本論文主要在探討現階段（1979年改革開放後）大陸城鎮地區勞動力失業問題，包括城鎮人力資源、公開性失業、下崗職工、冗員、隱性失業、勞動力低度運用問題，以及這些問題造成人力閑置、國民經濟損失之經濟分析。 人力資源是經濟發展過程中最重要的因素。充分開發利用人力資源，不僅是社會經濟的需要，也是勞動者自身生存和發展的需要。大陸城鎮人力資源呈穩定增長趨勢，就業人口到1998年末達到20,678萬人，占總就業人口29.6%。按人力資源充分開發利用的要求來看，在大陸城鎮地區還有相當的差距。主要表現在人力資源事實上存在一定的閑置。分為兩個方面來談： 一是城鎮存在大批失業人口。1992年以來大陸城鎮的登記失業人口一直保持上升趨勢，1998年登記失業人口為571萬人，登記失業率為3.1%。另外，按1995年1%人口抽樣調查資料計算結果， 1998年調查失業人口（其中包括從未工作和失去工作正尋找工作者）為1,145萬人，調查失業率為6.2%，相當於登記失業率的2倍。若再將下崗職工併入計算，則1998年城鎮真實失業人口測算為1,528萬人，真實失業率為6.9%。 其二是城鎮勞動力有相當部份是處於不充分就業（隱性失業）狀態。包括了企業等單位之冗員（富餘人員）、被迫（破產、停產）下崗職工、提前退休職工。據測算，目前大陸城鎮企業—主要是國有企業，隱性失業人口為3,207萬人，隱性失業率為15.1%。 綜上所述，失業造成人力資源的閑置（包括公開失業及隱性失業）達到了3,778萬人，人力閑置率為17.8%。另外，透過Okun’s law，可算出1998年真實失業率6.9%之下導致國民生產（GDP）的損失比重最高達到13%。失業問題可說是帶給中共當局及人民帶來極大的經濟負擔。 近年來，中共積極推動「再就業工程」政策，試圖照顧及安置失業和下崗職工再就業，實施以來，雖獲得相當之效果。不過，在執行過程中，由於存在來自政策、資金、社會及職工本身的許多障礙，使得效果大打折扣。基於此，提出擴大勞動力需求量、降低勞動力供給與健全勞動力市場三種途徑，配合社會保障制度之完善來解決大陸城鎮失業問題。 大陸政經環境變化一向牽動兩岸經貿的發展，蓋勞動面的因素（就業政策、工資結構和勞資糾紛秩序）更是台商投資大陸的關鍵動機，牽涉我國對兩岸互動政策的規劃。值此兩岸經貿愈趨頻繁之際，熟悉大陸城鎮勞動力就業現況與趨勢，乃是極為重要的課題之一。 / This essay is related to research the unemployment of labor force in urban areas of Mainland China after the reform in 1979. It includes urban’s labor resources, open unemployment, laid-off workers, supernumerary, disguised unemployment, labor utilized inadequately problems, and idleness as well as the economic analysis of GDP loss caused by these above problems. Human resource is the most important factor in economic developing process. Sufficiently utilizing human resource is not only the demand of social economy, but also that of labors’ existence and development. Human resource in urban areas of Mainland China is the steady rising trend so that the number of employed population archived 206,780,000 till the end of 1998, 29.6 percent of the total employed population. According to the request of sufficiently utilizing human resource, it is a quite gap, the existence of idleness in human resource, in urban areas of Mainland China. There are two main points detailed below: First, there are most unemployed population occurred in urban areas. From 1992, the registered unemployed people in urban areas still remain the rising trend. For example, the number of the registered unemployed people is 5,710,000 as well as the rate of the registered unemployed people is 3.1 percent in 1998. In addition, based on the outcome of the random sampling of one percent of people in 1995, the examined unemployed people in 1998 is 6.2 percent, equaled to twice of the registered unemployed rate. Thus, if calculated with laid-off workers, the number of the real unemployed population in urban areas in 1998 is approximately 15,280,000 and the real unemployment rate is 6.9 percent around. Secondly, there are fairly disguised unemployment happened in urban’s labor, included supernumerary, laid-off workers, and prematurely retired workers in enterprises. According to measure corporations in urban corporation of Mainland China, most is state-owned enterprise; the disguised unemployment is 32,070,000; the disguised unemployment rate is 15.1 percent. To summarize, the amount of the idleness of human resource caused by unemployment, included open and disguised ones, archives 37,780,000 and the rate of labor resources idleness is 17.8 percent. Moreover, the rate of GDP loss reached 13 percent under the real unemployed rate, 6.9 percent, in 1998 calculated by Okun’s law. Hence, the unemployed question brings the huge economic load for people and state of Mainland China. Recently, the state of Mainland China aggressively pushes “re-employment engineering“ policy. It tries to care and settle the unemployment and laid-off workers to re-employ in enterprise. Since accomplishing this policy, the outcome doesn’t very outstand obviously although it got some effects in fact, because there are many obstructions from policy, capital, society, and labors’ selves during the performing process. Consequently, this essay provides three ways, the expanding labor demand, the lowering labor supply, and establish labor market, to mach the social security system in order to perfectly solve the unemployed questions in urban areas of Mainland China. Any change of politic and economic environment must bring the development of cross-strait economy. Further, the factors from labor sides, such as the employed policy, the wage structure, and the strife discipline of labor relation, are main incentives of Formosan businessmen to invest in Mainland China since they are related to the cross-strait plan from Formosa to Mainland China. Thence, it’s one of the most courses to acquaint the current and trend of employed labors in urban areas of Mainland China upon the frequent cross-strait economy.

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本文除第一章緒論及末章結論外，全文共分四章。第二章為產業結構變動之文獻回顧，針對產業結構變動之相關理論與實證文獻做整理分析，再導入產業政策之理論，最後指出本文之最適研究之基礎；第三章為台灣產業結構變動之時序性分析，將民國四十二年來分為四個階段︰第一階段的進口替代期、出口擴張期、第二階段的進口替代與出口擴張期及產業轉型暨升級期，分別討論各階段之產業結構變動；第四章為國內外環境變遷對台灣產業結構變動之影響，主要探討國內產業變化、兩岸經貿交流問題及投資、與國際區域經濟整合趨勢對台灣產業結構及產業環境的影響；第五章為台灣產業政策對產業結構變動之影響，利用實證分析結果來探討產業政策對結構變動之影響，再與產業政策最成功的日本做比較，視我國產業政策之優劣成敗，以期能展望未來的產業政策最適方向。

自從大陸經濟改革開放以來，外商赴大陸投資之熱潮，風起雲湧。以大陸豐沛之資源與取之不盡之勞動力，再加上外商科技與經營管理之整合，在可見之未來，臺灣將無法與之競爭。然而，在外商進軍大陸之際，臺灣企業並非無著力之處，臺灣可以扮演外商與大陸間之中介橋樑，由於外商因語言、風俗、文化與對大陸當地之不了，將會面臨極大之困難，此時臺灣企業恰可扮演一支援之角色，並在中介之過程中，取得未來競爭之能力與地位。而此三邊統治（中介角色）極為本研究所探究之重點。本研究依據文獻之整理，認為外商在赴大陸經營管理之過程中，其所遭遇之困難來自於四方面，即交易雙方之緊密程度、價值活動資產之專屬程度、價值活動之生產特性與廠商價值活動之生產能力。亦依據文獻歸納區分成三種：三邊仲介、網路中介與內部化支援。並依據上述之分類，本研究依據上述之變數加以推論可能之統治模式，並提出本研究之假說，本研究經個案實際訪談與歸納，並與假說加以驗證。

台灣企業自民國七十年以來開展對外投資的步伐，而大陸地區又是許多外 移台灣廠商的最愛。雖然兩岸本根植於同一文化而發展，但是四十餘年的 分隔已使得一般大陸員工在價值觀念上與我們有異。直到目前我國企管學 界尚未有系統地進行兩岸跨文化管理之比較研究，眾多台商的成敗經驗因 此無法有效累積，故本研究的目的在於：一、了解大陸員工的價值想法； 二、探訪台商針對兩岸文化差異而採用的特殊管理作為；三、依研究結果 為台商提出配合兩岸文化差異而改進管理效能的建議。研究結論認為：由 於大陸員工與台灣幹部同仁間的價值觀念不同，登陸的台灣企業主所採取 的管理作法並不能完全因襲過去在台灣的模式；但是一旦對登陸懷有經濟 因素以外的特殊投資動機或策略目的，台商的管理行為就會有特別的考量 。大陸員工對於上級「職務權威」的接受程度比台灣員工低，所以台資企 業管理幹部需要具備更多的「魅力權威」才能提升管理績效；多數大陸人 習慣集體行動，比較不願意冒個人風險，並且在人際行為上具有更強的防 衛性和攻擊性。最後，隨著時間的發展，大陸員工的價值觀念和工作態度 會受到外商企業管理制度與本身從業經驗的影響而產生變化。台商企業惟 有保持高度的彈性與對環境變化的警覺，才能針對現實情況、適切地調整 管理方法，從而得到最佳績效。

本研究以兩構面「技術知識的特質」和「知識創新管理」探討台灣母公司與大陸子公司間之新產品專案進行方式。以技術知識的特質分類中之技術知識的複雜度、技術知識的可分割程度、技術知識的外顯程度、技術知識的標準化程度和技術知識的路徑相依度，研究台灣母公司和大陸子公司合作進行專案，其中著重在專案內知識管理流程和技術特質間的相關性探討，在兩岸合作的專案中主要以台商直接投資大陸的廠商為個案內容，也就是進行於台灣母公司和大陸子公司間的專案。 　　而所探討的產業為資訊硬體產業，在產業中個案的選擇考量以廠商產品種類集中、專案產品與企業業務內容一致、投資大陸時間長和廠商在產業內為領先廠商為主，選擇廠商業務內容有資訊儲存設備、資訊產品精密零組件、電腦輸入裝置、電腦鍵盤、LCD背光板和數據機等六個個案，為個案分析的主體。 　　研究所得的結論為「技術知識複雜度會影響專案團隊的異質性」、「技術知識可分割程度影響兩岸之間合作模式」、「技術知識可分割程度會影響專案溝通進行方式」、「技術知識外顯程度會影響專案知識在兩岸間的交付模式」、「技術知識外顯程度會影響專案負責人所具備的知識背景」、「技術知識標準化程度會影響知識的主要來源」、「技術知識路徑相依度與大陸子公司技術能耐有關」、「資訊硬體產業內中小企業投資大陸主要受兩股力量的影響，其中一股拉力來自人工成本的考量，另一股推力來自企業客戶的壓力」等。 　　並依研究結論提出具體建議，對產業界提出針對投資的外部環境和廠商內部組織運作上兩方面，在投資外部環境上有「掌握大陸經營環境的變化」、「善用大陸的資源」、「重視產業互動和加強廠商互助」等，在廠商內部組織運作上有「廣泛的吸收資源網路中的知識並引進不同背景的員工」、「建構資訊管理系統有效儲存知識」、「利用知識技術的可分割性，建立企業的競爭優勢」、「有效運用組織內部成員意見，促進產品知識創新」等具體建議。 / This study discussed how the characteristics of technological knowledge influence the knowledge management, including input, adsorption and integration, storage, and circulation via NPD project in Taiwan and Mainland China. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to discuss the following topics: 　　1. How does the knowledge transfer via NPD project from Taiwanese company to China subsidiary company? 　　2. What characteristics of technological knowledge do the NPD projects have in Taiwanese company and China subsidiary company? 　　3. What is the relationship between the characteristics of technological knowledge and NPD project knowledge management? 　　According to the analyses of six cases in computer manufacturing industry, the study has generated the following conclusions: 　　1. The complexity of technological knowledge characteristics can affect the composition of team members. 　　2. The segmentation of technological knowledge characteristics can affect the model of cooperation in the project in Taiwanese company and China subsidiary company. 　　3. The segmentation of technological knowledge characteristics can affect the communication style in the project. 　　4. The explicitness of technological knowledge can affect the model of project transfer. 　　5. The explicitness of technological knowledge can affect the background of project leader. 　　6. The standardization of technological knowledge can affect the input of knowledge. 　　7. The relative technology ability in China subsidiary company can affect the path dependency of technological knowledge. 　　8. Two driving forces influence the investment in computer manufacturing industry in Mainland China, one is customer's suggestion, the other is labor costs.

隨著中國大陸日益增加對非洲事務的參與，中國大陸與非洲之間關係的研究受到前所未有的重視。雖然學界已有相當多關於中非關係的研究，但對於北京在達佛（Darfur）危機中所扮演的角色仍缺乏探討。因此，為了彌補現有文獻的不足，本論文對達佛危機進行更全面性的瞭解，更重要的是，本論文將從非洲的角度出發，追蹤並分析從2003年起迄今中國大陸在處理達佛危機中所扮演的角色。 達佛隸屬於一個自後殖民時代起就戰亂頻仍、擁有不斷自相殘殺歷史的國家—蘇丹。該地區暴力的多樣性、衝突型態的複雜度、盤根錯節的內戰起因、以及人道危機的暴行，皆讓蘇丹的達佛充滿著許多不穩定因素。 然而，正是在這樣的政治社會脈絡下，北京政府不顧國際社會要求停止對北蘇丹政權（Khartoum）援助的呼籲，做出對達佛投資以促進中國大陸國家利益的決定，儘管北蘇丹政權仍在達佛地區進行近似種族滅絕(genocide)的毀滅性戰爭。 藉由探討中國大陸對北蘇丹政權的支持是否間接造成達佛地區的人道危機，本論文旨在檢視中國大陸在達佛地區武裝衝突所涉及的面向，以及中國大陸在處理該地區危機中所扮演的角色。 關鍵字: 蘇丹、達佛、中國大陸、人道危機、政治性策略戰爭、衝突管理。 / With the growing presence of Mainland China in Africa, relations between the two continents have increasingly been the subject of unprecedented scrutiny. Although the Sino-African relations are largely covered by the mass media, they, however, remain under-researched especially with respect to the role played by Beijing in the humanitarian crisis in Darfur. Our dissertation seeks therefore to fill out such gap by providing a comprehensive understanding of the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur, and more importantly by tracing, based upon an African perspective, the role that China has played in the management of the humanitarian crisis in Darfur from 2003 to contemporary days. Darfur is a region which is part of a country that has been at war with itself through the entire history of its post-colonial journey. The multiplicity then of the fighting movements in the region, the complexity of the configuration of the conflicts, the interconnectivity of the underlying causes of the civil war, and the atrocity of the humanitarian crisis have made Sudan, and Darfur specifically, a volatile composite region. Nevertheless, it is in such a socio-political landscape that China has decided to invest and advance its national interest defying the international community’s calls for Beijing to end its assistance to Khartoum which has been conducting a destructive war akin to ‘genocide’ over Darfur. With the intention to examine whether China is underwriting the genocide in Darfur by backing Khartoum, the core purpose of our dissertation would, indeed, be to figure out what has, in fact, been the Chinese dimension in armed conflicts in Darfur and the role played by Mainland China in the management of the humanitarian crisis in the region. Key words: Sudan – Darfur – Mainland China – Humanitarian Crisis – Strategic Political Warfare – Conflict Management

This research constructs the theoretical framework through documentary analysis; it utilizes the approach of ¡§state and society relations¡¨ on the micro-level of the comparative politics, supplemented with the concept of ¡§corporatism¡¨. This research includes ¡§in-depth interview¡¨ and ¡§case study¡¨ to aim at examining two issues. While the Chinese government has been the central power, the enterprises are the key players in the businesses of modern China. When the private sector has prospered vigorously, the government faced increasing pressure from economic system reform. This indicates that the power of government will shift to the industry and trade association. This research finds that the trade association, deriving from ¡§top down¡¨ model, which can gain more self-Governance, is the successful case of transformation. Its character is that it neither seeks for power from the government during the transformation nor interest from the private sector, but, instead, serves for social welfare and receives more credibility from the public and better organizing autonomy. Since the south patrolling of Deng Xiaoping in 1992, the socialist market economy has been the goal China pursues. In 1998, the ninth session national representatives passed Decision of the structural reform of the State Council plan, and it pointed out ¡§establish a government administrative system with the Chinese characteristics and suitable to the socialist market economic system¡¨. In October 2003, the Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China passed Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Issues concerning the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economy . Obviously, in addition to the concept of open policy of the trade market, the policy on decentralization of governmental structural reform is in place. Those changes push the market mechanism to expand gradually, and accelerate the transformation of trade association. It makes the influence of trade association on industrial policy making grow. Particularly, Guangdong Province's economy opened early and also led the development of trade association. This research found that the system and development of trade association in Guangdong Province has exceeded that of the central government. ¡§Guangdong Food Profession Union¡¨ is one of the best examples. This research analyzes the development of food industry of both China and the Guangdong Province, in order to explain the relations among government, the business (market) and the society. Second, to analyze the development of trade association's of China and Guangdong Province to explain the formation of civil society. Third, using the case of ¡§Guangdong Food Profession Union¡¨ to study on its philosophy, institution and interest setting in order to map out the interaction among ¡§Guangdong Food Profession Union (GFPU)¡¨, government and business. Finally, it induces the relations among state, the market, the civil society. This research not only points out the similarities and differences between the study case and the general situation in China, but also classifies three kinds of trade association and within which the trade association of successful transformation might be called ¡§NGO with the Chinese characteristic¡¨. In brief, the social scope of trade association derived from ¡§top down¡¨ model, will de unavoidably deprived by the government. In the social scope formed by the trade association of successful transformation, the administrative authority is (Economic and Trade Commission) no longer in charge of them, but the ideology of Chinese Communist Party still exists. It was the ¡§civil society with the Chinese characteristic.¡¨

日本的經濟外交政策屬於外交政策的一環，但也由於其牽涉到使用經濟手段而有了特殊性，亦即必須在國際格局之外，兼顧國內政治經濟的環境變動因素，因此本文試圖從日本的國內政經聯盟變化，包含政黨、官僚、財界等所組成之鐵三角及民間社會因素的開放性多元互動，去探討其對外經濟外交政策演變之影響。本文從比較政治經濟途徑切入具體的研究個案，以日本對中國之有償日圓借款於1979年的開始至2005年決議結束這兩個時間點觀察，突顯出經濟外交政策乃受到國內政經環境的影響，而「國家」以外的「社會」因素又如何能夠在這兩個時間點，藉由各種和政黨或官僚之聯盟關係影響政策之演變。本文透過質量化方法研究發現，當政經聯盟的主要行動者間有足夠之共同利益時，將會尋求結盟但不打破鐵三角的方式產出有利的政策結果，而對中有償借款之結束，恰是財界角色的誘因從開始的強力運作到後來轉為逐漸淡出，再加上民意相對於開始時產生的巨大反差，使得在這兩個時間點有著截然不同的政策產出結果，亦即該政策的變化被「利益」和「民意」兩項決定性因素所交叉影響著。

[pt] O presente trabalho estuda, à luz do conceito de interculturalismo, da sociologia linguística interacional, bem como das filosofias confucianas, como é realizado o ato de fala de recusa no português do Brasil e no mandarim da China Continental. De modo geral, o ato de recusa pode representar descortesia e falta de interesse do falante; pode ainda causar desentendimento entre os interlocutores, sobretudo quando são de países de culturas diferentes. Entretanto, tanto no português quanto no mandarim, existem vários fatores e estratégias envolvidas na enunciação de tal ato, além de semelhanças e diferenças presentes nesses recursos. O corpus utilizado nesta pesquisa é construído pelas cenas selecionadas de dois programas televisivos: A Grande Família (2001-2011, Rio de Janeiro/Brasil) e Mamãe Tigre Papai Gato (2015, Beijing/China). Através desses dados, apresentamos as principais estratégias de recusa presentes nas duas línguas, bem como os fatores interculturais que interferem na escolha de tais estratégias. / [en] The purpose of this research is to investigate how the speech act of refusing is realized in Brazilian Portuguese and in Mandarin of Mainland China from the perspectives of the concept of interculturalism, linguistic sociology and some Confucian thoughts. In general, refusals present discourtesy and lack of interest on the part of the speaker; this speech act can even cause misunderstandings between people, especially when they come from different culture origins. Nevertheless, several factors and strategies can be identified in refusal speech act in both Portuguese and Mandarin, besides some similarities and differences, which can be verified in those strategies. The corpus used in this study is formed of analysis of scenes collected from two television programs: The Big Family/A Grande Família (2001-2011, Rio de Janeiro/Brazil) and Tiger Mother Cat Father(2015, Beijing/China). By observing these data, we present the main strategies of refusing identified in the two languages, as well as the intercultural factors which interfere in the selection of these strategies.