Film music has its roots in late-romantic concert music. A number of composers of so-called “serious music” also composed for the film. And some Golden Age film composers came from the concert-music realm and, once they started their association with Hollywood, continued to pen works for the concert stage too. Film music had to struggle for a long time against the prejudice that saw it as music not to be taken seriously; it was regarded as “neglected art”. Nevertheless, film-music concerts have experienced a blossoming in the recent years. There is a large variety, from programmes that only perform film music in concert halls without any additional element to large-scale events in multi-purpose halls where film music is accompanied by film clips or provides the live accompaniment to entire films. This chapter examines the role of John Williams’s film scores in this context. Are there any special features of Williams’s film music that make it particularly suitable to the concert hall? How does the performance practice of his film music differ in comparison to classical concerts? Are there any pieces that are played more frequently than others, and if so, why?

Theoretical and experimental studies on intense laser atom interaction have drawn many interests over the past few decades. In this thesis, we consider strong-field tunnel ionization to explore two different problems dealing with the ionized-electron dynamics in the presence of an infrared, high-intensity, elliptically-polarized laser pulse. In the first part, we discover the electron dynamics from a static potential, this describes the complicated field-driven dynamics by a simple time-independent problem. In the second part, we set up an analytical expression for the attoclock offset angle. We use the time-dependent Kramers-Henneberger (KH) potential, and show how some approximations within the KH potential lead to the static potential and the analytical offset angle. We elucidate good agreement of our theory with the numerical results obtained from classical equations of motion. Finally, the comparison with the available experimental data has led to an interestingly new tunnel exit-radius different from the conventional models.

In this thesis we see deductive systems for classical propositional and predicate logic which use deep inference, i.e. inference rules apply arbitrarily deep inside formulas, and a certain symmetry, which provides an involution on derivations. Like sequent systems, they have a cut rule which is admissible. Unlike sequent systems, they enjoy various new interesting properties. Not only the identity axiom, but also cut, weakening and even contraction are reducible to atomic form. This leads to inference rules that are local, meaning that the effort of applying them is bounded, and finitary, meaning that, given a conclusion, there is only a finite number of premises to choose from. The systems also enjoy new normal forms for derivations and, in the propositional case, a cut elimination procedure that is drastically simpler than the ones for sequent systems.

Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte emotionale Reaktionen im Experimentaldesign einer aversiven, differentiellen klassischen Konditionierung (CS = zwei männliche, neutral valente Gesichter; olfaktorischer UCS = vergorene Hefe) bei je vierzehn männlichen generalisierten Sozialphobikern (DSM-VI) und gesunden Kontrollpersonen. In Erwartung einer erhöhten Konditionierbarkeit, einer Extinktionsresistenz sowie einer Generalisierung auf störungsrelevante Fazialreize bei den Sozialphobikern wurden die konditionierten Reaktionen über subjektiv-verbale Urteile (Valenz, Erregung, Kontingenz), den Schreckreflex (M. orbicularis oculi links, Indikator subcorticaler Reizverarbeitung der Angst), die bilateral erhobene Aktivität des M. corrugator supercilii (Indikator für den negativ emotionalen Fazialausdruck) sowie die Herzrate (Indikator der allgemeinen psychophysiologischen Aktivierung) gemessen. Die Konditionierung verlief in beiden Experimentalgruppen erfolgreich (Valenz, Erregung, Kontingenz) und hypothesenkonform. Im Gegensatz zu den Gesunden resultierten für die Sozialphobiker eine erhöhte Konditionierbarkeit (Schreckreflexlatenz und -amplitude, Herzratendezeleration), eine Extinktionsresistenz (Erregung, Schreckreflexnullreaktionen, Corrugator) sowie eine Reizgeneralisierung (Erregung, Kontingenz, Schreckreflexlatenz, Corrugator, Herzratendezeleration). Die Befunde sprechen außerdem für eine unterschiedliche emotionale Reizverarbeitung über den Experimentalverlauf. Die Sozialphobiker reagierten in der Akquisition vorrangig in den Parametern Erregung, Kontingenz, Schreckreflex und Herzrate (Gesunde: Corrugator) sowie in der Extinktion hinsichtlich Erregung, Schreckreflex und Corrugator (Gesunde: Kontingenz). Das Valenzurteil ergab hingegen keine Gruppenspezifik. / The present study investigated the emotional responses of aversive differential Pavlovian conditioning with two male neutral faces as conditioned stimuli (CS) and a foul odor (fermented yeast) as unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in fourteen male generalized social phobics (DSM-VI) and healthy controls. The aim of this investigation was to examine the hypotheses of enhanced acquisition, delayed extinction and generalization of faces, as they represented socially relevant stimuli, concerning social phobics. Subjective indicators of conditioned response were valence, arousal and awareness. The startle reflex (recorded from left m. orbicularis oculi) was used as a measure of subcortical emotional processing. Bilaterally corrugator muscle activity (as an indicator of negative emotional facial response) and heart rate (as an indicator of general physiological activation) served as psychophysiological assessment of conditioning. Both groups were successfully conditioned as reflected by differential responses of all three subjective parameters. The results were consistent with the hypotheses. Compared to controls, social phobics showed an increased acquisition (startle latency and magnitude, heart rate deceleration), an extinction resistance (arousal, startle zero reactions, corrugator) as well as a generalization of CS types (arousal, awareness, startle latency, corrugator, heart rate deceleration). In addition the findings suggested that the emotional stimuli processing in participants are distinct. The social phobics in particular reacted to arousal, contingency awareness, startle and heart rate in acquisition (controls: corrugator) and to arousal, startle and corrugator in extinction (controls: awareness). There was no difference between groups regarding valence judgement.

Das Standardmodell der Kosmologie stellte sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten, trotz immer genauerer experimenteller Tests, als sehr robust heraus. Darüber hinaus schaffen ekpyrotische und inflationäre Theorien eine Grundlage um viele konzeptuelle Probleme des frühen Universums zu lösen. Dennoch bleiben viele Fragen unbeantwortet. So ist es in inflationären Theorien schwierig präzise Vorhersagen zu treffen so lange die ewige Inflation nicht besser verstanden wird. Auf der anderen Seite haben ekpyrotische Theorien Schwierigkeiten den Übergang zwischen kontrahierenden und expandierenden Phasen - den so-genannten kosmischen Rückprall - zu erklären. Zudem beschreibt keine der beiden Theorien den Ursprung von Allem und beinhalten kosmologische Singularitäten. Hier stellen wir Denkansätze bereit um diese Unklarheiten näher zu beleuchten. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit konstruieren wir klassische, singularitätenfreie Rückprälle in der generellsten geschlossenen, homogenen aber anisotropischen, Raumzeit. In dem längeren, zweiten Teil beschäftigen wir uns mit den Konsequenzen auf die Kosmologie, die eine konsistente, semiklassische Quantisierung mit sich bringt. Unsere Methoden, die auf Feynmans Summe über Pfade basiert, offenbart neue und interessante Phänomene des frühen Universums. Unter anderem konstruieren wir numerische Lösungen, in denen das Universum vor dem Erreichen einer Singularität in einen anderen Zustand tunnelt. Damit lösen wir zum aller ersten Mal kosmologische Singularitäten ohne den Einsatz von extravaganter Physik auf. / In the face of ever more precise experiments, the standard model of cosmology has proven to be tremendously robust over the past decades. Inflation or ekpyrosis provide a basis for solving some of its remaining conceptual issues - they are a beautiful and natural simplifi- cation to our understanding of the universes early history; yet they leave many questions unanswered and raise new problems. For example, inflationary theories fail to be predictive as long as eternal inflation is not better understood. At the same time, ekpyrotic theories struggle to explain the transition from a contracting to an expanding phase - the so-called bounce. Both of them lack any understanding or description of the origin of everything and contain cosmological singularities. Here, we provide concrete steps towards shedding a light on these mysteries. The overarching theme that guides most chapters in this thesis is how to deal with cosmological singularities and whether they can be resolved without invoking extraordinary physics. In the first part, we construct classically non-singular bounces in the most general closed, homogeneous but anisotropic space-time. In the second part we analyze the effect of introducing quantum mechanics semi-classically to cosmology and show that quantum effects are helpful in resolving cosmological singularities. We demonstrate that anisotropies do not hinder the universe’s creation from nothing. Furthermore, we construct numerical solutions in which the universe tunnels to a different state before reaching a singularity. With that, we resolve for the first time cosmological singularities without the use of extravagant physics.

Die Doppelkopie-Relation besagt, dass Observable in einer Gravitationstheorie durch "Quadrieren" entsprechender Größen in einer Eichtheorie abgeleitet werden können. Es ermöglicht die Verwendung moderner Techniken der Eichtheorien, um Probleme wie die Streuung von Schwarzen Löchern in der Gravitation anzugehen. Wir betrachten zunächst die massive skalare Quantenchromodynamik und führen die Doppelkopie für deren Streuamplituden durch. Aus den resultierenden Amplituden rekonstruieren wir die effektive Lagrange-Funktion. Diese besteht aus einer Graviationstheorie gekoppelt an massive Skalare, ein Axion und ein Dilaton. Der entstehende Lagrangian wird explizit bis zur sechsten Ordnung von Skalarfeldern konstruiert, und es wird eine Form aller Ordnungen postuliert. Es folgt die Erforschung der Doppelkopie massiver Punktteilchen. Die Quellen werden durch Weltlinien-Quantenfeldtheorien formuliert, die mit Yang-Mills, biadjungiertem Skalar und Zwei-Form-Dilaton-Gravitation gekoppelt sind. Wir schlagen eine Doppelkopievorschrift für die eikonalen Phase vor, und explizit bis zur nächstführenden Ordnung zu überprüfen. Wir untersuchen ferner die nicht-perturbative Doppelkopie klassischer Lösungen. Insbesondere erweitern wir die Kerr-Schild-Abbildung auf den Fall eines Probeteilchens, das sich im Kerr-Schild-Hintergrund bewegt. Wir finden darüberhinaus eine neue Doppelkopie zwischen den erhaltenen Ladungen auf der Eichtheorie und den Gravitationsseiten. Schließich untersuchen wir die Post-Minkowski'sche (PM) und Post-Newton'sche Entwicklungen des gravitativen effektiven Drei-Körper-Potentials. Wir liefern auf 2PM Ebene ein formelles nicht-lokales Ergebnis und entwickeln es in der Geschwindigkeit. / This thesis focuses on the double copy relation between gauge theories and gravity and its application in the classical scattering of massive compact objects. The double copy relation states that observables in a gravitational theory can be derived from “squaring” corresponding quantities in a gauge theory. It allows using modern techniques of gauge theories to tackle problems such as black hole scattering in gravity. We first consider massive scalar quantum chromodynamics and perform the double copy procedure for the scattering amplitudes. We reconstruct the effective Lagrangian from the resulting amplitudes. It yields a gravitational theory of massive scalars coupled to gravity, axion, and dilaton. The emerging Lagrangian is constructed explicitly up to the sixth order of scalar fields, and an all-order form is conjectured. It is followed by exploring the double copy of classical massive point particles. The source objects are formulated by worldline quantum field theories coupled to Yang-Mills, bi-adjoint scalar, and two-form-dilaton-gravity. We propose a double copy prescription for the eikonal phases, and check it explicitly up to next-to-leading order. We also investigate the non-perturbative double copy of classical solutions. Specifically, we extend the Kerr-Schild mapping, which allows obtaining solutions of the Einstein equation from that of gauge theory, to the case of a probe particle moving in the Kerr-Schild background. We find a new double copy between the conserved charges on the gauge theory and the gravity sides, which works naturally for both bound and unbound states. Additionally, we study the Post-Minkowskian (PM) and Post-Newtonian expansions of the gravitational three-body effective potential. We provide a formal non-local result at 2PM and expand it in the slow-motion limit.

Neural activity in dopaminergic areas such as the ventral tegmental area is influenced by timing processes, in particular by the temporal expectation of rewards during Pavlovian conditioning. Receipt of a reward at the expected time allows to compute reward-prediction errors which can drive learning in motor or cognitive structures. Reciprocally, dopamine plays an important role in the timing of external events. Several models of the dopaminergic system exist, but the substrate of temporal learning is rather unclear. In this article, we propose a neuro-computational model of the afferent network to the ventral tegmental area, including the lateral hypothalamus, the pedunculopontine nucleus, the amygdala, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the ventral basal ganglia (including the nucleus accumbens and the ventral pallidum), as well as the lateral habenula and the rostromedial tegmental nucleus. Based on a plausible connectivity and realistic learning rules, this neuro-computational model reproduces several experimental observations, such as the progressive cancelation of dopaminergic bursts at reward delivery, the appearance of bursts at the onset of reward-predicting cues or the influence of reward magnitude on activity in the amygdala and ventral tegmental area. While associative learning occurs primarily in the amygdala, learning of the temporal relationship between the cue and the associated reward is implemented as a dopamine-modulated coincidence detection mechanism in the nucleus accumbens.

Die Arbeit untersucht den Anregungsenergietransfer in supramolekularen Phäophorbid-a-Komplexen. Das P4- und das P16-Molekül bestehen aus vier bzw. sechzehn Phäophorbid-a-Molekülen. Die Komplexe werden in explizitem Lösungsmittel im Rahmen einer gemischt quanten-klassischen Methode untersucht. Klassische Molekulardynamik-Simulationen werden durchgeführt. Die zeitabhängige Schrödingergleichung wird gelöst, der entsprechende Hamiltonoperator hängt parametrisch von den Kernkoordinaten ab. Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die die Berechnung des Schwingungsbeitrags der Koordinatenabhängigkeit in harmonischer Näherung ermöglicht. Die Qualität der Methode wird bewiesen. Es werden drei verschiedene Ansätze benutzt, um das Zeitverhalten des Anregungsenergietransfers innerhalb der Chromophorkomplexe zu charakterisieren. Es werden zunächst Transferraten berechnet und entsprechende Ratengleichungen gelöst. Desweiteren werden gemittelte zeitabhängige Populationen aus der Lösung der Schrödingergleichung bestimmt. Zudem wird die Zeitskala des Anregungsenergietransfers aus der Anisotropie erhalten. Die Berechnung der Anisotropie beruht auf der Lösung einer Schrödingergleichung, welche das elektromagnetischen Feldes explizit enthält. Für alle drei Ansätze ergibt sich die gleiche Dynamik des Anregungsenergietransfers. Es werden zudem lineare und transiente Spektren der Qy-Banden der Chromophorkomplexe berechnet. Für ein einzelnes Phäophorbid-a-Molekül in Ethanol werden zusätzlich die Qx-Bande und die Schwingungsprogression bestimmt. Außerdem wird die lineare Absorption von Phäophorbid a und P16 neben einem Gold-Nanopartikel untersucht, die erwartete Verstärkung des Absorptionssignals durch die Präsenz des Nanoteilchens wird gezeigt. Abschließend wird eine neue Methode vorgestellt, die es erlaubt, die abstands- und orientierungsabhängige Abschirmung der exzitonischen Kopplung parametrisch in die gemischt quanten-klassische Methode zu integrieren. / This thesis investigates the excitation energy transfer in pheophorbide a complexes. The P4 and the P16 molecule consist of four and sixteen pheophorbide a molecules, respectively. The complexes in explicit ethanol solution are investigated utilizing a mixed quantum-classical methodology. Classical molecular dynamics simulations are carried out. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved for a Hamiltonian that depends parametrically on the classical nuclear coordinates. In this thesis a method is introduced which allows the computation of the vibrational contribution in harmonic approximation. The high quality of the method is proven. Three different ansatzes were utilized to compute the time development of the excitation energy transfer within the chromophore complexes. The expansion coefficients that result from the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation are utilized to compute averaged time-dependent populations. Also, the expansion coefficients are used to compute excitation energy transfer rates in second order of the excitonic coupling. Thirdly, the time scale of the excitation energy transfer is derived from the delay-time dependent transient anisotropy. In order to compute the anisotropy, the electromagnetic field is included directly in the Hamiltonian of the system. The excitation energy transfer dynamics is exactly the same for the three approaches. In addition, linear and transient spectra of the chromophor complexes Qy band are computed. For a single pheophorbide a in ethanol, the Qx band and the vibrational progression are calculated. Furthermore, the linear absorption of pheophorbide a and P16 next to a gold nanoparticle is studied. The amplification of the molecular absorption signal due to the presence of the nanoparticle is shown. Finally, a new method is introduced to treat distance and conformation dependent screening of the excitonic coupling parametrically within a mixed quantum-classical description.

The topic of this thesis is the numerical simulation of transversely isotropic 3D structures and laminates by means of the adaptive finite element method. To achieve this goal, the theoretical background of elastic deformation problems, transverse isotropy, plate theory, and the classical laminate theory is recapitulated. The classical laminate theory implies a combination of the membrane problem and the plate problem with additional coupling terms. The focus of this work is the adjustment of two integral parts of the adaptive FE algorithm according to the classical laminate theory. One of these parts is the solution of the FE system; a good preconditioner is needed in order to use the conjugate gradient method efficiently. It is shown via a spectral equivalence bound that the combination of existing preconditioners for the membrane and plate problems poses a capable preconditioner for the combined laminate problem. The other part is the error estimation process; the error estimator determines where the current mesh has to be refined for the next step. Existing results on residual error estimators for the elasticity problem, the biharmonic problem, and the plate problem are combined and extended to obtain a posteriori local residual error indicators for the classical laminate theory problem. The effectiveness of both results is demonstrated by numerical examples.

Univ., Diss.--Bonn, 2002. / Enth. 3 Beitr.