Anderberg, Mats & Dahlberg, Mikael (2009). Strukturerade intervjuer inom missbruksvården – som en grund för kunskapsutveckling (Structured interviews in substance abuse treatment - as a foundation for the development of knowledge).   In the discussion on knowledge development in social work, structured interviews have attracted an increasing amount of attention. The aim of this thesis is to examine and analyze how structured interviews can serve as a basis in the compilation and development of knowledge for practice and research in addiction treatment. More precisely, it means a problematization of the methodological issues that are of central importance in studying treatment outcomes, in which structured interviews form the basis. The methodological aspects in focus here are scientific concepts such as reliability, validity and specific factors in the evaluation of treatment interventions. A further objective is to outline a model for analysis when compiling and evaluating treatment outcome. The five empirical studies have been conducted in their natural context, in organisations in which structured interviews with clients are carried out as an everyday routine and used for e.g. treatment planning. The structured interview DOK (a Swedish abbreviation for Documentation of clients) is used as a basis and an example for the empirical studies in this thesis. The validation studies show that the DOK interview generally attains a good level of reliability and validity, but also contains a small number of variables that do not live up to the requirements which may be imposed. Deficiencies in operationalization and question construction seem to have a large impact. Another conclusion is that it is possible to carry out validation studies, where each variable is examined separately and evaluated with the aid of both sound methodological starting points and relevant statistical theory. Another of the central questions, the thesis addresses, is how structured interviews can be used as a basis for evaluation of treatment. The two studies which highlight this issue show that it is obvious that structured interviews are suitable for such a purpose, through its standardized form and multi-dimensional nature. Validation of structured interviews or evaluation of social interventions should not be reduced to single numbers or values. The multidimensional nature of the structured interview shall also be reflected in the results and analysis. The thesis presents an analysis model for evaluating treatment outcome in relation to two empirical examples and foregoing theoretical starting points. Our view is that structured interviews can provide a link between practice and research and thus contribute to the development of knowledge in social work and substance abuse treatment.

Aim: The overall aim of the present thesis was to examine, develop and evaluate patient participation in emergency department (ED) for promoting the relief of suffering for patients in care relations, from the perspective of patients and caregivers. Method: The explorative studies (I, II) were based on reflective lifeworld approach and analyzed by phenomenographic method. Data were collected from interviews by patients (9) and caregivers (11) about their conception of patient participation in ED. The methodological study (III) performed analyses and were tested for content, construct and criterion validity as well as homogeneity and stability reliability. The sample for study (III, IV) consisted of 356 patients consecutively cared for in EDs in Sweden. In the evaluating study (IV) the questionnaire Patient Participation Emergency Department (PPED) was used. The statistical methods handled were Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA and Spearman correlation. Findings: The patients’ conception of patient participation means: being acknowledged; struggling to become involved; and having a clear space (I). The caregivers’ conceptions of patient participation can be divided into three different descriptive categories: Caregivers offer the opportunity for participation, Patients demand participation and Mutual participation (II). A 17- item questionnaire was developed. Two separate factor analyses revealed a distinct four- factor solution which was labelled: Fight for participation, Requirement for participation, Mutual participation and Participating in getting basic needs satisfied. Criterion validity presented showed 9 out of 20 correlations equal or above 0.30. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranged from 0.63 - 0.84 and test- retest varied between 0.59 and 0.93(III).The results show that patient participation is low in two dimensions (Fight for participation, Participation in getting basic needs satisfied), reasonable in one dimension (Mutual participation), and high in one dimension, Requirement for participation (IV). Conclusions: Participation does occur on occasion when the circumstances are right despite international and national guidelines that lay down the need for patient participation. Patient participation in EDs is perceived when patients are in contact with caregivers and there is space for collaboration in situations of consistency. However, patient participation cannot be offered in a one-sided caring action. In collaboration patient participation contributes to the relief of suffering in the process of health and patients participate when they are allowed to be the point of departure for caring. However, the results point to a lack of strategy for patient participation and for increased patient participation to take place improvements in external organization requirements are required. The results indicate an amplified clarity in how patient participation can be understood for EDs, in education and community and a scientific tested instrument has made it possible to evaluate patient participation.

The Youth Outcome Questionnaire 2.0 Self Report (Y-OQ 2.0 SR) has been implemented in residential treatment centre in the Municipality of Örebro as a result of the strive for a more evidence-based working approach within social work. This study aims to examine how personnel and adolescents describe the treatment/counseling and support and the application of the Y-OQ 2.0 SR in the units. The questions cover the values the personnel and adolescents ascribe to the application of the Y-OQ 2.0 SR, if the result from Y-OQ 2.0 SR is congruent with how the adolescents have been affected during the placement, which obstacles and/or possibilities emerge in the management of the instrument and if there are any indications that the Y-OQ 2.0 SR is advantageous or disadvantageous in the treatment process. The study has a qualitative approach; four interviews were carried out with adolescents and five with personnel. The result shows that structure is an important component in attaining a change in behaviour. The adolescents' functional ability is to some extent congruent with the result from the Y-OQ 2.0 SR. The instrument is primarily used to evaluate the treatment and to guarantee the quality of the work of the personnel. Both obstacles and possibilities emerged in the management of the instrument. The personnel's attitude towards the instrument's purpose is positive. The adolescents' attitudes vary and this seems to be connected with how involved they are in the feedback process of the instrument's result. Whether or not the feedback of the result from the Y-OQ 2.0 SR is an advantage or disadvantage in the treatment process on the basis of involvement is discussed. / Ett evidensbaserat arbetssätt har blivit allt mer eftersträvansvärt inom socialt arbete och som ett led i detta har mätinstrumentet Youth Outcome Questionnarie 2.0 Self Report (Y-OQ 2.0 SR) implementerats i behandlingsverksamheter i Örebro kommun. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur personal och ungdomar uppfattar behandlingen/råd och stöd och tillämpningen av Y-OQ 2.0 SR i verksamheterna. Frågeställningarna omfattar vilket värde personal och ungdomar tillskriver instrumentet, huruvida instrumentets resultat överensstämmer med ungdomarnas förändringar under placeringstiden, vilka hinder/möjliggörande faktorer som framkommer i handhavandet av instrumentet, samt om det finns indikationer på att tillämpningen av Y-OQ 2.0 SR gynnar/missgynnar behandlingsprocessen. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats, fyra intervjuer har genomförts med ungdomar och fem med personal. Resultatet visar att struktur är en viktig komponent i behandling för att uppnå beteendeförändring. Ungdomarnas funktionsförmåga stämmer till viss del överens med resultatet från Y-OQ 2.0 SR. Instrumentet används främst för att utvärdera behandlingsinsatser och för att kvalitetssäkra arbetet. Det framkommer både hindrande och möjliggörande faktorer i handhavandet av instrumentet. Personalens inställning till syftet med Y-OQ 2.0 SR är positiv. Ungdomarnas inställning till instrumentet varierar vilket tycks ha samband med hur delaktiga de är i återkopplingen av resultatet. I diskussionen förs resonemang kring huruvida återkopplingen av resultatet från Y-OQ 2.0 SR gynnar eller missgynnar behandlingsprocessen utifrån delaktighet.

Detta är en undersökning av fördelningen av sökande till en musikhögskola vid tre söktillfällen med fem års mellanrum, 1997, 2002 och 2007. Mot denna bakgrund diskuteras förändringar i instrumentval som antas spegla förändringar för ca 20 år sedan då de sökande antas ha gjort sina val.Förändringar som jag har iakttagit är att instrument som går under den klassiska genren har tappat sökande men den är fortfarande den största genren. Instrument under afrogenren blir mer och mer populära och folkmusikgenren blir större och större. / This is a study of the apportionment of applicants to a music college during three occasions with five-year intervals, 1997, 2002 and 2007. Against this background, changes are dis-cussed with regard to choice of instrument that are assumed to reflect changes approximately 20 years ago, when the applicants made their choices.  Among the changes that I have observed are that instruments associated with classical genres have decreased significantly in number, yet are still the majority. Instruments associated with Afroamerican genres are increasing in popularity, while ethnic music genres have become larger.

Denna undersökning handlar om hur videofilm används i undervisningen. Med videofilm avser jag TV, DVD, VHS och filmklipp från Internet eller andra källor. Jag utgick från tre möjligheter med användandet av videofilm i undervisningen: •   videofilm som eleverna kan öva till när de kommer hem, till exempel instruktionsfilmer • filmning av eleverna • förevisning av skickliga musikerFör att ta reda på olika stråklärares tankar och erfarenheter av mediet genomförde jag nio intervjuer. Jag ville också veta efterfrågan på instruktionsvideos bland stråklärare och kontaktade olika producenter och distributörer.    Trots att det inte var vanligt att använda olika medier i undervisningen bland mina respondenter, såg de positivt på videofilm som hjälpmedel. Men det fanns också en rädsla för att mötet mellan lärare och elever skulle kunna upphöra. Det var svårt att se ett samband mellan lärarnas repertoar/metodik och användandet av videofilm. Både lärare och läromedels-förlag trodde att det var en generationsfråga och att användandet av multimedia i undervis-ningen kommer att öka inom de närmaste åren. / This study is about how video films are used in teaching. By video film, I am referring to TV, DVD, VHS and film clips from the Internet or other sources. I imagined three areas of usage in which video films could be used for educational purposes: • video films for the students to bring home to assist with their practising, for example a tutorial video • filming the students • showing skilful musicians I made nine interviews to discover different string teachers’ thoughts and experiences of the medium, and their student’s reactions. I also wanted to know the demand for tutorial videos among string teachers and contacted producers and distributors.   Though media wasn’t frequently used in teaching among my respondents, they saw video films as a helpful aid. But there was also a fear that the interaction between teachers and students would disappear. It was hard to see a connection between teachers’ different repertoire and methods, and their use of video film. Teachers, and companies that produce teaching media, believed that the use of multimedia in education was indicative of the generation, and that we could expect an increase of multimedia use in teaching.

Att arbeta med kommunikativ förmåga är en av grundstenarna i logopedens yrkesutövning. Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla ett självskattningsinstrument som kan mäta kommunikativ förmåga, med möjlighet att fånga upp både positiva och negativa aspekter av förmågan. Instrumentet utvecklades i enlighet med klassisk mätteori. En första utvärdering av instrumentet gjordes i ett pilottest med 13 respondenter. Resultatet ledde till att antal items, det vill säga frågor, minskades från 133 till 78 och individuella items förändrades vid behov. 254 respondenter fyllde sedan i det reviderade formuläret på internet. Fyra faktorer kunde uttydas ur materialet. Dessa var: beteende i sociala situationer, funktionell kommunikation, lingvistisk kunskap och receptiv förmåga samt röst. De fyra faktorerna förklarade 30,4% av variansen i materialet. Cronbachs alfa för alla 78 item var α = 0,76. Resultatet av denna studie är ett instrument i behov av ytterligare revidering och utveckling, främst med avseende på validering. / Working with communication is a key element in professional speech and language therapy. The aim of this study was to develop a self-report instrument that measures communicative ability, with a possibility to capture both positive and negative aspects of communication. The instrument was developed in accordance with classical measurement theory. A first evaluation of the instrument with 13 respondents was conducted. As a result the number of items, ie questions, was reduced from 133 to 78 and individual items were altered when needed. 254 respondents then answered the revised form on the internet. Four factors could be extracted from the material. These were: behavior in social situations, functional communication, linguistic skills and receptive skills plus voice. The four factors explained 30,4% of the variance within the material. Cronbach's alpha for all 78 items was α = 0,76. The result of this study is an instrument in need of further revision and development, primarily with respect to validation.

Concurrently with higher demands on comparability between companies, all Swedish listed parent companies are guilty to apply international accounting standards, IFRS/IAS, no later than January 1, 2005. In this thesis IFRS 7 Financial instruments: Disclosures, that treats information about financial instruments, is investigated. IFRS 7 aims to establish a good international standard for disclosures about financial instruments. The purpose of this thesis is to study differences in the interpretation of IFRS 7 Financial instruments: Disclosures between Swedish life insurance companies, problems – if any – that associate with the recommendation, the recommendation’s effect on accounting and the attitudes towards IFRS amongst the Swedish life insurance companies. The thesis is based on a qualitative method and the conclusion of the thesis is that the life insurance companies find it tricky to decide how the accounting shall be designed in compliance with IFRS 7. Almost all information needed already exists. The problem rather relates to the design of the accounting. Further more, the companies read the recommendation with different eyes and define different users of annual reports, that creates different interpretations. Balance- and income statements will be less affected of IFRS 7, while notes and disclosures will grow. Finally, the attitudes towards IFRS vary alot between life insurance companies.

Using an already developed model for measuring the quality of online services, the authors of this thesis have developed and later on modified a theoretical model (instrument) for measuring the quality of online banking services in particular. Using quantitative research method including the design and distribution of a questionnaire, empirical data was collected on which statistical analysis has been performed. As a result of the conducted analysis, the initial theoretical model has been modified, so that the final version of the model (instrument) for measuring quality of online banking services includes four quality dimensions (Service Performance, Website Characteristics, Communication and Efficiency) with total of 17 items (questions). Furthermore, based on the modified theoretical model, customer satisfaction with different aspects of the online banking services has been evaluated. Based on the results of the Analysis of the Empirical Data, managerial recommendations are given. Suggestions for further research on quality of online banking services are also offered.

Som en följd av det ökade behovet av global kapitalanskaffning har kravet på jämförbar redovisning mellan länder ökat. EU har därför som målsättning att skapa en mer harmoniserad och effektiv kapitalmarknad inom unionen. I juli 2002 antog Europaparlamentet och rådet en förordning om tillämpning av internationella redovisningsstandarder, IAS-förordningen. Sedan 1 januari, 2005 är det krav på att alla noterade europeiska företag i koncernredovisningen skall tillämpa de internationella redovisningsstandarderna, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) och International Accounting Standards (IAS). IAS 39 standarden uppfattas som den svåraste och mest komplexa av IAS/IFRS standarderna. Samtidigt är det centrala syftet med harmoniseringsprocessen inom EU att skapa en mer jämförbar, enhetlig och transparant kapitalmarknad. Vårt syfte är att skapa en förståelse för olika svenska bankers, myndigheters samt redovisningskunnigas inställning till harmoniseringen av redovisningen och konsekvenserna av IAS 39 tillämpningen. Utifrån detta skall vi analysera om tillämpningen av IAS 39 går emot harmoniseringens mål om att skapa en mer jämförbar och rättvisande redovisning. För att skapa en ökad förståelse av respondenternas uppfattning av harmoniseringen av redovisningen och IAS 39 har vi valt ett kvalitativt angreppssätt på vår fallstudie. För att besvara uppsatsens syfte har vi valt att intervjua företrädare för tre banker samt fyra myndigheter eller redovisningskunniga. Det vi kommer fram till i vår undersökning är att harmoniseringen av redovisningen till följd av införandet av det internationella regelverket IAS/IFRS uppfattas som något positivt av samtliga respondenter. Då länderna själva får välja vem som skall tillämpa IAS/IFRS regelverket leder det till en sämre jämförbarhet mellan de olika ländernas redovisningar. Respondenterna anser att sambandet mellan redovisning och beskattning utgör ett hinder för tillämpningen av IAS/IFRS i juridisk person. Valmöjligheterna avseende säkring av finansiella instrument som finns i IAS 39 leder till en svårare jämförelse mellan företagen. Men det ger däremot en möjlighet att redogöra för en mer rättvisande bild av företagens verksamhet utifrån hur de bedömer att företaget speglas bäst. Värdering till verkligt värde av de flesta finansiella instrumenten ger en mer relevant och aktuell bild, men är problematisk om det inte finns en aktiv marknad. En konsekvens av den administrativt krävande IAS 39 är att de undersökta bankerna har minskat sitt användande av säkringsredovisning vilket leder till en ökad riskexponering. Bankerna upplever att IASB inte har tagit hänsyn till hur bankernas verksamhet fungerar i praktiken. Detta tyder på att det finns ett glapp mellan den normativa grundtanken bakom IAS 39 och den praktiska tillämpningen av standarden i bankerna.

This research addresses the lack of an existing psychometrically sound Aspergers Syndrome self-screening instrument for adults. Initial instrument development procedures were carried out by creating an item pool using existing Asperger measures. Items were rewritten following common item writing rules suggested by several researchers as reference. Five new domains were created and the items were re-categorized. Expert panel of nine judges specialized in Psychometrics, ASD, School Psychology, and Speech-Language Pathology were asked to rate the relevancy of items to their domains in order to obtain evidence of content validity. These experts were chosen because of their relatedness to Aspergers Syndrome and their expertise in instrument development. First, the quality of the judges ratings were examined to identify any aberrant judges. Ratings were then analyzed using the remaining six judges using three descriptive and three quantitative methods to examine the representativeness and relevancy of each item to their domain. A total of 55 items were identified as satisfactory by the judges. The second part of this study was to compare the content validity analytical methods. It was concluded that the percentage agreement, the content validity index (CVI), and the content validity coefficients (VIK) were the best methods to use in selecting the satisfactory items. This research aims to bring more attention to the importance of psychometric properties in measures for the Autism Spectrum Disorder field. It also hope to shed some light on which content validity analyses would best be used under certain circumstances. Limitations of study and future directions were also discussed.