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Uppsatsen utgår ifrån temat främlingskap i dess olika skepnader och syftar till att tydliggöra hur bruket av andrafiering i de noveller som analyseras bidrar till att förstärka dynamiken i mötet mellan de karaktärer som representerar Jag/Vi, respektive den/de Andra. Fokus hamnar här främst på karaktärerna Jag/Vi vilka ser sig själva som normen, därmed belyses hur de reagerar och agerar då någon främmande uppenbarar sig i deras trygga men ofta begränsade och isolerade värld, det vill säga genom att andrafiera denne i mening att bekräfta sin egen identitet och överlägsenhet i förhållande till den främmande och därmed fastställa dennes negativa egenskaper.     Genom att läsaren får tillträde till dessa karaktärers tankegångar, ser hur de agerar och dessutom har tillgång till berättarröstens beskrivning av dem, framträder deras egna fördomar, tillkortakommanden och okunskap med tydlig skärpa. Konsekvensen av detta blir att deras ofta misslyckade försök att hävda sig mot och distansera sig ifrån den/de Andra resulterar i att de själva inte sällan framställs i ett löjets skimmer och som falska auktoriteter.    Vidare demonstreras hur ovannämnda fokus på Jagg/Vi omvänt kan ha som funktion att visa på hur upplysning, insikt samt egenskaper som empati och en förmåga att identifiera sig med, istället för att distansera sig från, den främmande leder fram till att den/de som initialt setts som den/de Andra därmed upphör att betraktas och vara just det.

In the post-World War II period, the population of poor and working-class Chinese New Yorkers––most of whom lived in Manhattan’s Chinatown––drastically increased in size and so too did the range of health problems they faced. This dissertation is the first in-depth historical study of Chinese Americans/New Yorkers’ postwar experiences with health education and activism. It documents the work of Chinese American grassroots activists and medical professionals to establish access to healthcare for Chinatown residents. By analyzing the transnational and cross-class dynamics of this movement, the dissertation challenges the long-standing assumption that the more well-to-do individuals of Chinese ancestry—especially recent professional immigrants from Taiwan and Hong Kong—had little interest in the wellbeing of their poorer counterparts. It also places Chinese New Yorker history alongside the better-known community control movements and health activism in Black and Latinx communities. The dissertation draws from research at 14 archives across the U.S., rare personal papers in Chinese and English, and interviews with over twenty Chinese American doctors and Chinatown activists. Before the mid-twentieth century, Chinese New Yorkers faced inequities in medical education and healthcare due to racially discriminatory policies and practices. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the end of Chinese exclusion and U.S. Cold War geopolitical interests in Asia allowed a select group of Chinese and Chinese American doctors and nurses to enter academic medicine and public health in the city. Chinese American public health nurses attracted public and private funding for much-needed social and health services in Chinatown by leveraging their transnational backgrounds and popular beliefs in the assimilation and integration of nonwhites. Meanwhile, the New York City-based American Bureau for Medical Aid to China and other American groups launched medical aid programs to help train medical personnel for the Nationalist Party and sustain its troops in their fight against the Chinese Communist Party. A subset of Chinese medical graduates from these programs drew from their hybrid credentials, contacts, and linguistic skills to obtain competitive jobs at hospitals and academic medical centers in New York and other American cities. Many of the transplanted Chinese medical graduates had intended to return to China after a short stint of advanced study in the U.S. But they decided to stay as a pragmatic response to political and social upheavals and constraints. Starting in the late 1960s, Chinatown’s rapidly expanding population, as well as the “maximum feasible participation” doctrine of President Lyndon Johnson’s War on Poverty initiative, made it strategic for the community watchdog agency, the Lower East Side Health Council-South, to court and include Chinatown residents in the fight for a better and new public hospital—Gouverneur Hospital. Inspired by the Civil Rights movement, workers’ struggles, and health radicalism in Black and Latinx communities, the Chinese American and Afro-Puerto Rican Health Council workers, Thomas Tam and Paul Ramos, implemented community programs and organized highly publicized and disruptive events, including a summer street health fair in Chinatown. Chinese New Yorkers of diverse migratory, class, age, and political backgrounds, including Chinese medical graduates who had the credentials and resources to serve their compatriots, played an integral role in these activities. In 1971, the cross-ethnic, cross-class coalition successfully demanded the opening and hiring of more bilingual personnel at the new Gouverneur. By the late 1970s, efforts led by Thomas Tam and Paul Ramos to bring the medical exam room into the Lower East Side became institutionalized in the form of the Chinatown and Betances Health Clinics. The clinics offered low-cost, comprehensive, and multilingual services, and encouraged professionals and youths of color to serve the community.

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<p>Among computational electromagnetic methods, Integral Equation (IE) solvers have a great capability in solving open-region problems such as scattering and radiation, due to no truncation boundary condition required. Volume Integral Equation (VIE) solvers are especially capable of handling arbitrarily shaped geometries and inhomogeneous materials. However, the numerical system resulting from a VIE analysis is a dense system, having $N^2$ nonzero elements for a problem of $ N $ unknowns. The dense numerical system in conjunction with the large number of unknowns resulting from a volume discretization prevents a practical use of the VIE for solving large-scale problems.</p> <p>In this work, two fast algorithms of $ O(N \log N) $ complexity to generate an rank-minimized $ H^2 $-representation for electrically large VIEs are developed. The algorithms systematically compress the off-diagonal admissible blocks of full VIE matrix into low-rank forms of total storage of $O(N)$. Both algorithms are based on nested cross approximation, which are purely algebraic. The first one is a two-stage algorithm. The second one is optimized to only use one-stage, and has a significant speedup. Numerical experiments on electrically large examples with over 33 million unknowns demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithms. </p> <p>Important applications of VIEs in thermal and quantum engineering have also been explored in this work. Creating spin(circularly)-polarized infrared thermal radiation source without an external magnetic field is important in science and engineering. Here we study two materials, magnetic Weyl semimetals and manganese-bismuth(MnBi), which both have permittivity tensors of large gyrotropy, and can emit circularly-polarized thermal radiations without an external magnetic field. We also design symmetry-broken metasurfaces, which show strong circularly-polarized radiations in simulations and experiments. In spin qubit quantum computing systems, metallic gates and antennas are necessary for quantum gate operations. But their existence greatly enhances evanescent wave Johnson noise (EWJN), which induces the decay of spin qubits and limits the quantum gate operation fidelity. Here we first use VIE to accurately simulate realistic quantum gate designs and quantify the influence on gate fidelity due to this noise.</p>

Owing to its ability to improve both spectral and energy efficiency of wireless networks, massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) has become one of the key enablers of the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond communication systems. For successful integration of this promising physical layer technique in the upcoming cellular standards, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of its network-level performance. Over the last decade, stochastic geometry has been instrumental in obtaining useful system design insights of wireless networks through accurate and tractable theoretical analysis. Hence, it is only natural to consider modeling and analyzing the mMIMO systems using appropriate statistical constructs from the stochastic geometry literature and gain insights for its future implementation. With this broader objective in mind, we first focus on modeling a cellular mMIMO network that uses fractional pilot reuse to mitigate the sole performance-limiting factor of mMIMO networks, namely, pilot contamination. Leveraging constructs from the stochastic geometry literature, such as Johnson-Mehl cells, we derive analytical expressions for the uplink (UL) signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) coverage probability and average spectral efficiency for a random user. From our system analysis, we present a partitioning rule for the number of pilot sequences to be reserved for the cell-center and cell-edge users that improves the average cell-edge user spectral efficiency while achieving similar cell-center user spectral efficiency with respect to unity pilot reuse. In addition, using the analytical approach developed for the cell-center user performance evaluation, we study the performance of a small cell system where user and base station (BS) locations are coupled. The impact of distance-dependent UL power control on the performance of an mMIMO network with unity pilot reuse is analyzed and subsequent system design guidelines are also presented. Next, we focus on the performance analysis of the cell-free mMIMO network, which is a distributed implementation of the mMIMO system that leads to the second and third contributions of this dissertation. Similar to the cellular counterpart, the cell-free systems also suffer from pilot contamination due to the reuse of pilot sequences throughout the network. Inspired by a hardcore point process known as the random sequential adsorption (RSA) process, we develop a new distributed pilot assignment algorithm that mitigates the effect of pilot contamination by ensuring a minimum distance among the co-pilot users. This pilot assignment scheme leads to the construction of a new point process, namely the multilayer RSA process. We study the statistical properties of this point process both in one and two-dimensional spaces by deriving approximate but accurate expressions for the density and pair correlation functions. Leveraging these new results, for a cell-free network with the proposed RSA-based pilot assignment scheme, we present an analytical approach that determines the minimum number of pilots required to schedule a user with probabilistic guarantees. In addition, to benchmark the performance of the RSA-based scheme, we propose two optimization-based centralized pilot allocation schemes using linear programming principles. Through extensive numerical simulations, we validate the efficacy of the distributed and scalable RSA-based pilot assignment scheme compared to the proposed centralized algorithms. Apart from pilot contamination, another impediment to the performance of a cell-free mMIMO is limited fronthaul capacity between the baseband unit and the access points (APs). In our fourth contribution, using appropriate stochastic geometry-based tools, we model and analyze the downlink of such a network for two different implementation scenarios. In the first scenario, we consider a finite network where each AP serves all the users in the network. In the second scenario, we consider an infinite network where each user is served by a few nearby APs in order to limit the load on fronthaul links. From our analyses, we observe that for the finite network, the achievable average system sum-rate is a strictly quasi-concave function of the number of users in the network, which serves as a key guideline for scheduler design for such systems. Further, for the user-centric architecture, we observe that there exists an optimal number of serving APs that maximizes the average user rate. The fifth and final contribution of this dissertation focuses on the potential improvement that is possible by the use of mMIMO in citizen broadband radio service (CBRS) spectrum sharing systems. As a first concrete step, we present comprehensive modeling and analysis of this system with omni-directional transmissions. Our model takes into account the key guidelines by the Federal Communications Commission for co-existence between licensed and unlicensed networks in the 3.5 GHz CBRS frequency band. Leveraging the properties of the Poisson hole process and Matern hardcore point process of type II, a.k.a. ghost RSA process, we analytically characterize the impact of different system parameters on various performance metrics such as medium access probability, coverage probability, and area spectral efficiency. Further, we provide useful system design guidelines for successful co-existence between these networks. Building upon this omni-directional model, we also characterize the performance benefits of using mMIMO in such a spectrum sharing network. / Doctor of Philosophy / The emergence of cloud-based video and audio streaming services, online gaming platforms, instantaneous sharing of multimedia contents (e.g., photos, videos) through social networking platforms, and virtual collaborative workspace/meetings require the cellular communication networks to provide high data-rate as well as reliable and ubiquitous connectivity. These constantly evolving requirements can be met by designing a wireless network that harmoniously exploits the symbiotic co-existence among different types of cutting-edge wireless technologies. One such technology is massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO), whose core idea is to equip the cellular base stations (BSs) with a large number of antennas that can be leveraged through appropriate signal processing algorithms to simultaneously accommodate multiple users with reduced network interference. For successful deployment of mMIMO in the upcoming cellular standards, i.e., fifth-generation (5G) and beyond systems, it is necessary to characterize its performance in a large-scale wireless network taking into account the inherent spatial randomness in the BS and user locations. To achieve this goal, in this dissertation, we propose different statistical methods for the performance analysis of mMIMO networks using tools from stochastic geometry, which is a field of mathematics related to the study of random patterns of points. One of the major deployment issues of mMIMO systems is pilot contamination, which is a form of coherent network interference that degrades user performance. The main reason behind pilot contamination is the reuse of pilot sequences, which are a finite number of known signal waveforms used for channel estimation between a user and its serving BS. Further, the effect of pilot contamination is more severe for the cell-edge users, which are farther from their own BSs. An efficient scheme to mitigate the effect of pilot contamination is fractional pilot reuse (FPR). However, the efficiency of this scheme depends on the pilot partitioning rule that decides the fraction of total pilot sequences that should be used by the cell-edge users. Using appropriate statistical constructs from the stochastic geometry literature, such as Johnson-Mehl cells, we present a partitioning rule for efficient implementation of the FPR scheme in a cellular mMIMO network. Next, we focus on the performance analysis of the cell-free mMIMO network. In contrast to the cellular network, where each user is served by a single BS, in a cell-free network each user can be served by multiple access points (APs), which have less complex hardware compared to a BS. Owing to this cooperative and distributed implementation, there are no cell-edge users. Similar to the cellular counterpart, the cell-free systems also suffer from pilot contamination due to the reuse of pilot sequences throughout the network. Inspired by a hardcore point process known as the random sequential adsorption (RSA) process, we develop a new distributed pilot assignment algorithm that mitigates the effect of pilot contamination by ensuring a minimum distance among the co-pilot users. Further, we show that the performance of this distributed pilot assignment scheme is appreciable compared to different centralized pilot assignment schemes, which are algorithmically more complex and difficult to implement in a network. Moreover, this pilot assignment scheme leads to the construction of a new point process, namely the multilayer RSA process. We derive the statistical properties of this point process both in one and two-dimensional spaces. Further, in a cell-free mMIMO network, the APs are connected to a centralized baseband unit (BBU) that performs the bulk of the signal processing operations through finite capacity links, such as fiber optic cables. Apart from pilot contamination, another implementational issue associated with the cell-free mMIMO systems is the finite capacity of fronthaul links that results in user performance degradation. Using appropriate stochastic geometry-based tools, we model and analyze this network for two different implementation scenarios. In the first scenario, we consider a finite network where each AP serves all the users in the network. In the second scenario, we consider an infinite network where each user is served by a few nearby APs. As a consequence of this user-centric implementation, for each user, the BBU only needs to communicate with fewer APs thereby reducing information load on fronthaul links. From our analyses, we propose key guidelines for the deployment of both types of scenarios. The type of mMIMO systems that are discussed in this work will be operated in the sub-6 GHz frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Owing to the limited availability of spectrum resources, usually, spectrum sharing is encouraged among different cellular operators in such bands. One such example is the citizen broadband radio service (CBRS) spectrum sharing systems proposed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The final contribution of this dissertation focuses on the potential improvement that is possible by the use of mMIMO in the CBRS systems. As our first step, using tools from stochastic geometry, we model and analyze this system with a single antenna at the BSs. In our model, we take into account the key guidelines by the FCC for co-existence between licensed and unlicensed operators. Leveraging properties of the Poisson hole process and hardcore process, we provide useful theoretical expressions for different performance metrics such as medium access probability, coverage probability, and area spectral efficiency. These results are used to obtain system design guidelines for successful co-existence between these networks. We further highlight the potential improvement in the user performance with multiple antennas at the unlicensed BS.

This thesis considers how Samson Occom and Joseph Johnson, Mohegan writers in Early America, used the hymns of English hymnodist, Isaac Watts. Each chapter traces how either Samson Occom or Joseph Johnson's adapted Isaac Watts's hymns for Native communities and how these texts are sites of affective sovereignty.