<p>Cell Broadcast (CB) is a possible technical realisation of a global emergency alert system. It is a technique used for sending short text messages to all mobile stations (MSs) in a defined geographical area. An potential effect of using CB is the increase in battery consumption of the MS due to the fact that an extra channel has to be used to make the service available even when the network is otherwise congested. Another part of the service which leads to a potential problem is making CB messages available in different languages. Investigating these problems is the objective of this thesis and the studies it includes. During the first part of the thesis, we measured the battery consumption of MSs in different modes of operation in order to analyse how CB affects the amount of current drained. The tests showed that battery consumption increased only slightly when CB messages were being received at the MS. Although some of the results can be, and are, discussed, we believe that CB would have a small effect on the power consumption of an MS, particularly in a context where it would be used for emergency warning messages only. This mentioned, it would however be wishful to confirm the conclusions further through the realisation of long-term testing. The second part of the thesis deals with the investigation of the MSs’ support for CB messages with different coding schemes. Based on the investigation’s result, we have come to the conclusion that in the long term the usage of different coding schemes on the same channel is preferred. However, the usage of one, global, emergency channel is hard to realise since that requires a standardisation between all countries. In our opinion this may be achieved first in the long run and until then, the usage of separate channels seems to be necessary.</p>

Cell Broadcast (CB) is a possible technical realisation of a global emergency alert system. It is a technique used for sending short text messages to all mobile stations (MSs) in a defined geographical area. An potential effect of using CB is the increase in battery consumption of the MS due to the fact that an extra channel has to be used to make the service available even when the network is otherwise congested. Another part of the service which leads to a potential problem is making CB messages available in different languages. Investigating these problems is the objective of this thesis and the studies it includes. During the first part of the thesis, we measured the battery consumption of MSs in different modes of operation in order to analyse how CB affects the amount of current drained. The tests showed that battery consumption increased only slightly when CB messages were being received at the MS. Although some of the results can be, and are, discussed, we believe that CB would have a small effect on the power consumption of an MS, particularly in a context where it would be used for emergency warning messages only. This mentioned, it would however be wishful to confirm the conclusions further through the realisation of long-term testing. The second part of the thesis deals with the investigation of the MSs’ support for CB messages with different coding schemes. Based on the investigation’s result, we have come to the conclusion that in the long term the usage of different coding schemes on the same channel is preferred. However, the usage of one, global, emergency channel is hard to realise since that requires a standardisation between all countries. In our opinion this may be achieved first in the long run and until then, the usage of separate channels seems to be necessary.

Children with a migration background already have lower language competencies when they enter preschool than children without, which has an impact on their further language development as well as their acquisition of written language and their further educational biography. The early identification and support of children with special language support needs is of great importance in view of the existing educational inequalities. Likewise, the high number of migrant children in Europe illustrates the need to evaluate and identify factors that have a positive impact on second language acquisition. The present systematic literature review evaluated which types of language support exist, which factors have an influence on it, how the measures influence the language acquisition of children with a migration background, as well as the relationship between language support measures and participation in school. Five databases were extensively searched for available literature, and eight studies were selected that met predefined inclusion criteria. Based on the bio-ecological model of human development by Uri Bronfenbrenner and the Family of Participation-Related Constructs (fPCR) framework, several influencing factors in different systems were identified. Age, quality and quantity of the measures, as well as the commitment and approach of the teachers, are shown to be key factors for successful language support. However, the effectiveness of additive support measures has not yet been proven. In addition, there are adequate instruments for the diagnosis of a special language support need by the pedagogical staff. Consequently, factors were discussed in which way language support has to be changed in order to narrow the language gap between children with a migration background and their classmates. Limitations, practical implications and future research were also presented.

The study aimed to investigate the linguistic conditions that exist in the preschool's activities for children in need of special linguistic support. The questions were: What opportunities and challenges exist in the preschool's activities regarding language development for children in need of special language support? and How do the preschool teachers describe that they take responsibility for the challenges that exist regarding language development for children in need of special language support? The study was qualitative and two preschool teachers participated in interviews and observations. The preschool teachers were asked to film a lesson that would have a linguistic purpose. Stimulated recall was a method used in the study to make the participants' reflections visible, where the questions were adapted to the different content of the films. In the study, those parts are examined and analyzed based on the socio-cultural perspective and with the concepts of mediation which contains mediating tools, mediated action and cultural tools. The results show how preschool teachers can take responsibility for the various challenges that may occur in the preschool's operations in order to meet and support children in need of special linguistic support. Because of preschool teachers reflective approach, can development opportunities be made visible in order to adapt the activities and teaching can be based on the children's needs. The preschool teachers' way of taking responsibility for the challenges that were expressed varied depending on the preschool's conditions, competencies and commitment to the subject of language. This could depend on whether the preschool was a language preschool or not. / Studien syftade till att undersöka vilka språkliga förutsättningar som finns i förskolans verksamhet för barn i behov av särskilt språkligt stöd. Frågeställningarna var: Vilka möjligheter och utmaningar finns i förskolans verksamhet gällande språkutveckling för barn i behov av särskilt språkligt stöd? och Hur beskriver förskollärarna att de tar ansvar för de utmaningar som finns gällande språkutveckling för barn i behov av särskilt språkligt stöd? Studien var kvalitativ och det var två förskollärare som deltog i intervjuer och observationer. Förskollärarna blev tillfrågade att filma en undervisning som skulle ha ett språkligt syfte. Stimulated recall var en metod som användes i studien för att synliggöra deltagarnas reflektioner där frågorna anpassades efter filmernas olika innehåll. I studien undersöks och analyseras de delarna utifrån det sociokulturella perspektivet och med begreppet mediering som innehåller medierande redskap, medierad handling och kulturella redskap. Resultatet visar hur förskollärare kan ta ansvar för de olika utmaningar som kan förekomma i förskolans verksamhet för att bemöta och stötta barn i behov av särskilt språkligt stöd. Genom att förskollärare har ett reflekterande förhållningsätt kan utvecklingsmöjligheter synliggöras för att anpassa verksamheten och undervisningen utifrån barnens behov. Förskollärarnas sätt att ta ansvar för de utmaningar som uttrycktes varierade beroende på förskolans förutsättningar, kompetenser och engagemang kring ämnet språk. Detta kunde bero på om förskolan var en språkförskola eller inte.

The purpose of this study was to broaden knowledge about how native language support works in three pre-schools departments in a multicultural area. The questions were how native support works in the current pre-schools departments, which language development methods and forms used by educators to work with native language support, and if they experience any difficulties. I used interviews as a research method, with three child-care and one preschool teacher.The results showed that all departments on both of the pre-schools have native language support with a permanent bilingual staff, outside the ordinary activity. The mother tongue is also spoken in the everyday activities in two of the departments. The third department is only spoken native language with their children if they do not understand what they say in Swedish, or if they are sad.The concrete material is lifted up as a good and important tool in all three language groups, because verbal language is not always enough for all children to understand. All teachers are talking about the mother tongue which they mean is the key to self-esteem and identity formation for these children.The Child-cares is experiencing various difficulties in the work with native language support; one thinks that it is difficult when the children sometimes have a stronger language than her. The second one is experiencing difficulties with the children in her language group because they speak a variety of dialects in the common mother tongue. The third child-care find it difficult when she does not get any verbal response from the children in her group.All child-cares feel finally accepted and feel a joy in the effort made for the children and their mother tongue. They think it's great and fun, and also feel that their children like that.

Rather limited research and few significant field studies have been done on recent immigrant students particularly from the Muslim societies of the Horn of Africa and the Middle East in the American high school context regarding their linguistic, cultural and religious needs. Most research studies suggest that immigrant students receive insufficient provision. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role high schools play in provision addressing the following questions: (1) What kinds of provision have been implemented to support a culturally sensitive education in public high schools in the U.S., and how effective have they been? (2) If any, what was the effect of the reform paper No Child Left Behind? (3) How could the role of teachers as culturally responsive educators be further enhanced regarding first/heritage language and cultural heritage maintenance? (4) Which steps would have to be taken in order to move towards a culturally responsive system? Peterson’s iceberg theory regarding cultures was the guiding theoretical approach which emphasizes the fact that in order to get to know each other’s cultures, one has to closely examine the underlying issues that belong to them as the information available on the surface is simply not sufficient. Qualitative case studies were conducted based on survey questionnaires and interviews among students, parents, ESOL/ELL teachers and mainstream teachers from 6 different high schools. This study has demonstrated that high schools can, in fact, be inviting, well-equipped with adequate ESOL/ELL programs. Findings from field work carried out in Loudoun and Fairfax County public schools in Virginia in 2011, indicate that there is a need to address misconceptions among ESOL/ELL students, their teachers and their parents as to what constitutes as multicultural education environment, and first language maintenance. It is explained how the role of culture-based after school extracurricular clubs like the Muslim Students Association can serve as a bridge between the culture of one’s origin and the host society. While teachers could serve as facilitators, students can become researchers and see relevance of their culture. The result from this investigation through existing literature, stories of individuals and institutions will add to current knowledge on ESOL/ELL provision and offer a deeper understanding of needs from both parties.

Studiens syfte är att beskriva några klasslärares uppfattningar om hur stödet kan se ut till de elever som befaras inte nå målen i svenska som andraspråk i skolår tre på grund av bristande språkkunskaper. För att undersöka detta har jag utgått från frågeställningarna:Vilket stöd upplever lärarna att de kan ge dessa elever i klassen? Vilket stöd upplever lärarna att dessa elever får av speciallärare och lärare i svenska som andraspråk? Hur beskriver klasslärarna att deras samarbete med andra lärare på skolan ser ut kring dessa elever? Samt vilka stödåtgärder beskriver lärarna att de kan formulera i dessa elevers åtgärdsprogram?  Studien bygger på intervjuer med fem klasslärare som arbetar på tre olika skolor. Majoriteten av eleverna på dessa skolor har ett annat modersmål än svenska. Intervjuerna har analyserats utifrån en sociokulturell ansats. Resultatet visar att: Stödet till dessa elever såg olika ut på de tre olika skolorna där lärarna arbetade. Det skilde sig både i grad av medvetenhet om sociokulturellt stödjande språkundervisning hos klasslärarna och i organisationen kring de elever som behövde mest språkligt stöd. Organisationen av olika lärarkategorier kring de elever som fick språkligt stöd skilde sig beroende på om lärarna och skolorna praktiserade ett sociokulturellt stödjande arbetssätt i klasserna. Det fanns också ett samband mellan ett sociokulturellt sätt att se på språkundervisning och ett relationellt sätt att se på specialundervisning. Avsaknaden av sociokulturellt arbetssätt ledde till mer kompensatoriska stödåtgärder. Bedömningen av vilka elever som skulle läsa mot kursplanen i svenska som andraspråk och urvalet av vilka elever som skulle få arbeta i liten grupp hos en lärare utbildad i svenska som andraspråk såg olika ut både mellan lärarna och mellan skolorna. Det var vanligt att lärarna talade om svenska som andraspråk som stödundervisning. Åtgärdsprogram användes inte som ett arbetsverktyg för att planera en mer sociokulturellt stödjande undervisning för de elever som behövde språkligt stöd. En slutsats som jag drar är att om lärare på ett medvetet sätt använder sociokulturellt grundade arbetssätt i sin undervisning i klassen skulle det kunna leda till att färre elever behöver få stödundervisning utanför klassens ram. Detta för att sociokulturellt perspektiv på undervisning i andraspråk leder till ett mer relationellt perspektiv på specialundervisning. / The aim of this study is to describe some teachers' views on support for language development for those students who risked not achieve the objectives of Swedish as a second language in grade three because of lack of language skills. To investigate this, the following questions are addressed: What support do the teachers feel that they can give these students in the class? What support do the teachers experience that these students receive from special education teachers and teachers of Swedish as a second language? What kind of collaboration with other teachers at the school do the teachers describe? And what support do the teachers describe that they can formulate in these students' individual development plans?The study is based on interviews with five teachers who work at three different schools. The majority of students at these schools have a mother tongue other than Swedish. The interviews were analyzed from a socio cultural approach.The results show that: The support for these students was different on the three different schools where the teachers worked. It was different both in degree of awareness of the socio cultural perspective on teaching and in the organization around these students. The organization of the various categories of teachers around the students who needed language support differed depending on whether teachers and schools practiced a socio culturally supportive teaching. There was also a correlation between a socio cultural approach to language teaching and a relational approach to special education. The lack of socio cultural practices led to more compensatory measures. The assessment of which students would be taught by the curriculum of Swedish as a second language and the selection of students who would be working in small groups looked different between teachers and between schools. It was common for teachers to speak of Swedish as a second language as support programs. Individual development plans were not used as a tool for planning a more socio cultural supportive education. One conclusion I make is that if teachers practice more socio cultural based teaching in class it may mean that fewer students need to get remedial education outside the class. This is because the socio cultural perspective on the teaching of second language leads to a more relational perspective on special education.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad några verksamma inom förskolan har för åsikter, vetskap och erfarenheter om hur språk och kommunikationsstöd används i förskolan. I studien undersöks också vilka tillvägagångssätt som används för att stödja barn i deras språkutveckling och om de intervjuade anser att det finns några fördelar och nackdelar med språkstöd. För att samla in material gjordes intervjuer med verksamma inom fem olika förskolor och tre olika områden, vilket var förskollärare, talpedagog och specialpedagog. Data samlades in genom ljudupptagning samt anteckningar som sedan transkriberades och delades upp i sex kategorier. Utifrån studien fick vi i resultatet fram att språk och kommunikationsstöd är något som gynnar alla barn, oavsett svårigheter. Det framkom att bild- och teckenstöd är den vanligaste metoden men också att pedagogernas relation till barnen är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att det ska kunna bli ett stimulerande lärande. Resultatet visar också att en nackdel med språkstöd är tidsbrist och brist på kunskap och intresse hos pedagoger. / <p><strong>Fastställt via akademichefsbeslut HIG-STYR 2019/7 den 2019-01-07</strong></p><p><strong> </strong>Daniel Petterson, fil dr, univ. lekt Pedagogik och Erika Björklund, fil dr, univ. lekt Pedagogik går in som examinatorer på PEG700 under veckorna 1 till och med 3, 2019 då Peter Gill, prof. Pedagogik, gått i pension från och med 2019-01-01.</p>

The master thesis focuses on education of immigrant pupils in Czech and Maltese schools. The aim of the thesis was to describe what particular measures the schools choose and what methods the teachers use to alleviate the impact of the language barrier in both environments and then to compare the results between each other. The research is of qualitative nature, with the research strategy being a multiple case study. The data collection was realised through observations in class, interviews with the school leadership, teachers and pupils and the analysis of digitalized materials. The case is represented by a particular school and the research was conducted at two schools in Czech and two schools in Maltese environment. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part aims its attention at the themes of appropriate approach towards the education of immigrant pupils, explanation of the Maltese education system, legislation of both countries on the issue of education of immigrant pupils and the theme of teacher training focused on education of these pupils provided at the Faculty of Education of Charles University. The practical part then develops the themes elaborated in the theoretical one and it mentions what findings the survey discovered. Last chapter of the thesis...

Academic writing is generally regarded as the most important communication medium through which people in the tertiary academic context choose to communicate their ideas. It is also well known that it is sometimes an arduous process for students to become accustomed to the requirements (the conventions and conditions) that hold for the production of appropriate written texts in this context. The initial impetus for the current study was provided by what appeared to be a significant problem that some supervisors at the University of Pretoria identified in terms of the academic writing ability of their postgraduate students. This study therefore investigates postgraduate academic writing with regard to a number of such issues, and does so within the broader confines of academic literacy. The ultimate purpose of this investigation is to discover how writing interventions may be designed that offer appropriate assistance to students who experience difficulty with their writing. The study commences with an attempt to find support for treating 'academic discourse' as a potentially productive area of academic enquiry. It therefore presents an account on the nature of a 'discourse community', and attempts to ascertain whether there are any grounds on which 'academic discourse' may be regarded as a unique type of discourse used for specific communicative functions in the tertiary academic environment. It further discusses critically some of the traditional features of academic texts. The research then proposes thirteen design principles that serve as injunctions that should be considered in the development of writing courses, and proceeds to a critical discussion of the most important approaches in the teaching and learning of writing. What is evident from this discussion is that none of the historical approaches will, on their own, enable one to design justifiable writing courses. As a result, an eclectic approach is required in order to integrate the strengths of these approaches into a strategy for writing course design that is theoretically and practically justifiable. Subsequently, the critical interpretation of the literature in the first part of the study is used in the design of a framework for writing course design in tertiary education. This framework consists of six focuses that stand in a relationship of dynamic interaction towards a description of the context in which tertiary students write. Thus, relevant aspects concerning the writer, text, reader, institutional context and one's approach to writing are all essential elements that should be carefully considered in terms of their potential influence on the eventual design of materials that will constitute a writing course. The rest of the study consists of an application of the proposed framework that addresses firstly, the perceptions of supervisors at the University about the academic literacy ability of their postgraduate students, as well as their requirements for academic writing. It then proceeds to an investigation of a specific group of students' (from the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences) perceptions about their own academic literacy ability and a determination of their perceptions and expectations of academic writing at university. Because the information that was collected (by means of questionnaires) in both cases mentioned above is mainly perceptual in nature, it was considered essential to determine the academic literacy ability of students in the study group by means of a reliable testing instrument. A written text that these same students produced was further analysed in order to establish possible writing difficulties they experienced. In addition, it was important to confirm certain findings from the supervisor questionnaire, and more specific information had to be collected on particular writing issues that could inform discipline specific writing course design (this was accomplished through focus group interviews with supervisors of the School of Agricultural and Food Sciences). A combination of all the prominent findings of the empirical work mentioned above, as well as insights gained in the literature survey, is then used to make justifiable suggestions for the design of writing course materials for students in the study group. Finally, a number of issues were identified that could not be addressed by this study and, therefore, suggestions are made for future research that may investigate these matters. / Thesis (DPhil ( Linguistics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Unit for Academic Literacy / DPhil / Unrestricted