Traditionally, some countries have been using the Corporate Income Tax as a way of, starting from relatively high nominal tax rates, encourage certain economic activities through incentives or bonuses that allow considerably reduce actual business taxation. In contrast, other member states have chosen to directly lower the tax rate, regardless of other incentives, thus bringing the nominal taxation to effective.This research aims to analyze the discrepancies in the taxation of corporate income tax between different Eurozone countries for the period 2000-2013, noting the differences between the statutory (STR) and effective tax rates (ETR) of listed companies. In this way, this work locates the idea of the European Commission to adopt a common corporate tax in its current context, determining which countries exercise greater fiscal pressure on the results of their companies. / Tradicionalmente, algunos países han utilizado el impuesto sobre los beneficios empresariales como una vía para, partiendo de unos tipos relativamente elevados, fomentar determinadas actividades mediante incentivos o bonificaciones fiscales que permitirían reducir considerablemente esta carga fiscal empresarial. En cambio, otros Estados han optado por reducir directamente la tasa de impuestos, sin tener en cuenta los incentivos fiscales, acercando la tributación nominal a la efectiva.Esta investigación pretende analizar las divergencias existentes en la tributación por el impuesto sobre sociedades entre los distintos países de la eurozona para el período 2000-2013, observando las diferencias entre los tipos nominales y efectivos de las empresas cotizadas. De esta manera, se sitúa en el contexto actual la idea de la Comisión Europea debe adoptar un impuesto de sociedades común, y determinar qué países ejercen una mayor presión fiscal sobre los resultados de sus empresas. / Tradicionalmente, alguns países com uma elevada taxa nominal utilizam o imposto sobre a renda como uma via para fomentar as atividades econômicas através de incentivos ou bônus que permite reduzir consideravelmente a atual tributação das empresas. Em contrapartida, outros Estados-Membros optaram para diretamente baixar as taxas de impostos, independentemente de outros incentivos, transformando a taxa nominal em efetiva.Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as discrepâncias na tributação empresarial entre os diferentes países da zona do euro no período 2000-2013, observando as diferenças entre a taxa nominal e a taxa de imposto efetiva das empresas listadas. Desta forma, este trabalho projeta a noção de que a Comissão Europeia adopte um regime comum para o imposto sobre o rendimento, determinando quais são os países que exercem uma maior carga tributária sobre os resultados de suas empresas.

Ao redor do mundo, a maioria das companhias listadas de grande porte tem acionista controlador, à exceção dos EUA e do RU, em que o comando da atividade empresarial é exercido, de fato, pelos administradores. A conformação de controle dominante em cada país resulta de uma série de fatores, muitos deles de ordem jurídica, os quais levam ao surgimento e permanência de uma dessas variantes, ao mesmo tempo em que parecem inibir o desenvolvimento da estrutura alternativa. A gradativa convergência global dos padrões de propriedade acionária a um denominador comum, aparentemente em curso - dos extremos da dispersão e concentração absolutas para o cenário intermediário dos blocos de participação minoritária relevante detidos por investidores institucionais não tem sido acompanhada de transformações significativas nas estruturas de poder de controle interno dominantes em cada país, as quais, em essência, continuam as mesmas. Isso significa que os fatores (jurídicos, especialmente) que levam à predominância de tais estruturas continuam em atuação, não obstante modificações havidas no grau de dispersão do capital com direito a voto de companhias listadas. Este trabalho visa apresentar um conjunto mais específico de fatores jurídicos que, ao mesmo tempo e de modo decisivo, favorecem a proliferação de uma dentre as duas estruturas de controle consideradas (controle acionário ou gerencial) e inibem o desenvolvimento de outra. Trata-se dos instrumentos jurídicos de dissociação entre representatividade política e participação econômica de acionistas, os quais exercem papel central na conformação do regime jurídico das companhias abertas com elevada dispersão do capital votante, integrantes do Novo Mercado da BVSP. / Most of the large listed companies outside USA and UK have a controlling shareholder. The dominant control structure in each country is the result of multiple determinants, many of them arising from the legal system. The gradual convergence of ownership patterns around the world from the extremes of the total concentration and separation of ownership and control to the intermediate scenario of significant blockholdings held by institutional investors - has not been accompanied by a relevant shift in the control structures in listed companies of most of the countries, specially those in the Brazilian Novo Mercado. This Doctorate Thesis presents a specific subset of legal factors contributing for that outcome: the legal instruments separating voting rights from cashflow rights.

Submitted by ALISSON YI CHIEN CHEN (alissonchen@yahoo.com) on 2012-06-16T02:29:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alisson Chen Yi Chien.pdf: 651264 bytes, checksum: 7c07dd05427239f9c2811c19a5dcd894 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza (vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2012-06-18T16:22:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alisson Chen Yi Chien.pdf: 651264 bytes, checksum: 7c07dd05427239f9c2811c19a5dcd894 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-25T17:23:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alisson Chen Yi Chien.pdf: 651264 bytes, checksum: 7c07dd05427239f9c2811c19a5dcd894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-21 / The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between firm value and performance and executive remuneration. In general, the literature suggests that firms with executive higher remuneration tend to have better value and performance in comparison with companies with lower remuneration. We analyze a unique Brazilian database to test this hypothesis. The analysis of 420 Brazilian companies from 2002 to 2009 indicates a positive and significant relation between executive remuneration and firm value (price-to-book), suggesting that companies that pay better executive remuneration have higher value. On the other hand, there is no significant relation between executive remuneration and operational performance (ROA and sales growth). / Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar se a remuneração dos executivos afeta o valor e desempenho das empresas. Em geral, a literatura sugere que companhias que melhor remuneram seus administradores tendem a apresentar um valor e desempenho superior. Utilizando dados inéditos no Brasil, este trabalho procura testar essa hipótese. A análise de 420 companhias abertas brasileiras no período de 2002 a 2009 indica que existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre remuneração executiva e valor da empresa (price-to-book), ou seja, empresas que pagam mais a seus executivos possuem maior valor de mercado. Por outro lado, não existe evidência significativa que empresas que melhor remuneram seus executivos apresentam um melhor desempenho operacional (retorno sobre ativos e crescimento de vendas).

Submitted by Helena Rangel Margem (margem.helena@gmail.com) on 2013-08-26T17:38:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Helena Margem.pdf: 1042485 bytes, checksum: 4117a61ba602b30ede1bb17c42260355 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza (vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2013-08-26T17:40:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Helena Margem.pdf: 1042485 bytes, checksum: 4117a61ba602b30ede1bb17c42260355 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-27T12:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Helena Margem.pdf: 1042485 bytes, checksum: 4117a61ba602b30ede1bb17c42260355 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-28 / This study analyzes if the presence of women on boards of directors and in executive positions generate impact on firm value and performance. In general, the literature suggests that female participation on boards of directors and in executive positions tend to generate higher v alue and performance. Th is work is the first to study the female influence on firm value and performance in Brazil. The analysis of 658 publicly traded companies from 2002 to 2009 indicate s that the relationship between firm value and th e presence of women in senior management and on boards is not statistically significant . However, there is a negative relationship between operational performance and presence of women on the board of directors. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar se a presença de mulheres no conselho de administração e diretoria gera impacto no valor e desempenho das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Em geral, a literatura sugere que a participação feminina no conselho de administração e em cargos de diretoria tende a gerar valor e desempenho superior. Este trabalho realiza um estudo inédito no Brasil, analisando 658 empresas de capital aberto no período de 2002 a 2009. Os resultados indicam que não existe uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre presença de mulheres no conselho de administração e em cargos de diretoria para o valor das empresas, mas existe uma relação negativa entre presença de mulheres no conselho e desempenho das empresas.

Ämnet hållbarhet är idag mer aktuellt än någonsin. Många företag tar ansvar för sin påverkan på omgivningen och detta ansvar har kommit att bli en del av den externa rapporteringen. Företags hållbarhetsrapportering har traditionellt varit frivillig och det har tillämpats självreglering. I kontrast till de noterade företagens avsaknad av regler har svenska staten, genom införandet av en ägarpolicy, ställt upp krav på de statliga företagen. Kraven innebär att de statliga företagen ska agera föredömligt inom hållbart företagande och hållbarhetsrapportera i enlighet med GRI:s riktlinjer. Syftet med denna studie har varit att utifrån GRI:s kvalitativa egenskaper gällande hållbarhetsrapporteringens informationskvalitet undersöka skillnader mellan noterade och statliga företags hållbarhetsupplysningar inom de områden som stadgas i ÅRL 6 kap 12 § 1 st. Vår studie är komparativ och vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med kvantitativa inslag. Bedömningar har gjorts av 21 noterade och 21 statliga företags hållbarhetsrapportering. Med en egenutvecklad modell för bedömning av skillnader i informationskvalitet, har vi kunnat uppfylla studiens syfte och besvara vår forskningsfråga: Vilka skillnader i hållbarhetsrapporteringens informationskvalitet kan identifieras mellan noterade och statliga företag? Studiens resultat visar att de statliga företagens hållbarhetsrapportering genomgående uppvisar en högre informationskvalitet än noterade företag. De största skillnaderna som identifierades var att de statliga företagen i en avsevärd större utsträckning efterföljde internationella ramverk och riktlinjer samt att de lät sin hållbarhetsrapport genomgå en oberoende extern granskning. Den reglering som statliga företag omfattas av verkar leda till en högre informationskvalitet i hållbarhetsrapporteringen än vad självreglering gör. Studiens teoretiska bidrag är en modell som möjliggör en bedömning av informationskvalitet i företags hållbarhetsrapportering och en kartläggning av skillnader mellan noterade och statliga företag. Även praktiker kan ha nytta av vår kartläggning som visar att noterade företag kan öka sin informationskvalitet genom att efterfölja internationella ramverk samt låta rapporteringen bli externt granskad. / The subject of sustainability is today more current than ever before. Many companies take responsibility for their impact on the environment and this responsibility has become part of the external reporting. Corporate sustainability reporting has traditionally been voluntary and subject to self-regulation. Contrary to the lack of rules for listed companies, the Swedish state has imposed demands on state-owned companies through the introduction of an ownership policy. The requirement means that state-owned companies should act exemplarily in sustainable business and report sustainability in accordance with GRI's guidelines. The purpose of this study has been to investigate differences between listed and state-owned companies' sustainability information quality in the areas defined in ÅRL 6 kap 12 § 1 st, based on GRI's qualitative characteristics regarding sustainability reporting. Our study is comparative and we have used a qualitative content analysis with quantitative elements. Assessments have been made of 21 listed and 21 state-owned companies' sustainability reporting. With a self-developed model for assessing differences in information quality, we have been able to fulfil the purpose of the study and answer our research question: What differences in sustainability reporting information quality can be identified between listed and state-owned companies? The results of the study show that the sustainability reporting of state-owned companies contains a higher information quality than listed companies. The major differences identified were that the state-owned companies complied with international framework and guidelines to a significantly greater extent and let their sustainability report be subject for independent external auditing. The government-controlled regulation seems to lead to a higher information quality in sustainability reporting than self-regulation. The theoretical contribution of the study is a model that enables an assessment of information quality in sustainability reporting and a mapping of differences between listed and state-owned companies. Practitioners may also benefit from our study, which shows that listed companies can increase their information quality by following international frameworks and allowing the reporting to be externally audited.  This thesis is written in Swedish.

[pt] O custo de capital de uma empresa representa as expectativas mínimas de remuneração das diversas fontes de financiamento tomadas e para as empresas brasileiras esse custo é consideravelmente mais elevado que em mercados mais consolidados, como é o caso dos Estados Unidos. Este fato decorre das diversas dificuldades estruturais enfrentadas pelos gestores e pelas próprias características do incipiente mercado de capitais brasileiro. Com o intuito de analisar a criação, ou eventual destruição de valor das empresas brasileiras listadas, este estudo realiza uma análise comparativa entre os valores de mercado calculados por metodologia padrão com os preços apresentados no mercado acionário multiplicados pelas respectivas quantidades de ações, valor último este considerado por diversos autores como defasado. Utilizando dados do Sistema Economática, uma base de dados brasileira que apresenta informações contábeis e operacionais de todas as empresas listadas no país, os cálculos foram realizados e a análise da criação ou destruição de valor das empresas foi verificada para o período compreendido entre 2008 e 2015, sendo por último comparado com os valores apresentados no mercado acionário. / [en] The cost of capital of a company representes the minimum expectations of remuneration of the diverse sources of financing taken and for Brazilian companies this cost is considerably higher than in more consolidated markets, as is the case of United States. The fact stems from the various structural difficulties faced by the managers and by characteristics of the incipient Brazilian capital market. In order to analyze the creation or eventual destruction of value of listed Brazilian companies, this study performs a comparative analysis between the market values calculated by standard methodology with the prices presented in the stock market multiplied by the respective quantity of shares, considered by several authors as outdated. Using data from Economática, a Brazilian database that presents accounting and operational information of all the companies listed in the country, the calculations were performed and the analysis of the creation or destruction of companies value was verified for the period between 2008 and 2015, being compared with the values presented in the stock market.

A première vue, le sujet des prises de participations dans les sociétés non cotées apparaît comme un sujet du droit des sociétés. Mais avec la présence du capital-investissement, des investisseurs institutionnels et des différents véhicules d’investissement, le sujet relève désormais du droit des affaires. En effet plusieurs techniques juridiques ont été créées par les praticiens afin de répondre aux besoins des investisseurs. Tel est l’exemple des actions de préférence, et des différents types de valeurs mobilières. C’est aussi le cas de la création des différentes modalités de prises de participations tels que la convention de portage d’actions ou la création d’une Holding de reprise. Les prises de participations dans les sociétés non cotées ne sont pas réglementées comme elles le sont dans les sociétés cotées. La liberté contractuelle est le principe qui prévaut. Les législations françaises et libanaises connaissaient des dispositions juridiques et commerciales similaires. Mais depuis plusieurs années, le droit français, influé par la pratique du droit international des affaires, et par les concepts anglo-saxon, a tellement évolué. Cela n’est pas le cas au Liban. Pourtant, la pratique du capital-investissement s’est fortement développée au Liban. Ainsi il s’agit, tout au long de cette étude, de préciser la notion de prise de participation et ses différentes modalités. Et aussi il semble opportun d’examiner l’applicabilité des principes de négociation et des nouvelles clauses accompagnant le contrat de cession d’actions ou parts sociales, par rapport au droit français et libanais / At first sight, the subject of “The acquisition of shares in non-listed companies” seems to be relevant to the corporate law. However, with the presence of the private equity, institutional investors and different vehicles of investment, the subject is more related to business law. In fact many legal techniques were created by practitioners to respond to the investor’s needs such as preferred shares and different securities; similarly the creation of different ways to acquire shares such as holding companies and the stock carrying agreement. There is no specific regulation for the acquisition of shares in non-listed companies. The principle of contractual freedom prevails. The French and Lebanese legislation contains many similar legal principles. Nevertheless, few years ago, the French laws, influenced by the international business law, and the Anglo-Saxon approach of the subject, have evolved. This was not the case in Lebanon, although the practice of private equity was developed in Lebanon. We will proceed through this study, to clarify the notion of acquisition of shares in non-listed companies, as well as the different techniques used. It is also useful to examine how much we can apply the negotiation principles and new clauses that often accompany the sale agreement of shares, in the context of Lebanese and French law

Årsredovisningar har gått från att vara ett sätt för företagen att rapportera sin ekonomiska ställning för aktieägare till att anpassas mer för alla intressenter. All information som intressenterna efterfrågar är dock inte företagen alltid tvungna att uppge enligt lag, vilket leder till att företag väljer att redovisa viss information frivilligt. Omfattningen av denna information skiljer sig mycket mellan företag. Tidigare studier har därav undersökt sambandet mellan olika företagsegenskaper och nivån av frivillig redovisning och kommit fram till varierande resultat. Syftet med studien är därför att få kunskap om vilka företagsspecifika egenskaper hos svenska börsnoterade företag som påverkar nivån av frivillig redovisning samt hur förändringar mellan åren påverkar detta. Tidigare forskning och företagsekonomiska teorier ligger till grund för utvecklade hypoteser kring egenskapernas påverkan. En longitudinell studie har genomförts på 21 företag som valdes ut genom ett stratifierat slumpmässigt urval. Datainsamling för studiens beroende variabel frivillig redovisning genomfördes med hjälp av ett index där företags årsredovisningar från år 2016-2020 granskades. Nivån på den frivilliga redovisningen analyserades sedan mot studiens oberoende variabler storlek, ålder, lönsamhet, skuldsättning och likviditet. En multipel regressionsanalys genomfördes och visade på de förväntade sambanden mellan nivån av frivillig redovisning och företagens storlek, ålder och lönsamhet. Resultatet visade på ett signifikant positivt samband för dessa egenskaper. Dock kunde inte något signifikant samband påvisas för egenskaperna skuldsättning och likviditet. En linjär regressionsanalys genomfördes även på förändringarna i lönsamhet mellan åren samt sambandet till frivillig redovisning. Även denna analys stämde överens med förväntningarna om att förändringar i lönsamhet inte påverkar nivån av frivillig redovisning. / Annual reports have gone from being a way for companies to report their financial position for stockholders, to being adapted for all stakeholders. All the information that stakeholders demand the companies are not obliged by law to publish, which leads companies to disclose some information voluntarily. The extent of this information differs between companies. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between different firm characteristics and the level of voluntary disclosure, which has resulted in varying results. The aim of the study is therefore to attain knowledge regarding which firm specific characteristics in Swedish listed companies that affect the level of voluntary disclosure and also how change between years affects this. Previous studies and business economics theories is the basis for the developed hypotheses regarding the impact of the characteristics. A longitudinal study was implemented on 21 companies that were chosen through a stratified random sampling. The data collection for the dependent variable of the study, voluntary disclosure, was done with the help of an index where the companies’ annual reports from 2016-2020 were examined. The level of the voluntary disclosure was then analyzed against the independent variables of the study, the companies’ size, age, profitability, debt ratio and liquidity. A multiple regression analysis was performed and resulted in the expected relationships between the level of voluntary disclosure and the companies’ size, age and profitability. The results showed a significant positive relationship for these characteristics. Any significant relationship could not be shown for the characteristics debt ratio and liquidity. A linear regression analysis was performed on the change in profitability between years and its relationships to the voluntary disclosure. This analysis was also in line with the expectations that changes in profitability does not affect the level of voluntary disclosure.

Denna uppsats behandlar könskvotering till bolagsstyrelser. Sverige har alltjämt motsatt sig kvotering som ett medel för att nå en jämnare könsfördelning. Trots redovisade fördelar, främst avseende bolagens ekonomiska effektivitet, har reglerna ansetts inskränka aktieägarnas äganderätt att fritt utse styrelseledamöter. Utifrån egendomsskyddet i RF kan däremot konstateras att det inte rör sig om en otillåten inskränkning av äganderätten. Inom ramen för Europeiska unionens samarbete beslutades nyligen om ett direktiv som ska främja en jämnare könsfördelning bland styrelseledamöter i börsnoterade bolag. I egenskap av medlemsstat förväntas Sverige implementera direktivet och uppfylla de fastställda kvoterna. Det är därför av intresse att analysera direktivets utformning, innehåll och ändamålsenlighet. Direktivet uppvisar flertalet brister. Det gäller såväl direktivets materiella innehåll som dess förenlighet med subsidiaritets-och proportionalitetsprincipen. Vidare kan riktas kritik mot den rättsliga grund som direktivet vilar på. Till fördel för direktivet är den undantagsbestämmelse som Sverige bland andra länder har möjlighet att tillämpa, och som medför att direktivet i praktiken inte kommer få någon större effekt för svenska börsbolag.

In the autumn of 2022, the EU decided to introduce a quota for female board members in listed companies. This study examines how the age and gender of board members and chairpersons in the board of directors affect the future financial performance of companies. The investigation is carried out on listed companies on Nasdaq OMX-Stockholm during the period from December 31, 2017, to December 31, 2019. Drawing on previous research and the theories of Agency Theory and Social Identity Theory, the study aims to answer what impact does diversity within the board have on the company’s financial performance respect to gender and age. The method used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. Through this method, the study can provide answers to which variables affect the financial performance and to what extent they do so. In addition to multiple linear regression, the collinearity of the variables will also be tested to reduce the risk of multicollinearity.   The results show a board with a female chairperson have a positive impact on financial performance. The result also shows that the average age of board members has a positive impact on financial performance. This study can be an important part of the foundation that policymakers use to make decisions about quotas in listed companies. / Under hösten 2022 beslutade EU att införa en kvot för kvinnliga styrelseledamöter i börsnoterade bolag. Denna studie undersöker hur ålder och kön hos styrelseledamöter och ordförande i bolagsstyrelsen påverkar företagens framtida finansiella prestation. Undersökningen utförs på företag på noterade på Nasdaq OMX-Stockholm under tidsperioden 31 december 2017 till 31 december 2019. Med hjälp av tidigare forskning och teorierna Agentteorin och Sociala identitetsteorin syftar studien till att besvara vilken inverkan som mångfalden inom styrelsen har på företagets finansiella prestation med hänsyn till kön och ålder. Metoden som används i denna studie är multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Genom denna metod kan studien ge svar på vilka variabler som påverkar finansiella prestation och i vilken grad de påverkar. Utöver multipel linjär regression kommer även variablernas kollinearitet att testas för att minska risken för multikollinearitet. Resultatet visar att en styrelse med en kvinnlig ordförande kommer påverka finansiella prestationen positivt.    Resultatet visar även att medelåldern bland styrelseledamöterna har en positiv påverkan på finansiella prestation. Denna studie kan vara en viktig del av det underlag som politiker använder för att ta beslut om kvoteringar i börsnoterade bolag.