A presente pesquisa propõe a análise das relações entre criadas e patroas, na cidade de São Paulo, entre as décadas de 1870 e 1920, a partir das diferenças étnicas, sociais e de gênero (re)produzpidas no espaço doméstico. Utilizando como principal corpo documental os manuais de prescrição de conduta (manuais de etiqueta, de economia doméstica, de puericultura e de higiene e saúde), o intuito é compreender a formação identitária a partir do uso de objetos e espaços, entendidos estes como indutores de comportamentos e hábitos corporais. / This work is an attempt to analyze the relations between servants and mistresses, in São Paulo, between the 1870s and 1920s, from ethnic, social and gender differences (re)produced in the household. Considering different kinds of manuals etiquette, housekeeping, childcare and hygiene and health we intend to understand how identities are connected with the use of objects and spaces in the house.

<p>This thesis contains four different studies on the dynamics of gender in households and workplaces. The relationship between family life and work life is in focus, particularly in the paper on labour market outcomes after divorce.</p><p>In the introductory chapter, the Swedish context is briefly described. The description focuses on gender differences in the labour market and in the home. Theories concerning the division of work in the household are discussed, as are two theories on labour market discrimination, viz. taste discrimination and statistical discrimination. The theory part is concluded with a discussion of social closure processes and gendered organizational structures.</p><p><i>The Reproduction of Gender. Housework and Attitudes Towards Gender Equality in the Home Among Swedish Boys and Girls.</i> The housework boys and girls age 10 to 18 do, and their attitudes towards gender equality in the home are studied. One aim is to see whether the work children do is gendered and if so, whether they follow their parents’, often gendered, pattern in housework. A second aim is to see whether parents’ division of work is related to the children’s attitude towards gender equality in the home. The data used are taken from the Swedish Child Level of Living Survey (Child-LNU) 2000. Results indicate that girls and boys in two-parent families are more prone to engage in gender-atypical work the more their parent of the same sex engages in this kind of work. The fact that girls still do more housework than boys indicates that housework is gendered work also among children. No relation between parents’ division of work and the child’s attitude towards gender equality in the home was found. </p><p><i>Dependence within Families and the Household Division of Labor – A Comparison between Sweden and the United States.</i> This paper assesses the relative explanatory value of the resource-bargaining perspective and the doing-gender approach in analysing the division of housework in the United States and Sweden from the mid-1970s to 2000. Data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) were used. Overall results indicate that housework is truly gendered work in both countries during the entire period. Even so, the results also indicate that gender deviance neutralization is more pronounced in the United States than in Sweden. Unlike Swedish women, American women seem to increase their time spent in housework when their husbands are to some extent economically dependent on them, as if to neutralize the presumed gender deviance.</p><p><i>Divorce and Labour Market Outcomes. Do Women Suffer or Gain?</i> In this paper, the interconnected nature of work and family is studied by looking at labour market outcomes after divorce. The data used are retrospective work and family histories collected in LNU 1991. A hazard regression model with competing risks reveals that women’s chances of improving their occupational prestige appear to be better after divorce compared to before. Increased working hours and perhaps also increased energy invested in the job may pay off in better occupational opportunities. Worth noting, however, is that the outcome among women with a less firm labour market attachment is more often to a job of lower prestige than one of higher prestige. Hence, the labour market outcome for women after divorce is to some extent conditioned by their labour market attachment at the time of divorce. Men, on the other hand, in most cases seem to suffer occupationally from divorce. For separated men the risk of negative changes in occupational prestige is greater than for cohabiting men.</p><p><i>Formal On-the-job Training. A Gender-Typed Experience and Wage- Related Advantage?</i> Formal on-the-job training (FOJT) can have a positive impact on wages and on promotion opportunities. According to theory and earlier research, a two-step model of gender inequality in FOJT is predicted: First, women are less likely than men to take part in FOJT and, second, once women do get the more remunerative training, they are not rewarded for their new skills to the same extent as men are. Pooled cross-sectional data from the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions (ULF) in the mid-nineties were used. Results show that women are significantly less likely than men to take part in FOJT. Among those who do receive training, women are more likely to take part in industry-specific training, whereas men are more likely to participate in general training and training that increases promotion opportunities. The two latter forms of training significantly raise a man’s annual earnings but not a woman’s. Hence, the theoretical model is supported and it is argued that this gender inequality is partly due to employers’ discriminatory practices.</p>

This thesis contains four different studies on the dynamics of gender in households and workplaces. The relationship between family life and work life is in focus, particularly in the paper on labour market outcomes after divorce. In the introductory chapter, the Swedish context is briefly described. The description focuses on gender differences in the labour market and in the home. Theories concerning the division of work in the household are discussed, as are two theories on labour market discrimination, viz. taste discrimination and statistical discrimination. The theory part is concluded with a discussion of social closure processes and gendered organizational structures. The Reproduction of Gender. Housework and Attitudes Towards Gender Equality in the Home Among Swedish Boys and Girls. The housework boys and girls age 10 to 18 do, and their attitudes towards gender equality in the home are studied. One aim is to see whether the work children do is gendered and if so, whether they follow their parents’, often gendered, pattern in housework. A second aim is to see whether parents’ division of work is related to the children’s attitude towards gender equality in the home. The data used are taken from the Swedish Child Level of Living Survey (Child-LNU) 2000. Results indicate that girls and boys in two-parent families are more prone to engage in gender-atypical work the more their parent of the same sex engages in this kind of work. The fact that girls still do more housework than boys indicates that housework is gendered work also among children. No relation between parents’ division of work and the child’s attitude towards gender equality in the home was found. Dependence within Families and the Household Division of Labor – A Comparison between Sweden and the United States. This paper assesses the relative explanatory value of the resource-bargaining perspective and the doing-gender approach in analysing the division of housework in the United States and Sweden from the mid-1970s to 2000. Data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) were used. Overall results indicate that housework is truly gendered work in both countries during the entire period. Even so, the results also indicate that gender deviance neutralization is more pronounced in the United States than in Sweden. Unlike Swedish women, American women seem to increase their time spent in housework when their husbands are to some extent economically dependent on them, as if to neutralize the presumed gender deviance. Divorce and Labour Market Outcomes. Do Women Suffer or Gain? In this paper, the interconnected nature of work and family is studied by looking at labour market outcomes after divorce. The data used are retrospective work and family histories collected in LNU 1991. A hazard regression model with competing risks reveals that women’s chances of improving their occupational prestige appear to be better after divorce compared to before. Increased working hours and perhaps also increased energy invested in the job may pay off in better occupational opportunities. Worth noting, however, is that the outcome among women with a less firm labour market attachment is more often to a job of lower prestige than one of higher prestige. Hence, the labour market outcome for women after divorce is to some extent conditioned by their labour market attachment at the time of divorce. Men, on the other hand, in most cases seem to suffer occupationally from divorce. For separated men the risk of negative changes in occupational prestige is greater than for cohabiting men. Formal On-the-job Training. A Gender-Typed Experience and Wage- Related Advantage? Formal on-the-job training (FOJT) can have a positive impact on wages and on promotion opportunities. According to theory and earlier research, a two-step model of gender inequality in FOJT is predicted: First, women are less likely than men to take part in FOJT and, second, once women do get the more remunerative training, they are not rewarded for their new skills to the same extent as men are. Pooled cross-sectional data from the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions (ULF) in the mid-nineties were used. Results show that women are significantly less likely than men to take part in FOJT. Among those who do receive training, women are more likely to take part in industry-specific training, whereas men are more likely to participate in general training and training that increases promotion opportunities. The two latter forms of training significantly raise a man’s annual earnings but not a woman’s. Hence, the theoretical model is supported and it is argued that this gender inequality is partly due to employers’ discriminatory practices.

This thesis explores women's learning in unpaid household work through the lenses of impairment and disability. Informal learning from this standpoint is a perspective that is not yet integrated into the adult learning literature. The impetus for the study came from dissatisfaction with the social undervaluing of unpaid housework and carework, and the largely unrecognized learning behind the work, which is predominantly done by women. Disability and impairment provide unique lenses for making visible what people learn and how they learn in this context. Those who have or acquire impairment in adulthood need to learn how to do things differently. For this study I have taken a segment of data from a 4-year, 4-phase project on Unpaid Housework and Lifelong Learning in which I participated. The participants in this segment are women and men with disabilities who took part in 2 focus groups (11 women), an on-line focus group (20 women), and individual interviews (10 women and 5 men). Learning is explored through three different themes: first, learning related to self-care; second, learning to accept the impaired body; and third, strategies and resources used in the learning process. Analysis of the data shows that the learning that happens through unpaid household work is multidimensional, fluid, and diverse. Learning is accomplished through a complex 4-dimensional process involving a blend of the body, mind, emotions, and the spiritual self. Furthermore, what participants learned and how they learned is influenced by the sociocultural context in which it takes place. Learning, when seen as a 4-dimensional process, provides a framework for challenging traditional Western cultural beliefs about what counts as learning and knowledge. Such beliefs have cultivated the viewpoint that learning is individualistic, cognitive, and based on reason. I contest these beliefs by disrupting the binaries that support them (e.g., mind vs. body, reason vs. emotion). Participants used both sides of the binaries in their learning processes, negating the oppositional and hierarchical categories they establish. The concepts in the binaries still exist but the relationship between them is not oppositional, nor is one concept privileged over another, either within or across binaries.

This thesis explores women's learning in unpaid household work through the lenses of impairment and disability. Informal learning from this standpoint is a perspective that is not yet integrated into the adult learning literature. The impetus for the study came from dissatisfaction with the social undervaluing of unpaid housework and carework, and the largely unrecognized learning behind the work, which is predominantly done by women. Disability and impairment provide unique lenses for making visible what people learn and how they learn in this context. Those who have or acquire impairment in adulthood need to learn how to do things differently. For this study I have taken a segment of data from a 4-year, 4-phase project on Unpaid Housework and Lifelong Learning in which I participated. The participants in this segment are women and men with disabilities who took part in 2 focus groups (11 women), an on-line focus group (20 women), and individual interviews (10 women and 5 men). Learning is explored through three different themes: first, learning related to self-care; second, learning to accept the impaired body; and third, strategies and resources used in the learning process. Analysis of the data shows that the learning that happens through unpaid household work is multidimensional, fluid, and diverse. Learning is accomplished through a complex 4-dimensional process involving a blend of the body, mind, emotions, and the spiritual self. Furthermore, what participants learned and how they learned is influenced by the sociocultural context in which it takes place. Learning, when seen as a 4-dimensional process, provides a framework for challenging traditional Western cultural beliefs about what counts as learning and knowledge. Such beliefs have cultivated the viewpoint that learning is individualistic, cognitive, and based on reason. I contest these beliefs by disrupting the binaries that support them (e.g., mind vs. body, reason vs. emotion). Participants used both sides of the binaries in their learning processes, negating the oppositional and hierarchical categories they establish. The concepts in the binaries still exist but the relationship between them is not oppositional, nor is one concept privileged over another, either within or across binaries.

A presente pesquisa propõe a análise das relações entre criadas e patroas, na cidade de São Paulo, entre as décadas de 1870 e 1920, a partir das diferenças étnicas, sociais e de gênero (re)produzpidas no espaço doméstico. Utilizando como principal corpo documental os manuais de prescrição de conduta (manuais de etiqueta, de economia doméstica, de puericultura e de higiene e saúde), o intuito é compreender a formação identitária a partir do uso de objetos e espaços, entendidos estes como indutores de comportamentos e hábitos corporais. / This work is an attempt to analyze the relations between servants and mistresses, in São Paulo, between the 1870s and 1920s, from ethnic, social and gender differences (re)produced in the household. Considering different kinds of manuals etiquette, housekeeping, childcare and hygiene and health we intend to understand how identities are connected with the use of objects and spaces in the house.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3811.pdf: 975358 bytes, checksum: c88562bdfcc1c2aba54f19947163189f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Child labor has been often presented to society through family labor, being that, in the city of Limeira, it gained repercussion after the publication of the dissertation written by Marcos Antonio Libardi Ferreira (2005) entitled 'Estudos de risco à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente na produção de joias e bijuterias em Limeira-SP', which denounced the existence of six thousand children between the ages of eleven and sixteen years old working in the sector. This situation has showed itself recurrent, mainly in families which have found themselves obligated to assign services to their children, so they can raise funds and meet at least their basic necessities. The investigation project 'Um estudo sobre a atividade das crianças no setor de joias e bijuterias em Limeira', aims to fill an existent gap in the educational area, due to the fact that there are not researches referring to the theme in the sector of semi-jewels in Limeira, county which is considered the Brazilian capital of veneers and being few the jobs which give emphasis to the symbolic, cultural and historical aspects of this type of research. In order to answer the leading questions, this work is based on a whole theoretical structure, coming from a literary background about the subject and having a more empirical character which will be verified by questionnaires with formal and informal questions, clarifying how the process of production of the pieces is given, besides semi-structured interviews with students from Emeief Professora Maria Apparecida de Luca Moore, located at the Parque Residencial Aeroporto in Limeira, school that assists children who work with semi-jewels inside their homes, in order to verify their labor conditions, searching for gathering as much information as possible about these conditions and the consequences of this labor inside and outside the classroom. / O trabalho infantil tem sido apresentado à sociedade muitas vezes por meio do trabalho em família. No entanto, na cidade de Limeira, o trabalho infantil ganhou repercussão após a dissertação de Marcos Antonio Libardi Ferreira (2005) ser publicada. Intitulada Estudos de risco à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente na produção de joias e bijuterias em Limeira-SP , seu autor denuncia a existência de seis mil crianças, entre onze e dezesseis anos, trabalhando no setor. Tal situação tem se mostrado recorrente, principalmente entre famílias que se veem obrigadas a passar trabalho aos filhos, para que, assim, possam angariar fundos e suprir as necessidades básicas da família. A investigação Um estudo sobre trabalho e educação das crianças no setor de joias e bijuterias em Limeira", tem como objetivo preencher uma lacuna existente na área da educação, uma vez que não existirem pesquisas referentes ao tema, no setor industrial de semijoias em Limeira - município que é considerado a capital brasileira das joias folheadas -, e que poucos são os trabalhos que dão ênfase aos aspectos simbólicos, culturais e históricos desse tipo de pesquisa. Para responder as questões norteadoras, este trabalho será fundamentado, teoricamente, a partir de uma base literária que trate sobre o tema e terá um caráter mais empírico, por meio de questionários com perguntas formais e informais, esclarecendo como se dá o processo de produção das peças, além de entrevistas semiestruturadas com alunos da Emeief Professora Maria Apparecida de Luca Moore, localizada no Parque Residencial Aeroporto, na cidade de Limeira, que atende crianças que executam o trabalho com joias em casa. Os questionários e as entrevistas visam verificar as condições de trabalho dessas crianças em seus domicílios, buscando coletar o maior número de informações sobre suas condições de trabalho e as consequências desse trabalho dentro e fora de sala de aula.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3935.pdf: 5120650 bytes, checksum: 0f437306fd607a72ed102f6342189c08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Child labor has been often presented to society through family labor, being that, in the city of Limeira, it gained repercussion after the publication of the dissertation written by Marcos Antonio Libardi Ferreira (2005) entitled 'Estudos de risco à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente na produção de joias e bijuterias em Limeira-SP', which denounced the existence of six thousand children between the ages of eleven and sixteen years old working in the sector. This situation has showed itself recurrent, mainly in families which have found themselves obligated to assign services to their children, so they can raise funds and meet at least their basic necessities. The investigation project 'Um estudo sobre a atividade das crianças no setor de joias e bijuterias em Limeira', aims to fill an existent gap in the educational area, due to the fact that there are not researches referring to the theme in the sector of semi-jewels in Limeira, county which is considered the Brazilian capital of veneers and being few the jobs which give emphasis to the symbolic, cultural and historical aspects of this type of research. In order to answer the leading questions, this work is based on a whole theoretical structure, coming from a literary background about the subject and having a more empirical character which will be verified by questionnaires with formal and informal questions, clarifying how the process of production of the pieces is given, besides semi-structured interviews with students from Emeief Professora Maria Apparecida de Luca Moore, located at the Parque Residencial Aeroporto in Limeira, school that assists children who work with semi-jewels inside their homes, in order to verify their labor conditions, searching for gathering as much information as possible about these conditions and the consequences of this labor inside and outside the classroom. / O trabalho infantil tem sido apresentado à sociedade muitas vezes por meio do trabalho em família. No entanto, na cidade de Limeira, o trabalho infantil ganhou repercussão após a dissertação de Marcos Antonio Libardi Ferreira (2005) ser publicada. Intitulada Estudos de risco à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente na produção de joias e bijuterias em Limeira-SP , seu autor denuncia a existência de seis mil crianças, entre onze e dezesseis anos, trabalhando no setor. Tal situação tem se mostrado recorrente, principalmente entre famílias que se veem obrigadas a passar trabalho aos filhos, para que, assim, possam angariar fundos e suprir as necessidades básicas da família. A investigação Um estudo sobre trabalho e educação das crianças no setor de joias e bijuterias em Limeira", tem como objetivo preencher uma lacuna existente na área da educação, uma vez que não existirem pesquisas referentes ao tema, no setor industrial de semijoias em Limeira - município que é considerado a capital brasileira das joias folheadas -, e que poucos são os trabalhos que dão ênfase aos aspectos simbólicos, culturais e históricos desse tipo de pesquisa. Para responder as questões norteadoras, este trabalho será fundamentado, teoricamente, a partir de uma base literária que trate sobre o tema e terá um caráter mais empírico, por meio de questionários com perguntas formais e informais, esclarecendo como se dá o processo de produção das peças, além de entrevistas semiestruturadas com alunos da Emeief Professora Maria Apparecida de Luca Moore, localizada no Parque Residencial Aeroporto, na cidade de Limeira, que atende crianças que executam o trabalho com joias em casa. Os questionários e as entrevistas visam verificar as condições de trabalho dessas crianças em seus domicílios, buscando coletar o maior número de informações sobre suas condições de trabalho e as consequências desse trabalho dentro e fora de sala de aula.

This thesis discusses the results of a survey given to college women focusing on the various roles women must play, with a focus on their economic aspects.

With the climate crisis, there is a necessity for people to live more sustainably. One way to do this is to change our lifestyle and the choices we make in our homes. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate the gender aspect of the “sustainable lifestyle” by looking at families with an ambition to live more environmentally conscious. If the environmentally friendly lifestyle for people in general is basically about taking advantage of what we have, making better decisions about food and other things that are linked to housework, something that women to a large extent take greater responsibility for, how can we look at environmentally friendly living from a gender perspective? I have collected my data through qualitative, semi-structured interviews with six heterosexual women in Swedish families. The study shows that the female informants take a greater responsibility than their male partners for the family to live environmentally friendly. This research also shows that the sustainable lifestyle is time consuming and that this mostly affects women due to their greater responsibility for housework. This has implications for the gender equality of the household. All the interviewed women thought gender equality was important, but the study show that they sometimes must choose between being equal with their partners and being sustainable.