kollektiv; hederskulturen och den svenska kulturen, som i sin tur kan leda till en inre och yttre konflikt. Därtill visade det sig att även fast Sverige är ett individualistiskt land, så arbetar myndigheter ibland med ett gruppcentrerat tankesätt. Resultatet visade att bemötandet av hederskulturen skiljer sig från ideell organisation till organisation, men även mellan de ideella verksamheterna och myndigheter och drar slutsatsen att ett holistiskt och systematiskt bemötande är nödvändigt. / The purpose of this qualitative study was to highlight the Swedish treatment of the so-called ‘honour culture’. It does so by examining Swedish authorities and Swedish non-profit organisa­tions, with a distinct focus on the woman and on forced marriage as part of said honour culture. Previous research has shown that Swedish culture and honour culture are opposites. It has also shown that the complexity of existing within the honour culture, especially in Sweden, and how it can affect the individual woman in different ways. It has however not shown the distinct way Sweden deals with the problematic honour culture itself. To investigate how authorities and non-profit organisations deal with honour culture the following research questions were asked; how does Swedish authorities and non-profit organisations view the Swedish woman, affected by honour culture, in regards of forced marriage? What are the women’s standing within honour culture and what is their standing within the Swedish culture? How does Swedish authorities and non-profit organisations deal with honour culture? To answer the research questions six semi structured interviews were performed based on a strategic selection process. Using ‘the multicultural triad’ and ‘individual and group-centred mindset’ as theoretical framework it is shown that the individual woman in this case is a part of two collectives; the honour culture and the Swedish culture which can result in conflict. It is further shown that though Sweden is an individualistic country its governmental treatment is sometimes group centred. The results show that the treatment of honour culture differ from organisation to organisation, but also between organisations and authorities and concludes that a holistic and systematic treatment is needed.

Conservative international thought in Victorian Britain is a prominent landmark in the landscape of international thought which has up to now gone unmapped. In illuminating this body of thought, the thesis addresses weaknesses present in three different historiographies. As the first detailed study of conservative international thought in Victorian Britain, the thesis rectifies a marked bias in Victorian intellectual history towards the study of liberal and radical thought. Furthermore, by analysing the political thought of major representatives of the conservative educated classes, this thesis provides context for the history of conservative high politics, thereby leading us to view these in a different light. Finally, this study, by providing a historically nuanced account of the evolution of major themes of international relations theory in mid-Victorian Britain, functions as a corrective to the self-history of the academic field of International Relations. The thesis makes its argument by analysing conservative contributions in periodicals, pamphlets, and newspapers to British public debates on international affairs, from the Crimean War (1854-56) until the Eastern Question crisis of 1876-80. The general claim of this thesis is that there existed a distinctly conservative perspective on the international sphere. The core elements of this conservative perspective were the primacy of statesmen in setting foreign policy; of interests, military force, and stature in determining the course of international politics; and of order and equilibrium as its normative content. Conservative authors used this constellation of ideas in the major debates of the mid-Victorian era on international affairs, both as a means to make sense of events, and as a counterpoint to liberal narratives - with which Victorian international thought is all too often identified. In recovering the international political thought of Victorian conservatives, this thesis illuminates an important but neglected aspect of how international relations were understood and conceptualised in mid-Victorian Britain.

À partir de sources inédites et exceptionnelles, à savoir les dossiers de procédure de plus de quatre cents affaires jugées aux Assises par le président Vincent de Caraffa (fonds privé conservé aux Archives de Bastia), nous proposons d’étudier la criminalité corse au second XIXe siècle, dans l’interaction des pratiques et de leur appréciation. La réalité insulaire fait état d’un impressionnant niveau de criminalité et montre que les violences reposent souvent (mais pas systématiquement) sur l’honneur. Les contemporains ne sont pas indifférents face à l’ampleur excessive et à la nature particulière des homicides, qu’il s’agisse des vendettas ou du banditisme, en Corse. Leurs discours, ceux des autorités comme ceux des simples citoyens, ceux des continentaux comme ceux des insulaires, sont loin d’être uniformes, mais tous concourent à la construction d’un « cas corse » à la fin du XIXe siècle. Or, l’idée d’une singularité absolue des pratiques criminelles du département peut pourtant être fortement relativisée, au regard de l’existence d’autres espaces violents et d’autres sociétés à honneur en France et en Méditerranée. S’il n’est donc pas véritablement attesté par les faits, le « cas corse » n’en existe pas moins, puisqu’il est présent dans les imaginaires du temps. / Using hitherto unseen and exceptional sources, namely the files from procedures of more than four hundred cases that were judged in a criminal Court by Judge Vincent de Caraffa (private collection in Bastia archives), we shall endeavour to study Corsican criminality in the second 19th century, in the interplay of its practices and their perception. The island reality demonstrates an impressive crime rate and shows that violence often – but not consistently – lies on honour. Corsican and French people in the 19th century could not be indifferent to the excessive scope and the particular nature of homicides – such as vendettas and banditry – in Corsica. Their speeches, those of the authorities as those of ordinary citizens, continentals or islanders, are far from being identical but they all contribute to the construction of a « Corsican case » at the end of the 19th century. Yet, the idea of an absolute singularity of criminal practices in Corsica may strongly be qualified as regards the existence of other more violent areas and other honor societies in France and in the Mediteranean Basin. If it is not truly proved by facts, the « Corsican case » nonetheless remains true, since it has been present in collective minds for a long time.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>With the murder of Fadime in 2002 honor killings and honour related oppression became a subject of wide public debate. The question was raised whether the Swedish social services had the knowledge and the resources necessary to face the issue with honor related oppression.</p><p>This study is about the views on honor related oppression among oppressed women and professional social workers and aims to explore the relationship between social worker and client in an honor related context. Does the risk of culture clashes pose a problem in dealing with the Swedish authorities and do Swedish social workers have the necessary tools to help the, often young, oppressed women that seek their aid? This is a qualitative study based on five individual interviews: Two former victims of honour related oppression, two professional social workers and one relative of a young girl who was the victim of an honor killing.</p><p>Observations:</p><ul><li>The social workers found that they had adequate resources at hand but that awareness among employees in the social services needed to be improved.</li><li>The clients felt that the help they’ve received from the social services was helpful but that more information to the public about available resources was necessary along with a better understanding of the differences between their own culture and that of the Swedish society. </li><li>The clients expressed that the realization that they were being oppressed didn’t come overnight. Living under strict moral guidelines meant that you simply had to adapt in order to stay in the family. Strong family ties also made the separation harder even if it came out of necessity.</li></ul><p><em> </em></p><p> </p><p><em> </em></p>

<p>This dissertation discusses how reputation, virginity and honour are made topical in the stories of the lives of Arab and Kurdish women and connected with understandings of culture and religion. The dissertation is composed of five articles, which contain the principal analysis, and five chapters that discuss the project as a whole; the development of the main topics, and choices concerning methodological, ethical and theoretical approaches. </p><p>The empirical material of the dissertation consists of interviews with ten Arab and Kurdish women in Sweden, and seven legal cases of honor related violence. The interview material is analysed as a whole – focusing on the importance of reputation in women’s creation of identity, and how this may be related to cultural conceptions of divided femininity (virgin-whore) and honour (article 4). I also conduct an in-depth analysis of one interview, where meaning is created through a story, in which liberty is contrasted with constraint (article 3). In the analysis of the legal cases, I discuss the arguments of verdicts concerning honour related violence, and criticise the courts’ understanding of crimes as demarcated acts (articles 1 & 5). I also analyse the (violent) stories of the actual lives of women found in the legal cases in their contexts (articles 2 & 5).</p><p>Throughout the dissertation, I aim at a constructivist attempt that sees culture and gender as creative frames of interpretation. This attempt is connected with a hermeneutic perspective, which sees a statement or an act as comprehensible only when interpreted in its context (e.g. in a cultural context of honour). It is also connected with a feminist understanding of men’s violence against women, which relates the meaning of an act of violence to culturally accepted forms of control and cultural conceptions of gender.</p><p>In the analysis of the empirical material, I show how culture is created as contrast in the lives of women. ’Arab/Kurdish’ and ’Swedish’ appear as exclusive categories, and are connected with cultural conceptions of divided femininity and honour. Within these categories, a woman is either a virgin or a whore, and a woman that has been branded as a whore will be stained forever. Men’s honour will not be restored until she is extinguished. When these cultural conceptions are used in the life of a woman who lives with these highly normative demands, they may be crucial and signify experiences of violence. A woman with bad reputation may be defined as a ”Swedish whore” be her male relatives, contrasted with being an ”Arab/Kurdish virgin”. The honour of these men will not be restored until she is excluded from the family or dies: to be a virgin or a whore may be a life-and-death matter.</p>

This dissertation discusses how reputation, virginity and honour are made topical in the stories of the lives of Arab and Kurdish women and connected with understandings of culture and religion. The dissertation is composed of five articles, which contain the principal analysis, and five chapters that discuss the project as a whole; the development of the main topics, and choices concerning methodological, ethical and theoretical approaches. The empirical material of the dissertation consists of interviews with ten Arab and Kurdish women in Sweden, and seven legal cases of honor related violence. The interview material is analysed as a whole – focusing on the importance of reputation in women’s creation of identity, and how this may be related to cultural conceptions of divided femininity (virgin-whore) and honour (article 4). I also conduct an in-depth analysis of one interview, where meaning is created through a story, in which liberty is contrasted with constraint (article 3). In the analysis of the legal cases, I discuss the arguments of verdicts concerning honour related violence, and criticise the courts’ understanding of crimes as demarcated acts (articles 1 &amp; 5). I also analyse the (violent) stories of the actual lives of women found in the legal cases in their contexts (articles 2 &amp; 5). Throughout the dissertation, I aim at a constructivist attempt that sees culture and gender as creative frames of interpretation. This attempt is connected with a hermeneutic perspective, which sees a statement or an act as comprehensible only when interpreted in its context (e.g. in a cultural context of honour). It is also connected with a feminist understanding of men’s violence against women, which relates the meaning of an act of violence to culturally accepted forms of control and cultural conceptions of gender. In the analysis of the empirical material, I show how culture is created as contrast in the lives of women. ’Arab/Kurdish’ and ’Swedish’ appear as exclusive categories, and are connected with cultural conceptions of divided femininity and honour. Within these categories, a woman is either a virgin or a whore, and a woman that has been branded as a whore will be stained forever. Men’s honour will not be restored until she is extinguished. When these cultural conceptions are used in the life of a woman who lives with these highly normative demands, they may be crucial and signify experiences of violence. A woman with bad reputation may be defined as a ”Swedish whore” be her male relatives, contrasted with being an ”Arab/Kurdish virgin”. The honour of these men will not be restored until she is excluded from the family or dies: to be a virgin or a whore may be a life-and-death matter.

Abstract With the murder of Fadime in 2002 honor killings and honour related oppression became a subject of wide public debate. The question was raised whether the Swedish social services had the knowledge and the resources necessary to face the issue with honor related oppression. This study is about the views on honor related oppression among oppressed women and professional social workers and aims to explore the relationship between social worker and client in an honor related context. Does the risk of culture clashes pose a problem in dealing with the Swedish authorities and do Swedish social workers have the necessary tools to help the, often young, oppressed women that seek their aid? This is a qualitative study based on five individual interviews: Two former victims of honour related oppression, two professional social workers and one relative of a young girl who was the victim of an honor killing. Observations: The social workers found that they had adequate resources at hand but that awareness among employees in the social services needed to be improved. The clients felt that the help they’ve received from the social services was helpful but that more information to the public about available resources was necessary along with a better understanding of the differences between their own culture and that of the Swedish society. The clients expressed that the realization that they were being oppressed didn’t come overnight. Living under strict moral guidelines meant that you simply had to adapt in order to stay in the family. Strong family ties also made the separation harder even if it came out of necessity.

The purpose of this essay has been to study the different discourses that are expressed in social welfare secretaries’ assertions when they assess cases with elements of honour-related violence, intimidation and oppression. To do so I have used a discourse analysis theory and technique, based on three qualitative interviews with social welfare secretaries. The interviews were focused on vignettes, which were all fictitious cases with various elements of honour-related violence. One of the interviews was a focus groupinterview with four participants, while the other two interviews were individual. I have also used the theoretical perspective ”ideological dilemmas” in my analysis. The main conclusion is that there seems to be several discourses competing for space when the social welfare secretaries assess cases of this sort. On the one hand there is a strong ”family support discourse”, but on the other hand there is also a strong ”protection discourse” that are competing for space. Another conclusion is that there is a main dilemma that characterizes these cases, which arises when the victim declines protection from the social welfare. Then the social welfare secretaries need to make a choice whether or not to intervene against the victims’ will.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare förhåller sig till och resonerar om hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Begreppet hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är inte ett tydligt definierat begrepp vilket medför ett stort tolkningsutrymme för socialsekreterares möjligheter att konstruera företeelsen. Studien genomfördes för att se hur denna konstruktion tog sig uttryck hos enskilda socialsekreterare inom socialtjänsten i Sverige och om det påverkade beviljandet av insatser för klienterna. I studien har en kvalitativ metod använts för insamling av empiri och diskursanalys har använts för analysen. Med utgångspunkt i socialkonstruktivismen visade resultatet hur företeelsen hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck görs och konstrueras av socialsekreterare samt att det inte finns en "absolut" sanning om vad hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är. Analysen visade att det finns en dominerande diskurs där företeelsen framställs som kulturellt betingad, där det skapas en distans mellan ett ”vi” och ett ”dem”, mellan ”svenskar” och ”invandrare” och där betoning läggs vid individens kulturella tillhörighet. Den alternativa könsdiskurs som framträdde i vår analys av materialet beskrev hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck som ett uttryck för patrialkaliskt maktutövande som existerar oberoende av kultur. I könsdiskursen beskrevs företeelsen som vilket våld som helst mot kvinnor och barn, där exempelvis män inte anses kunna inneha rollen som offer utan endast som gärningsman. Nyckelord: hedersrelaterat våld, socialtjänst, socialkonstruktivism, diskursanalys, begreppsdefinition / The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers relate to and reason about honor-related violence and oppression. The notion of honor-related violence and oppression is not a fixed concept, and it causes a noticeable room to interpretation for social workers individual construction of the phenomenon. The study was designed to see how this construct was expressed by individual social workers in social services in Sweden and whether it affected the granting of effort for clients. The study has a qualitative method for collecting the empirical evidence which formed the study. Discourse analysis was used for the analys. The result gave us a picture that honor-related violence and oppression are made and designed individually by the social worker and that there is no "absolute" truth about what honor-related violence and oppression is. The analysis shows that there is a dominant discourse in which the phenomenon was produced as culturally conditioned, which creates a distance between an "us" and "them", between "Swedes" and "immigrants" and where the emphasis is placed on the individual's cultural identity. The alternative gender discourse that also appear in our results, describing the honor-related violence and oppression as an expression of patriarchal exercise of power which exists independently of the culture. The gender discourse described the phenomenon like any violence whatsoever against women and children, where for example men are not considered able to hold the role of victim but only as perpetrator. Keyword: honour-related violence, social service, social constructionism, discourse analysis, definition of terms

The aim of this study has been to highlight the situation for young men within the context of honour. The aim has also been to highlight the restrictions of young men within the context of honour, and how they rebel against those demands. The study was based on a qualitative research method and carried out in Sweden. The results have been analyzed using the hermeneutic perspective. The results showed that the situation for young men within the context of honour is often manifested by controlling their sisters and the expectation that the young men support their families in the future by marring a woman who has been approved by the collective. The young men are restricted because they are not free to dispose of their spare time themselves, cannot choose their future partner or socialize with people from other cultures. The young men can rebel against these restrictions by negotiating with those in authority within the family, by gaining support within or outside the context or by breaking away from it. The conclusion of the study was that by highlighting the situation for young men within the context of honour you gain understanding for the context as a whole.