Denna uppsats avhandlar de taktiska grundprinciperna och slagen vid Tannenberg och Somme under första världskriget. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda vilka taktiska grundprinciper som användes vid dessa slag samt med hjälp av dessa försöka ge en förklaring till dess utgång. De taktiska grundprinciperna är hämtade ur Doktrin för markoperationer, vilket skall ge en förklaring till huruvida dagens svenska version av dessa kan appliceras på gårdagens slag. Den metod som legat till grund för arbetet är fallstudier baserade på en litteraturstudie. Fallstudierna medför att en djupare analys och beskrivning av händelseförloppen kan ges än om längre epoker i första världskriget skulle ha avhandlats. Arbetet är uppdelat i en inledning, där det ovannämnda är beskrivet. Därefter följer en avhandling där teorin kring de taktiska grundprinciperna beskrivs samt fallstudierna redovisas. Därefter kommer en analys där teorierna appliceras mot fallstudierna. Slutligen besvaras frågeställningen i en slutdiskussion. I analysen framgår att teorierna går att applicera mot de båda slagen, men att de användes mer frekvent i det ena. I en mer rörlig strid ledde de taktiska grundprinciperna till ett avgörande. I ett utnötningskrig gjordes försök att använda dem, dock lyckades det inte på samma sätt. / This essay is about the tactical principles and the battles of Tannenberg and the Somme during World War 1. This essays purpose is to examine which tactical principles that were used within these battles and with the help of these principles try to explain the execution of the battles. The tactical principles are collected from the Swedish doctrine for ground operations. The reason for this is to explain how doctrines of today can be applied on the battles of yesterday. The method that has been used in this essay is a case study based on literature studies. Case studies give an opportunity for a deeper analysis and description by the historical events than if a whole description of the World War 1 had been made. This essay is divided into an introduction where the battles mentioned above are described. Thereafter follows a chapter where the theory about the tactical principles is described and the cases are presented. Thereafter follows an analysis where the theories are applied to the cases. Finally the question at issue is answered in a final discussion. The result of the analysis is that the theories can be applied to the battles but they were more frequently used in one of them. The tactical principles were more decisive in a mobile warfare compared to an immobile warfare. Attempts to use the tactical principles during the immobile battle were made, but didn’t succeed as well as in the mobile battle.

Kriget är ingenting annat än en utvidgad tvekamp, en våldsakt för att påtvinga motståndaren vår vilja. Målet är att göra motståndaren värnlös. Om motståndaren skall uppfylla vår vilja, måste vi försätta honom i ett läge, som är ogynnsammare än det offer vi kräver av honom. Varje förändring i läget, som kan åstadkommas genom fortsatta krigshandlingar måste alltså leda till något än ogynnsammare. Med denna sanning tar många teorier och doktriner sina avstamp. För att lyckas med att försätta vår motståndare i ett ogynnsamt läge gäller det att föra striden och att göra det snabbare än motståndaren. Detta kunde Överste Boyd se i sina studier om luftstriderna under Koreakriget. OODA loopen eller "Boyds cykel" ligger numera till grund för manöverkrigföringen. William S. Lind skriver i handbok manöverkrigföring att själva syftet med manöverkrigföringen är att ta sig genom beslutscykeln, OODA loopen, snabbare än fienden. Som punkt 1 i handledningen för att lyckas med detta anger Lind att enbart en decentraliserad ledd styrka kan gå genom beslutscykeln snabbt. Denna slutsats går idag att finna i alla doktriner och metodhandböcker i Försvarsmakten. Uppdragstaktik med decentraliserad ledning förordas och beskrivs i samtliga nivåer och skall utgöra grunden för all ledning i Försvarsmakten. I samtliga doktriner och reglementen benämns dock undantag då uppdragstaktik med kommandostyrning är att föredra eller tvingas användas. Vid närmare efterforskningar så märks att uppdragstaktik används lite slarvigt både som filosofi och ledningsmetod. Efter ett antal års tjänstgöring vid luftvärnet har jag upplevt att metoden med uppdragsledning får stå tillbaka för en centraliserad ledningsmetod. Detta medför mycket lite utrymme för underställda att ta initiativ när det kommer till strid i luftarenan. Är detta önskvärt, ofrånkomligt och överhuvudtaget förenligt med uppdragstaktik. Är det möjligt att luftvärnet med sin särställning i både flygstridskrafterna och markstridskrafterna kan gå genom OODA loopen snabbare än motståndaren utan att vara decentraliserad ledd såsom Lind anger som grundregel nummer ett? Genom att klarlägga uppdragstaktiken som både filosofi och metod, jämföra med hur manöverteori och luftmaktsteori behandlar uppdragsstyrning samt se till luftvärnets förutsättningar för strid i luftarenan kan svaret på hur uppdragstaktiken kan tillämpas inom luftvärnet besvaras. Uppdragsstyrningen blir i luftvärnet en förutsättning för att kunna detaljstyra och leda genom kommando. Detaljstyrningen är just nu med de förutsättningar som finns ofrånkomlig och nödvändig. Samtidigt är uppdragsstyrningen grunden för att luftvärnet som markförband skall utveckla effekt från marken mot luften. / War is nothing but a duel on an extensive scale, an act of violence to compel our opponent to fulfil our will. The aim of the action in war is to disarm the enemy. If our opponent is to be made to comply with our will, we must place him in a situation which is more oppressive to him than the sacrifice which we demand. Every change in this position which is produced by a continuation of the war, should therefore be a change for the worse. Many theories and doctrines are based on this truth. To succeed to place our opponent in an adverse situation one must lead the battle and do it faster than the opponent. This is also what Colonel Boyd saw in his studies of the air fights during the war in Korea. The OODA loop or Boyd’s cycle is now a basic theory of maneuver warfare. William S. Lind writes in his handbook in maneuver warfare that the purpose itself of maneuver warfare is to go through the OODA loop faster than your enemy. As remark number 1 in the guidance for succeeding with that task, Lind state that only a decentralized force can go through the cycle of decision fast. This conclusion can be found in all doctrines and handbooks in the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF). Mission type tactics with decentralized control is ordered, or recommended and described in all service doctrines. It is the base for command and control within the whole organization. In all doctrines and regulations in the SAF there are exceptions when mission type tactics with direct control is preferred or an imperative necessity. After closer inquiries one can see that sometimes mission type tactics are carelessly used to describe both a philosophy and a method. After several years of service within the Ground Based Air Defense troops, my experience is that mission type control is not used as much as centralized control. This entails very little space for subordinated to take any initiative in the air war. Is that desirable, inevitable or on the whole consistent with mission type tactics? Is it possible that the GBAD with its unique position in both the ground- and air troops can go through the OODA loop faster than its opponents without decentralized control, as Lind alleged as rule number 1? Through a elucidation of mission type tactics as both philosophy and as a method, a comparison between how airpower and maneuver theory treat mission type tactics and together with the conditions for GBAD the answer to how the GBAD can apply mission type tactics will be found. Mission type tactics is a sine qua non for the GBAD in order to be able to use centralized control and to lead through command. Detailed guidance is right now inevitable and necessary with the conditions now at hand. At the same time the ability for the GBAD to be effective in the air is founded through the mission type tactics.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to evaluate the effect of shock absorber on vehicle limits. At the beginning of the thesis, shock absorber properties were described. Then computational model was created and manoeuvres for shock absorber behaviour were defined. Created mathematical model is based on quarter model of a car and excitation in form of road with a random profile is an essential part of the model. This model was used for evaluation of heave. After heave analysis, shock absorber behaviour during drive was investigated. Drive conditions were defined as set of handling manoeuvres. For the drive investigation, complete multibody virtual model of racing car was used. Based on drive investigation analysis, optimal damping characteristics for each manoeuvre were found. Furthermore, each optimal characteristic was compared for different manoeuvres. Obtained results were compared. As a conclusion, compromise damping characteristic was suggested with the aim to fit the combination of all defined drive conditions. Final part of the thesis was aimed at validation of the computational model. Data measured during real drive were used as an input for this validation.

Bc. David Morávek Tyre temperature measurement on moving vehicle with of infrared pyrometer OS100 MT, IAE, 2008, page 70, picture 41 Problemacy of recording the temperature and tyre pressure on driven car is processed in this diploma work. Suitable measuring chain was set up. Censor holders for this type of measurement were designed and produced. Driving exams and tests are depicted in this work, too. We came to the conclusion that tyre temperature depends on lengthways and transverse acceleration of the car and also on it’s load.

The object of diploma thesis is a loading determination for strength calculation of HPH 2 Twin Shark glider matching the requirements of Certification Specification for Sailplanes (CS-22). Loading of the wing, tail section, fuselage and undercarriage is determined in this work.

The main aim of this dissertation was to develop a computational tool capable of evaluating the influence of aerodynamics on the handling of a vehicle. The methodology it uses is based on the simulation of driving manoeuvres with a single-track model of a vehicle, which was composed with an emphasis on minimizing the amount of necessary input parameters. This simple model, which allows the assessment of the influence of aerodynamics on vehicle dynamic and static driveability, therefore doesn’t require large amount of input data, which makes the acquirement of relevant values easier. The computational model was validated by extensive measurements of two driving manoeuvres defined by ISO norms (step steer input and steady state cornering). As a consequence of unsatisfactory initial validation results, the differences between measurements and simulations were analysed, which led to gradual enhancements of the model with additional inputs to achieve better accuracy of simulations. The final part of the thesis deals with the comparison of influences of individual aerodynamic parameters on vehicle handling and the assessment of overall significance of aerodynamics compared to other factors which were taken into account (tires, mass properties, steering etc.). This thesis was realized in close cooperation with Škoda-Auto.

Titel: ”Ingen ung ska bli kriminell” - Ett brottsförebyggande samverkansarbete mellan skola, socialtjänst, polis och fritid mot ungdomskriminalitet. Studiens syfte är att undersöka samverkan mellan socialtjänst, skola, polis och fritid (SSPF) vid ett förebyggande arbete mot ungdomskriminalitet i en stad i Hallands län. Samverkan utgör en central roll i denna typ av arbete i syfte att fånga upp samt förebygga att unga hamnar i kriminalitet. För att möjliggöra detta förutsätter det en fungerande samverkan mellan olika myndigheter. Genom en kvalitativ studie genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksamma aktörer i den utvalda staden för att undersöka vilka hinder och möjligheter aktörerna upplevde samt effekter av samverkansarbetet. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning inom området och utvalda teorier för att förklara samverkansprocessen. Resultatet visade på en ökad förståelse av de olika aktörernas roll i samverkan. Det visade även att drivkraften var att sträva efter gemensamma mål, att ha en vilja samt engagemang. Dessutom visar resultatet att faktorer som relationsskapande och samsyn var av stor betydelse för en god samverkan. Hinder som framkom i studien var bristen på ekonomiska resurser samt tid. Positiva effekter som visades var hur samverkan möjliggjorde arbetet att fånga upp barn och ungdomar i ett tidigt skede för att förhindra utveckling av ett normbrytande beteende. / Title: ”No young person should become a criminal” - Crime prevention collaborative work between schools, social services, police and free time (activities), against youth crime. The purpose of this study is to examine the collaboration between social services, schools, police and free time activities (SSPF) in an effort to prevent youth criminality in Hallands county. Collaboration plays a central role in this type of effort in order to catch and prevent young people from falling into crime. To make this possible, it requires an effective cooperation between different authorities. Through a qualitative study, semi-structured interviews are conducted with people active within the city to investigate what obstacles and opportunities people experienced and the effects of the collaboration. The results were analysed using previous research in the field and selected theories to explain the collaboration process. The result showed an increased understanding of the role of the various people involved in the collaboration. It also showed driving forces such as motivation for common goals, having a will and commitment. Furthermore, the results show that factors such as relationship building and consensus were of great importance for good collaboration. Obstacles that emerged in the study were financial resources and lack of time. Positive effects that were shown were how the collaboration made it possible to embrace children and young people at an early stage to prevent the development of a norm-breaking behaviour.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / A strategy for the design of an effective, practically feasible, robust, computationally efficient autopilot for three dimensional manoeuvre flight control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles is presented. The core feature of the strategy is the design of attitude independent inner loop acceleration controllers. With these controllers implemented, the aircraft is reduced to a point mass with a steerable acceleration vector when viewed from an outer loop guidance perspective. Trajectory generation is also simplified with reference trajectories only required to be kinematically feasible. Robustness is achieved through uncertainty encapsulation and disturbance rejection at an acceleration level. The detailed design and associated analysis of the inner loop acceleration controllers is carried out for the case where the airflow incidence angles are small. For this case it is shown that under mild practically feasible conditions the inner loop dynamics decouple and become linear, thereby allowing the derivation of closed form pole placement solutions. Dimensional and normalised non-dimensional time variants of the inner loop controllers are designed and their respective advantages highlighted. Pole placement constraints that arise due to the typically weak non-minimum phase nature of aircraft dynamics are developed. A generic, aircraft independent guidance control algorithm, well suited for use with the inner loop acceleration controllers, is also presented. The guidance algorithm regulates the aircraft about a kinematically feasible reference trajectory. A number of fundamental basis trajectories are presented which are easily linkable to form complex three dimensional manoeuvres. Results from simulations with a number of different aircraft and reference trajectories illustrate the versatility and functionality of the autopilot. Key words: Aircraft control, Autonomous vehicles, UAV flight control, Acceleration control, Aircraft guidance, Trajectory tracking, Manoeuvre flight control.

An artificial Neural Network (ANN) system has been developed that can analyse aircraft flight data to provide a reconstruction of the aerodynamic loads experienced by the aircraft during flight, including manoeuvre, buffet and distributed loading. For this research data was taken from the International Follow-On Structural Test Project (IFOSTP) F/A-18 fatigue test conducted by the Royal Australian Air Force and Canadian Forces. This fatigue test involved the simultaneous application of both manouevre and buffet loads using airbag actuators and shakers. The applied loads were representative of the actual loads experienced by an FA/18 during flight tests. Following an evaluation of different ANN types an Ellman network with three linear layers was selected. The Elman back-propagation network was tested with various parameters and structures. The network was trained using the MATLAB 'traingdx' function with is a gradient descent with momentum and adaptive learning rate back-propagation algorithm. The ANN was able to provide a good approximation of the actual manoeuvre or buffet loads at the location where the training loads data were recorded even for input values which differ from the training input values. In further tests the ability to estimate distributed loading at locations not included in the training data was also demonstrated. The ANN was then modified to incorporate various methods for the calculation and prediction of output error and reliability Used in combination and in appropriate circumstances, the addition of these capabilities significantly increase the reliability, accuracy and therefore usefulness of the ANN system's ability to estimate aircraft loading.To demonstrate the ANN system's usefulness as a fatigue monitoring tool it was combined with a formulae for crack growth analysis. Results inficate the ANN system may be a useful fatigue monitoring tool enabling real time monitoring of aircraft critical components using existing strain gauge sensors.

<p>Influences from military theory are a part of the development of military doctrines. This thesis has, by using a method with three different dichotomies, traced and classified influences from William S Lind’s theories regarding manoeuvre warfare in the Swedish military doctrine, for land operations. The purpose has been to discuss the connection between military theory and how the Swedish doctrine for land operations (DMarkO) has been formulated. It has also been to show what this influence depends on and what consequences it will present.</p><p>The examination has shown that William S. Lind’s theory regarding manoeuvre warfare has a great impact and influence on the content of DMarkO. This used through direct literal use of the theory and also through an indirect influence. It has, however, been difficult to reconstruct and to show awareness from the authors’ perspective that William S. Lind has been a deliberate choice to use regarding what to write in the doctrine. On the other hand, the parts that together constitute the theory are known as classical military maxims, and they are therefore as such, hard to relate only to Lind and his theory regarding manoeuvre warfare. “Main effort” or “Schwerpunkt” is such an example, used by Lind as a part of his theory but also known as a military maxim.</p> / <p>I denna uppsats avhandlas hotuppfattningar och strategier för maritim säkerhet i Östersjön ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Ökade varuflöden, oljetransporter och handel inom östersjöregionen har tillsammans med den snabba omvärldsutvecklingen bidragit till ett nationellt och transnationellt intresse för bibehållen maritim säkerhet i Östersjön.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att med kunskap om av regering och riksdag identifierade hot under perioden 1998-2009, analysera vilka strategier Sverige valt för att hantera hoten och bibehålla den maritima säkerheten.</p><p>För att identifiera hoten mot svenska intressen i Östersjön har teorin om det vidgade säkerhetsbegreppet använts för att med sektorerna; politik, ekonomi, samhälle, miljö samt militär identifiera de hot som regering och riksdag lyfter fram i propositioner och försvarsberedningar. Strategierna som har analyserats har fokus både på svenskt nationellt såväl som transnationellt samarbete och berör både nutid och framtid.</p><p>Resultatet av uppsatsen visar att Sverige lägger allt mer fokus på transnationellt samarbete med bl.a. EU och de nordiska länderna men att även instruktioner till svenska myndigheter betonar ökat behov av samarbete för att hantera de identifierade hoten.</p>