The nuclear industry is very complex which makes it so that the people working in the industry need ahigh level of understanding of how a nuclear power plant operates. This is why KSU(Kärnkraftsäkerhet och utbildning AB) is starting to look over their different courses and are trying tofind ways to improve them with new technology and a way to minimize the workload that theseeducations take, especially on the human resource side.The purpose of this paper is to create a method for digitization of a course for KSU.The method that was used started with a literature study, where relevant science papers were lookedinto and summarized and used for the formation of the course. Then the course was modularizedwhere the course goals got placed in modules and put in a flowchart to show in what ways you can gothrough the course. Thereafter a script was produced and a document with instructions that describesthe work and how it is to be put together which is called “metadokument”. The script contains all theinformation that a participant is expected to learn, together with the tool Lumi, which are combined ininteractive videos.The result shows a method that can be used to digitize courses that have been classroom lead beforeand the tools that can be used to do it.

Sweden has long had the goal of phasing out its nuclear power. However, both public opinion and politics have shifted in response to the climate and energy crisis, which demands fossil-free energy production. At the same time, small modular reactors (SMRs) have begun to be developed, and several players in Sweden have started exploring this technology. SMRs are smaller versions of conventional nuclear reactors but built in a modular fashion. The advantage of modularity is that the reactors can be produced in series, easily maintained, and their smaller size allows for more flexible placement and lower initial investment. Based on the above, this study examines how current nuclear power actors in Sweden view the development of SMRs.  To answer this question, semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives from Fortum, Sydkraft Sverige (Uniper), and Kärnfull Next, all of which are active in nuclear power in Sweden. The study shows that the actors see the biggest advantages of SMRs as their modularity, relatively low investment requirements, and more flexible placement, which enables more efficient utilization. However, they believe that the development of SMRs is heavily constrained by current legislation and licensing processes. These are designed to promote the limitation and decommissioning of conventional nuclear power, and according to the respondents, they make successful SMR development impossible. The consequence is that the regulatory framework is more restrictive towards SMRs and hampers the ability to leverage the advantages of SMRs over conventional nuclear power. Furthermore, the respondents believe that there is a skills shortage in nuclear power that will need to be addressed in order to successfully develop SMRs in Sweden. / Sverige har länge haft målet att avveckla sin kärnkraft. Däremot har både opinionen och politiken vänt i frågan och ändrat uppfattning i spåren av klimat- och energikrisen som efterfrågar fossilfri energiproduktion. Samtidigt har små modulära reaktorer (SMR) börjat utvecklas och ett flertal aktörer i Sverige har börjat utforska tekniken. SMR är en mindre version av en konventionell kärnkraftsreaktor men modulärt uppbyggd. Fördelen med modulariteten är att reaktorerna kan serieproducerads, lättare underhållas och dess mindre storlek möjliggör friare placering och mindre initial investering. Med bakgrund i ovanstående undersöker arbetet hur ser nuvarande aktörer inom kärnkraft på utvecklingen av SMR i Sverige? För att besvara frågeställningen genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från Fortum, Sydkraft Sverige (Uniper) och Kärnfull Next. Samtliga företag är aktiva inom kärnkraft i Sverige. Arbetet visar att aktörerna ser de största fördelarna med SMR som dess modularitet, relativt låga investeringskrav samt dess friare placering, vilket möjliggör mer effektiv användande. Däremot anser de att utvecklingen av SMR kraftigt begränsas av dagens lagstiftning och licensieringsprocesser. Dessa är designade för att främja begränsning och avveckling av konventionell kärnkraft och enligt respondenterna omöjliggör det framgångsrik utveckling av SMR. Konsekvensen blir att den är mer restriktiv mot SMR:er och försvårar möjligheten att utnyttja de fördelar SMR har gentemot konventionell kärnkraft. Vidare anser respondenterna att det råder en kompetensbrist inom kärnkraft vilket kommer behöva hanteras för att framgångsrikt utveckla SMR i Sverige.

Sweden's nuclear power industry plays a crucial role in meeting future energy needs and achieving climate goals where nuclear power is essential to this success. However, one of the biggest challenges in nuclear power is the management of spent nuclear fuel, which must be stored safely for long periods to protect people and the environment from radioactive radiation. To address this, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB) plans to build a capsule factory for encapsulating spent nuclear fuel. The capsule factory is a key component of the Swedish KBS-3 system for the final disposal of nuclear waste, where copper capsules will be used to safely seal and store the spent nuclear fuel for over 100,000 years, 500 meters underground. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two main scenarios for the construction of the capsule factory: an early construction, and a later construction, as well as to examine the opportunities and risks of reusing existing encapsulation equipment compared to investing in new equipment. To address the research questions and achieve the objectives of the report, the methods consisted of SWOT-analyses, surveys, risk assessments, and statistical analysis of the risks to evaluate the scenarios. The results show that an early construction start can reduce overall risks and enable a more efficient transition to full-scale production by the year 2036. A later construction start can reduce initial costs but may involve an increased risk of delays. Reusing existing equipment can also lower costs but may require extensive inspections and upgrades as it becomes outdated. New investments in equipment entail higher initial costs but offer more modern and efficient solutions with lower long-term maintenance requirements. In summary, an early construction start of the capsule factory is recommended, with a thorough assessment of the possibility of reusing existing equipment to maximize cost-effectiveness and minimize risks.

<p>I studien har jag ställt frågorna; vad är masskommunikation och hur kan den beskrivas? Vilken väg transporteras en händelse i massmedias infrastruktur? Ambitionen är att undersöka hur masskommunikationen fungerar, därför har tre specifika händelser valts ut för att studeras. Teoretiskt utgår studien ifrån ett mediefilosofiskt synsätt i en postmodern tradition med medieteori av McLuhan, Baudrillard och Bourdieu. Undersökningen har genomförts med kvalitativ fallstudie. Tre händelser har identifierats och kategoriserats i empirisk, definitiv och producerad händelse. 1) Konferensen 1955 förmedlades av pressjournalister till tidningens läsare. 2) Katastrofen 1986 upptäcktes vid avläsning av mätutrustning, där ett radioaktivt utsläpp uppmätts. Experter rapporterade till journalister. 3) Rapporten 2004 förmedlades i ett uttalande i TV av en politisk företrädare och via ett pressmeddelande till redaktionerna. Vid dessa tre händelser så kunde publicering ske i media till användarna av de olika medieartefakterna. In this study these questions are asked; what is mass communication and how can it be described? ow is an event transported through the infrastructure of the mass media? The ambition is to examine some aspects of mass communication. Theoretically the study is oriented towards a postmodern tradition with theories from McLuhan, Baudrillard and Bourdieu. This is connected to the viewpoint of Large Technical System (LTS) and the news office and the mass media, continuing to the news orientation toward events. The method used is qualitative case study. Three different types of events have been classified in the categories empiric, final and produced. 1) The conference 1955 was covered by journalists and delivered to readers of the newspaper. 2) The catastrophe 1986 was revealed by a measuring device that picked up radioactive pollution and experts were reporting to journalists. 3) The report 2004 was communicated in a TV program by a politician and through a press release to news offices. Thus three events were publicized in mass media and thereby made accessible to the users of media artefacts.</p>

Aim: The nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan, raised global criticism against nuclear power. In Sweden, the criticism has not been very visible and the government now allows a renewal of the nuclear power plants. The purpose with the study is to have a closer look on how Swedes in position of power motivate their positive attitude to nuclear power and how they conduct themselves to each other and to their opponents. The rhetorical perspective will be in focus for the analysing. Method: Four different artifacts represented by Swedes in position of power having a positiveattitude to nuclear power were chosen. Three rhetorical theories (the rhetorical arena, stasis andethos, pathos and logos) were used with the research question in focus. Result &amp; Conclusions: The analyses resulted in conclusions about the strategies used by the participants such as: the importance of contexts, meaning for example that the greenhouse effect legitimizes nuclear power as a source of energy with important benefits. Redefining the meaning of key words such as “environment friendly”. Using authority, emotions and knowledge as a way to persuade. Suggestions for future research: It would be interesting to go further with the fundamental values and ideologies which seem to have an important role in the Swedish nuclear power debate. Contribution of the thesis: This study has hopefully brought new light on the nuclear power debate and can be a contribution to a broader understanding how to bring more nuance and transparency to it.

I studien har jag ställt frågorna; vad är masskommunikation och hur kan den beskrivas? Vilken väg transporteras en händelse i massmedias infrastruktur? Ambitionen är att undersöka hur masskommunikationen fungerar, därför har tre specifika händelser valts ut för att studeras. Teoretiskt utgår studien ifrån ett mediefilosofiskt synsätt i en postmodern tradition med medieteori av McLuhan, Baudrillard och Bourdieu. Undersökningen har genomförts med kvalitativ fallstudie. Tre händelser har identifierats och kategoriserats i empirisk, definitiv och producerad händelse. 1) Konferensen 1955 förmedlades av pressjournalister till tidningens läsare. 2) Katastrofen 1986 upptäcktes vid avläsning av mätutrustning, där ett radioaktivt utsläpp uppmätts. Experter rapporterade till journalister. 3) Rapporten 2004 förmedlades i ett uttalande i TV av en politisk företrädare och via ett pressmeddelande till redaktionerna. Vid dessa tre händelser så kunde publicering ske i media till användarna av de olika medieartefakterna. In this study these questions are asked; what is mass communication and how can it be described? ow is an event transported through the infrastructure of the mass media? The ambition is to examine some aspects of mass communication. Theoretically the study is oriented towards a postmodern tradition with theories from McLuhan, Baudrillard and Bourdieu. This is connected to the viewpoint of Large Technical System (LTS) and the news office and the mass media, continuing to the news orientation toward events. The method used is qualitative case study. Three different types of events have been classified in the categories empiric, final and produced. 1) The conference 1955 was covered by journalists and delivered to readers of the newspaper. 2) The catastrophe 1986 was revealed by a measuring device that picked up radioactive pollution and experts were reporting to journalists. 3) The report 2004 was communicated in a TV program by a politician and through a press release to news offices. Thus three events were publicized in mass media and thereby made accessible to the users of media artefacts.

ABSTRACT D Level Essay in Political Science, Autumn Semester 2008 by Mattias Andersson. Tutor: Alf Sundin. “The Swedish Centre Party and Nuclear Power. A Study of Change in a Political Party” The aim of this essay is to examine the policy of the Swedish Centre Party on nuclear power. More exactly the aim is to study if the Centre Party has been going through a change of policy on nuclear power and, if so, how the policy has changed. The essay is about the Centre Party, the Centre Party’s Youth League and the Centre Party’s Women’s Association. The Student Association as well as different special interests in trade and industry with a connection to the Centre Movement have been delimited. The time periods studied are 1979-1988 and 2001-2008. The analysis of the ideology is based on Herbert Tingsten. The various arguments are presented in tables. A couple of concepts from Gunnar Sjöblom have also been used. These are the research questions: - Has the Centre Party changed its ideology on nuclear power? - Has the Centre Party changed its arguments on nuclear power? - Has the Centre Party’s Youth League changed its policy and its arguments on nuclear power? - Has the Centre Party’s Women’s Association changed its policy and its arguments on nuclear power? - Have the prospects of success for the Centre Party’s policy on nuclear power changed:a, in the electoral arena?b, in the parliamentary arena?c, in the internal arena? The research has been made from political and environmental programs as well as some newspaper articles and interviews. Motions on nuclear power to the Centre Party’s assembly have also been studied. The essay makes it plain that the Centre Party has changed its ideology on nuclear power. The fundamental values have changed as well as the recommended action. The main arguments are still the same and have not changed, however a few of the arguments from the earlier time period are no longer used. The Centre Party’s Youth League has been going through the biggest change and is today even in favour of uranium mining in Sweden whereas the Centre Party’s Women’s Association has changed from a strong commitment into a lack of a policy on their own. Earlier there was a strong sense of consensus in the Centre Movement. Today there are all kinds of views on nuclear power within the movement. The policy of today has good prospects of success in the parliament and among voters but is problematic within the party. Remaining research fields are to further examine the internal opinions on nuclear power, especially within the Youth League and the Women’s Association. Another field is to study whether the change has been influenced by special interests in trade and industry. A further examination of the concept of change would also be clarifying. / SAMMANDRAG D-uppsats av Mattias Andersson, Statsvetenskap IV, ht 2008. Handledare: Alf Sundin ”Centerpartiet och kärnkraften. En studie av förändring i ett parti” Syftet är att undersöka om Centerpartiet har förändrat sin politik i kärnkraftsfrågan samt hur politiken i kärnkraftsfrågan i så fall har förändrats. I uppsatsen studeras Centerpartiet, Centerpartiets ungdomsförbund och Centerkvinnorna, medan Centerstudenter eller särintressen med speciell anknytning till Centerrörelsen avgränsats. Två tidsperioder studeras, perioden 1979-1988 samt 2001-2008. I ideologianalysen har Herbert Tingstens syn på ideologibegreppet tillämpats. Argumentationsanalysen redovisas i form av tabeller där de förekommande argumenten för och mot kärnkraft vid de undersökta tidpunkterna redovisas. En analys-modell av Gunnar Sjöblom har också använts. Syftet preciseras till följande forskningsfrågor: - Har Centerpartiet förändrat sin ideologi i kärnkraftsfrågan? - Har Centerpartiet förändrat sina argument i kärnkraftsfrågan? - Har Centerpartiets ungdomsförbund förändrat sin politik respektive sina argument i kärnkraftsfrågan? - Har Centerkvinnorna förändrat sin politik respektive sina argument i kärnkraftsfrågan? - Har utsikterna till framgång för Centerpartiets politik i kärnkraftsfrågan förändrats:a, på väljararenan?b, på den parlamentariska arenan?c, på den interna arenan? I huvudsak har parti- och miljöprogram och motioner till riksstämman studerats, men även några tidningsartiklar och intervjuer har använts. Studien visar att Centerpartiet har förändrat sin ideologi i kärnkraftsfrågan på flera olika sätt. Grundvärderingarna har förändrats, liksom handlingsrekommendationerna. Centerpartiet fortsätter däremot att argumentera mot kärnkraften såsom tidigare; dock har några argument som tidigare användes försvunnit. Centerpartiets ungdomsförbund har gjort den radikalaste omsvängningen i kärnkraftsfrågan och är numera även för uranbrytning i Sverige, medan Centerkvinnorna gått från att vara starkt engagerade till att inte längre föra en egen politik i kärnkraftsfrågan. Tidigare rådde en tydlig konsensus inom centerrörelsen; idag finns olika åsikter om kärnkraft företrädda. Den politik som förts under senare år har goda utsikter till parlamentarisk och väljarmässig framgång men är internt problematisk. Kvarvarande frågor är att närmare undersöka den interna situationen i Centerpartiet, inte minst i ungdomsförbundet och kvinnoförbundet. Man skulle också kunna undersöka LRF eller andra näringslivsintressen och studera i vilken mån de har utövat inflytande över den här förändringen. Det kvarstår också att fördjupa litteraturanknytningen kring begreppet förändring.

AbstractIII-essay in political science by Christoffer Harnell, autumn -08. Supervisor: Malin Stegman-McCallion. ”Nuclear Disarmament - USA and the Soviet Union 1960-2002” This essay is about USA and the former Soviet Union and their nuclear disarmament. The purpose is to explain why and when the two states begun their nuclear disarmament, as well as what caused the start of the process. The essay investigates how well the two states have followed the NPT-Treaty’s article of nuclear disarmament. The article says that the states who have signed the NPT-treaty shall work for an disarmament of their nuclear weapons.          The arguments are that a state’s nuclear disarmament starts because of a previous action or happening, the new development of a disarmament-theory, the essay aims to proove this.Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union show evidence that they have started their nuclear disarmament after a previous action. USA started their nuclear disarmament in the period 1966-70 because of the former American minister of security Robert McNamara and his U-turn in the aggressive war politic and the former president Nixon and his ambition to lower the heat between USA and the Soviet union by signin the ABM-Treaty.          The Soviet Union started their nuclear disarmament many years later in the period of 1986-1987, the cause of this, it is believed, is the nuclear explosion in Chernobyl and the former president of the Soviet Union Michail Gorbatjov’s ambitions to end the war in the world and disarm the nuclear weapons, not just between USA and the Soviet Union, but in all states.          USA has followed the NPT-Treaty’s article of nuclear disarmament well, one reason for this is that, they started the disarmament before they signed the NPT-Treaty in 1968. The Soviet Union, however, has followed the NPT-treatys article of nuclear disarmament less well and did not start their nuclear disarmament until 1986-87, even though they signed up for the NPT-Treaty in 1968.           The NPT-Treaty will probably still be relevant in the future for the nuclear disarmament, but how well the world’s states will follow it, the future will tell. The nuclear disarmament in this two states has been caused by a previous action and the new developed disarmament-theory is avaliable for further disarmament research.

Tidigare har kärnkraftspolitiken i Sverige legitimerats genom att kärnkraften framställts som det enda energislaget som både är koldioxidneutralt och effektivt nog att förse den svenska industrin med el till konkurrenskraftiga priser. Eftersom kärnkraften under de senaste åren utsatts för allt hårdare konkurrens från effektiv och koldioxidsnål förnybar energi finns det goda skäl att förvänta sig att den senaste förändringen av svensk kärnkraftspolitik - beslutet att avskaffa effektskatten - legitimerats genom nya sätt att skapa mening kring kärnkraften och kärnkraftspolitiken. I den här studien undersöks därför hur beslutet att avskaffa effektskatten legitimerades inom den energipolitiska policyeliten och hur det skiljer sig från tidigare sätt att legitimera kärnkraftspolitiska beslut. 12 semi-strukturerade intervjuer och ett textmaterial bestående av 13 remissvar, en statlig utredning och en politisk överenskommelse har analyserats med hjälp av Carol Bacchis ”Whats the problem represented to be?”-metod samt ett poststrukturalistiskt metodologiskt och teoretiskt ramverk. Studien visar i likhet med forskning från andra länder där kärnkraft utsatts för hård konkurrens från förnybar energi att ett nytt sätt att framställa kärnkraften, där den framställs som nödvändig för elsystemets tekniska funktionssätt på grund av dess förmåga att leverera effekt, blivit det mest centrala sättet att legitimera kärnkraftspolitiken inom policyeliten i anslutning till avskaffandet av effektskatten. Studien visar även att ett nytt sätt att legitimera kärnkraftspolitik med hänvisning till att undvika snedvridande ingrepp i elmarknaden återkommer inom policyeliten, men att det finns olika bilder av vad som utgör ett snedvridande ingrepp. Framställningen av kärnkraften som koldioxidneutral framstår som mindre central än tidigare.

This master thesis has been conducted at Forsmark nuclear power plant. In nuclear power plants, safety is one of the most important tasks. After the Fukushima-accident, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB investigated the possibility to have additional emergency cooling systems. This thesis aims to investigate the use of cooling towers as mobile emergency cooling system for decay heat removal for the nuclear reactors at Forsmark NPP. The advantages and disadvantages of different cooling tower types were looked at. To achieve mobility, some restraints were considered such as dimensions and weight. In the design of cooling towers, experimental values are used. As these crucial data are missing, a backfitting from actual designs was done to derivate the missing data. The results of this thesis show that wet cooling towers are in this case more effective than dry cooling towers. The wet cooling towers cover in the best scenario up to 38MW which is 10 times higher than what can be achieved with the dry cooling tower. That covers the maximal decay heat released in the reactor F3 12 hours after a shutdown.