This professional project estimates the upfront costs and utility savings expected from greening an approximately 1,100 square foot home built in the 1950s in the San Francisco Bay Area. Two sets of upgrades (alternative and original) were compared for costs and benefits. The alternative set (which included ceiling insulation and omitted upgrading to dual-pane windows) clearly out performed the original set. The alternative set would be expected to reduce resident utility bills by 28% annually, and to prevent approximately 2,700 lbs of carbon dioxide emissions annually. The water efficiency upgrades were the best performing group of upgrades, as they had the lowest upfront cost and shortest payback period. (These water efficiency upgrades consisted of modifying toilets, faucets, and showerhead, as well as upgrading the dishwasher and clothes washer to efficient models.) Future very low-budget greening programs, in nearly all cases, should include a full-set of water fixture modifications, weatherstripping, and clotheslines. As budgets allow, other upgrades from alternative upgrades list are recommended, such as ceiling fans, programmable thermostats, and ceiling insulation. Whenever possible, workforce development labor should be used to simultaneously reduce labor costs and multiply the social benefit of each project dollar by providing entry-level green collar jobs.

Le traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) est la première cause d’invalidité chez les jeunes adultes qui entrent dans leurs années les plus productives, affectant significativement leur qualité de vie. Le TCC modéré à grave s’accompagne de dommages neuroanatomiques considérables et de conséquences neurologiques, cognitives, et sociales qui persistent à long terme, et notamment de troubles de l’éveil et du sommeil qui sont parmi les séquelles les plus communes, invalidantes et persistantes. Conséquemment, l’objectif global de cette thèse était d’investiguer comment le TCC modéré à grave affecte le sommeil subséquent pendant l’hospitalisation aigüe et à long terme, et d’évaluer comment ce sommeil subséquent affecte la récupération à la suite du TCC. Pour ce faire, nous avons usé de méthodes quantitatives, incluant la polysomnographie, afin de mesurer précisément le sommeil du stade aigu au stade chronique à la suite du TCC, ainsi que dans différents groupes contrôles hospitalisés ou non. De plus, ces mesures ont été combinées à des méthodes de neuroimagerie, notamment l’imagerie par tenseur de diffusion, ainsi qu’à diverses mesures cliniques et neuropsychologiques. Aux chapitres un et deux, un survol de la littérature pertinente à cette thèse sera d’abord présenté, abordant des concepts ayant trait au sommeil et au TCC. Les questions qui demeurent dans la littérature ainsi que les objectifs spécifiques de cette thèse seront également abordés en détail. Au chapitre trois, le sommeil au stade aigu du TCC et son association avec la fonction cognitive seront abordés au travers d’un article empirique. Puisque le TCC représente une perturbation importante pour le cerveau, spécialement au stade aigu, et que la majorité des patients ayant subi un TCC développeront des déficits cognitifs persistants, ce chapitre vise à caractériser objectivement le sommeil des patients ayant subi un TCC modéré à grave pendant leur hospitalisation aigüe, et à évaluer comment ce sommeil est associé à la cognition des années plus tard. Dans ce chapitre, nous avons d’abord démontré grâce à la polysomnographie que le TCC causait des altérations importantes du sommeil pendant l’hospitalisation aigüe, qui étaient caractérisées par un sommeil plus fragmenté et une plus grande quantité de sommeil lent profond. Nous avons ensuite démontré que ces altérations étaient associées avec la cognition des années plus tard, en accord avec le rôle attendu du sommeil dans la récupération neurologique à la suite du TCC. Ce chapitre suggère non seulement que le TCC soit directement impliqué dans l’altération du sommeil suivant la blessure, mais aussi que le sommeil subséquent puisse être un marqueur précoce ou un promoteur de la récupération cognitive à long terme, soulignant l’importance de monitorer le sommeil à la suite du TCC. Aux chapitres quatre et cinq, le sommeil au stade chronique du TCC et son association avec les dommages neuroanatomiques seront abordés au travers de deux articles empiriques. Puisque qu’il est difficile d’expliquer les plaintes chroniques de mauvaise qualité de sommeil et d’éveil par l’architecture du sommeil des patients ayant subi un TCC, et que la microarchitecture du sommeil, qui dépend fortement des réseaux étendus de matière blanche, n’a que très peu été étudiée, ces chapitres visent à caractériser la microarchitecture du sommeil des patients ayant subi un TCC modéré à grave au stade chronique, et d’investiguer comment cette microarchitecture est associée à la détérioration attendue de la matière blanche. Dans ces chapitres, nous avons démontré que les fuseaux de sommeil et les oscillations lentes n’étaient que très peu altérés au stade chronique du TCC, soulignant leur surprenante résilience, et que contrairement à nos hypothèses, ceux-ci ne sont probablement pas directement impliqués dans les troubles de sommeil et de l’éveil persistants rapportés à la suite du TCC. D’un autre côté, nous avons également démontré que la synchronisation des oscillations lentes était fortement associée à la détérioration massive de matière blanche présente chez ces patients, supportant l’hypothèse qu’il existe une forte pression homéostatique de sommeil et un besoin de sommeil augmenté qui persistent au stade chronique. Cette thèse a contribué à élucider comment le TCC affecte le sommeil à court et à long terme suivant la blessure, ainsi que l’effet du sommeil pendant l’hospitalisation aigüe sur l’évolution cognitive qui s’ensuit à long-terme. / Traumatic brain injuries are the first cause of disability among young adults. This is notable considering they are entering their most productive years, significantly altering their quality of life. Moderate to severe TBI are accompanied by considerable neuroanatomical damage and neurological, cognitive, and social consequences that can persist over several years, and notably sleep-wake disturbances which are among the most common, debilitating, and persistent sequelae. Thus, the global objective of this thesis was to investigate how moderate to severe TBI affects sleep during acute hospitalization and in the long-term, and to evaluate how post-injury sleep affects recovery following TBI. To achieve this goal, we used quantitative methods, including polysomnography, to precisely measure sleep in the acute and chronic stages of TBI, and in both hospitalized and not hospitalized control groups. In addition, these measures were combined to neuroimaging methods, notably diffusion tensor imaging, and to various clinical and neuropsychological measures. In chapters one and two, an overview of the relevant literature will first be presented, touching on concepts related to sleep and TBI. Current gaps in the literature and the thesis objectives will also be detailed. In chapter three, sleep in the acute stage of TBI and its association with cognitive function will be addressed. Because TBI represents a major disruption to the brain, especially in the acute stage, and because most patients with TBI exhibit persistent cognitive deficits, this chapter aims to objectively characterize sleep during acute hospitalization following moderate to severe TBI, and to explore how sleep is associated with cognition years later. In this chapter, we first showed with polysomnography that TBI caused significant disruptions of sleep during acute hospitalization, which were characterized by a more fragmented sleep and more slow-wave sleep. We then showed that these alterations were associated with cognition years later, in line with the expected role of sleep in neurological recovery. This chapter suggests that the TBI itself is directly involved in sleep disruption following the injury, and that subsequent sleep may be an early marker or a promoter of long-term cognitive recovery, highlighting the importance of monitoring sleep following TBI. In chapters four and five, sleep in the chronic stage of TBI and its association with neuroanatomical damage is addressed. Because chronic sleep-wake complaints are not accounted for by sleep architecture following TBI, and that sleep microarchitecture, which relies on a structural backbone of white matter networks, has rarely been studied, these chapters aim to characterize sleep microarchitecture in the chronic stage following moderate to severe TBI, and to investigate how this microarchitecture is associated with the expected white matter deterioration. In these chapters, we showed that sleep spindles and slow waves were only minimally altered in the chronic stage following TBI, highlighting their surprising resilience to injury, and that contrary to our hypotheses, these sleep oscillations are probably not directly involved in the persistent sleep-wake disturbances reported following TBI. On the other hand, we also showed that slow wave synchrony was strongly associated with the massive white matter deterioration observed in these patients, supporting the hypothesis of elevated homeostatic sleep pressure and heightened need for sleep persisting in the chronic stage. This thesis contributed to elucidating how TBI affects short and long-term sleep following injury, as well as the effect of sleep during acute hospitalization on long-term cognitive outcomes.

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This essay intends to discover how a qualitative discourse of right-wing populismcan be seen within the Swedish parliament, by exploring how politicians in theparliament are using the "us against them" and if a scapegoat is created by doing so.The essay's key questions are going to examine the differences and similaritiesbetween the Social democratic government from 2020-2022 and the current centerright government compared to the opposition parties, between social democrats andcenter-right government on right-wing populist discourse, and what the media isnotifying about the political debate within the government. By doing so, we can find out important explanatory factors on why the shift inpolitics in Sweden has gone to more right-wing populist rhetoric, to understand whythis has been occurring in the Swedish government. By looking at the factors of whya rise of right-wing populism has occurred within different types of governmentparties and the type of similarities and differences they have on different parties’discourse about the framing of anti-immigration rhetoric.

The concept of integration is complex and multifaceted and is widely discussed in the social sciences, social and political debates, as well as the media. Previous research in the field of integration has identified different modes of immigrant integration, i.e., multiculturalism, assimilation, and civic integration. The general trend in Europe is that of abandoning the multicultural approach to integration, and Sweden is considered an outlier in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the political integration rhetoric in Sweden over time by conducting a multiple case study and comparing three major political parties in the Swedish parliament, namely, the Social Democratic Party, the Moderate Party, and the Sweden Democrats. The goal is to analyze their respective definitions of integration and framings of immigrants over time. This paper conducts a qualitative analysis using the matic data analysis and deductive logic. The empirical findings of this study point to the fact that Sweden is no longer an outlier regarding the general trend in Europe in abandoning the multicultural approach to integration. This paper concludes that regardless of any external factors, party politics and the growing support for SD among voters, a populist radical right party with its anti-immigrantsentiments, have to some extent influenced both S and M and their integration policies overtime, which has resulted in a shift in the political integration rhetoric in Sweden. Currently, all the parties examined in this paper view rights as the end goal of the integration processes at an individual level, despite the differences in the definition of integration and modes of integration policy between the parties. This is also evident in the contemporary political integration rhetoric in Sweden, where all three parties agree that previous integrationstrategies have failed. Another major finding in this thesis is that the time period for integration processes is often neglected both in party politics and in the scholarly literature; therefore, further research is needed on this aspect to determine whether the time frame for integration processes should be country-specific or path-dependent.

Au laboratoire comme sur le terrain, le choix de la cadence lors de l’exercice de pédalage est un élément important dans la réalisation d’un exercice. De nombreux travaux ont porté sur l’effet de la cadence de pédalage sur différents aspects tels que la performance, les paramètres cardiorespiratoires, la participation du métabolisme « anaérobie » et le recrutement musculaire. Cependant, très peu de travaux ont étudié l’effet de la cadence de pédalage sur la disponibilité et l’utilisation d’O2 au niveau musculaire et cérébral. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de comprendre les effets de la cadence de pédalage sur la disponibilité en O2 ainsi que l’utilisation d’O2 au niveau musculaire et cérébral. Le but de nos trois plans expérimentaux était d’étudier d’une part l’effet de la cadence de pédalage sur l’hétérogénéité de la déoxygénation musculaire lors de l’exercice modéré et d’autre part l’effet de la cadence sur l’oxygénation musculaire et cérébrale et sur la performance lors de l’exercice intense chez des sujets non entraînés ainsi que chez des sujets entraînés à l’endurance.Ce travail nous a permis de montrer que, lors de l’exercice d’intensité modérée, V ̇O2 de l’organisme entier et l’hétérogénéité de la déoxygénation musculaire étaient plus élevées à cadence élevée qu’à cadence faible, bien que la déoxygénation n’était pas modifiée par la cadence de pédalage chez les sujets non entraînés à l’endurance. D’autre part, lors de l’exercice intense mené jusqu’à l’épuisement, la performance était améliorée à 40 rpm par rapport à 100 rpm chez les sujets non entraînés tandis qu’aucune différence significative n’était observée entre les deux cadences chez les triathlètes. De plus, l’extraction d’O2 au niveau du vastus lateralis était dépendante de la cadence de pédalage chez les sujets non entraînés mais ne l’était pas chez les sujets entraînés à l’endurance. Enfin, nous avons observé un effet de la cadence de pédalage sur l’oxygénation cérébrale et en particulier une possible élévation de la disponibilité en O2 au niveau cérébral à faible cadence de pédalage chez les deux populations. Pour conclure, ce travail nous a permis de mettre en évidence des différences liées à l’aptitude aérobie des sujets et à l’intensité de l’exercice dans les réponses de l’oxygénation cérébrale et musculaire et de la performance lors d’exercices effectués à différentes cadences. / Choosing the pedalling cadence during the cycling exercise, in the laboratory as well as on the field, is a crucial element in fulfilling an exercise. Many studies have examined the effect of pedal cadence on various aspects such as performance, cardiorespiratory parameters, the participation of the “anaerobic” metabolism and muscle recruitment. However, few studies have investigated the effect of pedal cadence on the O2 availability and its utilization in the muscle as well as in the brain. This is why the main objective of this thesis was to understand this subject which is underdeveloped. The aim of our three experimental procedures was on one hand to study the effect of pedal cadence on the heterogeneity of the muscle’s deoxygenation during moderate exercise. On the other hand, to study the effects of pedal cadence on muscle and cerebral oxygenation and also on the performance during heavy exercise in untrained subjects, as well as in endurance-trained subjects.This work allows us to show that at moderate-intensity exercise, whole body V ̇O2 and the heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation were higher at high cadence than at a lower one, even if the deoxygenation was not altered by the pedalling cadence in non-endurance-trained subjects. On the other hand, during intense exercise performed until exhaustion, the performance improved at 40 rpm than at 100 rpm in untrained subjects, while no significant difference was observed between the two cadences among triathletes. In addition, the O2 extraction in the vastus lateralis depended on the pedal cadence in untrained subjects and the opposite in endurance-trained subjects. Finally, we observed an effect of pedal cadence on cerebral oxygenation and in particular a possible rise in the availability of O2 in the brain on a lower cadence in both population levels. In conclusion, this work has allowed us to highlight the differences in the aerobic fitness of the subjects and in the intensity of the exercise in brain and muscle oxygenation responses and performance during exercises performed at different cadences.

This paper examines how the eight parties in the Swedish parliament pit different social groups against each other, in the 2015 Almedalstal compared to the 2016 Almedalstal, when using the Dutch political scientist Cas Mudde’s definition of populism. The speeches are analysed using a qualitative content analysis. The results show that several parties are more populist in the 2016 speech than the 2015 speech and that the parties have shifted focus from solutions to blaming as well as elevating their own core electorate and their primary areas of confidence with the electorate. The analysis shows that some parties have tendencies to use some populist discourse. The paper identifies that the Swedish Democrats continues to use a populist discourse while the Left party has become more populist in their discourse in the 2016 speech. The Christian Democrats and the two major political parties, the Moderate party and the Social Democrats, tend to accentuate more of a populist discourse in the 2016 speeches but not to the extent to say that they use a populist discourse as defined by Mudde.

L’objet de cette thèse est de comprendre comment se généralise la théorie de la ramification pour des actions par des schémas en groupes affines avec un intérêt particulier pour la notion de modération. Comme contexte général pour ce résumé, considérons une base affine S := Spec(R) où R est un anneau unitaire, commutatif, X := Spec(B) un schéma affine sur S, G := Spec(A) un schéma en groupes affine, plat et de présentation finie sur S et une action de G sur X que nous noterons (X, G). Enfin, nous notons [X/G] le champ quotient associé à cette action et Y := Spec(BA) où BA est l’anneau des invariants pour l’action (X, G). Supposons de plus que le champ d’inertie soit fini.Comme point de référence, nous prenons la théorie classique de la ramification pour des anneaux munis d’une action par un groupe fini abstrait. Afin de comprendre comment généraliser cette théorie pour des actions par des schémas en groupes, nous considérons les actions par des schémas en groupes constants en se rappelant que la donnée de telles actions est équivalente à celle d’un anneau muni d’une action par un groupe fini abstrait nous ramenant au cas classique. Nous obtenons ainsi dans ce nouveau contexte des notions généralisant l’anneau des invariants en tant que quotient, les groupes d’inertie et toutes leurs propriétés. Le cas non ramifié se généralise naturellement avec les actions libres. En ce qui concerne le cas modéré, qui nous intéresse particulièrement pour cette thèse, deux généralisations sont proposées dans la littérature. Celle d’actions modérées par des schémas en groupes affines introduite par Chinburg, Erez, Pappas et Taylor dans l’article [CEPT96] et celle de champ modéré introduite par Abramovich, Olsson et Vistoli dans [AOV08]. Il a été alors naturel d’essayer de comparer ces deux notions et de comprendre comment se généralisent les propriétés classiques d’objets modérés à des actions par des schémas en groupes affines.Tout d’abord, nous avons traduit algébriquement la propriété de modération sur un champ quotient comme l’exactitude du foncteur des invariants. Ce qui nous a permis d’obtenir aisément à l’aide de [CEPT96] qu’une action modérée définit toujours un champ quotient modéré. Quant à la réciproque, nous avons réussi à l’obtenir seulement lorsque nous supposons de plus que G est fini et localement libre sur S et que X est plat sur Y . Nous pouvons voir que la notion de modération pour l’anneau B muni d’une action par un groupe fini abstrait Γ est équivalente au fait que tous les groupes d’inertie aux points topologiques sont linéairement réductifs si l’on considère l’action par le schéma en groupes constant correspondant à Γ sur X. Il a été donc naturel de se demander si cette propriété est encore vraie en général. Effectivement, l’article [AOV08] caractérise le fait que le champ quotient [X/G] est modéré par le fait que les groupes d’inertie aux points géométriques sont linéairement réductifs.À nouveau, si l’on considère le cas des anneaux munis d’une action par un groupe fini abstrait, il est bien connu que l’action peut être totalement reconstruite à partir de l’action d’un groupe inertie. Lorsque l’on considère le cas des actions par les schémas en groupes constants, cela se traduit comme un théorème de slices, c’est-à-dire une description locale de l’action initiale par une action par un groupe d’inertie. Par exemple, lorsque G est fini, localement libre sur S, nous établissons que le fait qu’une action soit libre est une propriété locale pour la topologie fppf, ce qui peut se traduire comme un théorème de slices. Grâce à [AOV08], nous savons déjà qu’un champ quotient modéré [X/G] est localement isomorphe pour la topologie fppf à un champ quotient [X/H] où H est une extension du groupe d’inertie en un point de Y. Lorsque G est fini sur S, il nous a été possible de montrer que H est aussi un sous-groupe de G. / The purpose of this thesis is to understand how to generalize the ramification theory for actions by affine group schemes with a particular interest for the notion of tameness. As general context for this summary, we consider an affine basis S := Spec(R) where R is a commutative, unitary ring, an affine, finitely presented, Noetherian scheme X := Spec(B) over S, a flat, finitely presented, affine group scheme G := Spec(A) over S and an action of G on X that we denote by (X, G). Finally, we denote [X/G] the quotient stack associated to this action and we set Y := Spec(BA) where BA is the ring of invariants for the action (X, G). Moreover, we suppose that the inertia stack is finite.As reference point, we take the classical theory of ramification for rings endowed with an action of a finite, abstract group. In order to understand how to generalize this theory for actions of group schemes, we consider the actions of constant group schemes knowing that the data of such actions is equivalent to the data of rings endowed with an action of a finite abstract group, this being the classical case. We obtain thus in this new context notions generalizing the ring of invariants as a quotient, the inertia group and all their properties. The unramified case is generalized naturally by the free actions. For the tame case, which interests us particularly here, two generalizations are proposed in the literature: the one of tame actions of affine group schemes introduced by Chinburg, Erez, Pappas et Taylor in the article [CEPT96] and the one of tame stacks introduced by Abramovich, Olsson and Vistoli in [AOV08]. It was then natural to compare these two notions and to understand how to generalize the classical properties of tame objects for the actions of affine group schemes. First of all, we traduced algebraically the tameness property on a quotient stack as the exactness of the functor of invariants. This permits to obtain easily thanks to [CEPT96] that tame actions define always tame quotient stacks. For the converse, we only manage to prove it when we suppose G to be finite, locally free over S and X flat over Y . We are able to see that the notion of tameness for a ring endowed with an action of a finite, abstract group Γ is equivalent to the fact that all the inertia group schemes at the topological points are linearly reductive if we consider the action of the constant group scheme corresponding to Γ over X. It was thus natural to wonder if this property was also true in general. In fact, the article [AOV08] characterizes the fact that the quotient stack [X/G] is tame by the fact that the inertia group schemes at the geometric points are linearly reductive.Again, if we consider the case of rings endowed with an action of a finite, abstract group, it is well known that these actions can be totally reconstructed from an action involving an inertia group. When we consider actions by constant group schemes, this is translated as a slice theorem, that is, a local description of the initial action by an action involving an inertia group. For example, we establish that the fact that an action is free is a "local property" for the fppf topology and this can be translated also as a "local" slice theorem. Thanks to [AOV08], we already know that a tame quotient stack [X/G] is locally isomorphic for the fppf topology to a quotient stack [X/H], where H is an extension of the inertia group in a point of Y . When G is finite over S, it was possible to show that H is also a subgroup of G. In this thesis, it was not possible to obtain a slice theorem in this generality. However, when G is commutative, finite over S, it is possible to prove the existence of a torsor, if we suppose [X/G] to be tame. This permits to prove a slice theorem when G is commutative, finite over S and [X/G] is tame. / Lo scopo di questa tesi è capire come si generalizza la teoria della ramificazione per azioni di schemi in gruppi affini con un interesse particolare per la nozione di moderazione. Come contesto generale per questo riassunto, consideriamo una base affine S := Spec(R) dove R è un anello unitario e commutativo, X := Spec(B) uno schema affine, noetheriano e di presentazione finita su S, G := Spec(A) uno schema in gruppi affine, piatto e di presentazione finita su S e un’azione di G su X che denoteremo (X, G). Infine, denotiamo con [X/G] lo stack quoziente associato a questa azione e Y := Spec(BA) dove BA è l’anello degli invarianti per l’azione (X, G). Supponiamo inoltre che il campo d’inerzia sia finito.Come punto di riferimento prendiamo la teoria classica della ramificazione per anelli muniti d’un’azione d’un gruppo finito astratto. Al fine di comprendere come generalizzare questa teoria per azioni di schemi in gruppi, consideriamo le azioni di schemi in gruppi costanti ricordando che il dato di tali azioni è equivalente al dato d’un anello dotato d’un’azione d’un gruppo finito astratto, riconducendosi al caso classico. Otteniamo così in questo nuovo contesto delle nozioni che generalizzano l’anello degli invarianti in quanto quoziente, i gruppi d’inerzia e tutte le loro proprietà. Il caso non ramificato si generalizza in modo naturale con le azioni libere. Per qual che riguarda il caso moderato, al quale siamo particolarmente interessati in questa tesi, due generalizzazioni sono proposte nella letteratura: quella delle azioni moderate di schemi in gruppi affini introdotta da Chinburg, Erez, Pappas e Taylor nell’articolo [CEPT96] e quella di stack moderato introdotta da Abramovich, Olsson e Vistoli in [AOV08]. È stato quindi naturale cercare di confrontare queste due nozioni e capire come si generalizzano le proprietà classiche degli oggetti moderati ad azioni di schemi in gruppi affini.Per cominciare, abbiamo tradotto algebricamente la proprietà di moderazione su un stack quoziente come l’esattezza del funtore degli invarianti. Ciò ha permesso d’ottenere agevolmente, usando [CEPT96], che un’azione moderata definisce sempre uno stack quoziente moderato. Quanto al viceversa, siamo riusciti ad ottenerlo solamente sotto l’ulteriore ipotesi che G sia finito e localmente libero su S e che X sia piatto su Y . Possiamo vedere che la nozione di moderazione per l’anello B dotato d’un’azione d’un gruppo finito astratto Γ è equivalente al fatto che tutti i gruppi d’inerzia sui punti topologici siano linearmente riduttivi se si considera l’azione dello schema in gruppi costante corrispondente a Γ su X. È stato quindi naturale domandarsi se questa proprietà sia vera in generale. In effetti, l’articolo [AOV08] caratterizza il fatto che lo stack quoziente [X/G] è moderato tramite il fatto che i gruppi d’inerzia sui punti geometrici siano linearmente riduttivi.Di nuovo, se consideriamo il caso degli anelli muniti d’un’azione d’un gruppo finito astratto, è ben noto che quest’azione può essere totalmente ricostruita a partire da un’azione in cui interviene un gruppo d’inerzia. Quando consideriamo il caso delle azioni degli schemi in gruppi costanti, questo si traduce come un teorema di slices, cioè una descrizione locale dell’azione di partenza (X,G) tramite un’azione in cui interviene un gruppo d’inerzia. Per esempio quando G è finito e localmente libero su S, stabiliamo che il fatto che un’azione è libera è una proprietà locale per la topologia fppf, ciò si può interpretare come un teorema di slices. Grazie a [AOV08] sappiamo già che uno stack quoziente moderato [X/G] è localmente isomorfo per la topologia fppf a uno stack quoziente [X/H], dove H è un’estensione d’un gruppo d’inerzia in un punto di Y.

L’agriculture et le secteur rural jouent un rôle primordial dans le processus de développement des pays à base agricole. Cett efonction ne peut être assurée qu’à l’aide de politiques publiques qui tiennent compte de la diversité et de la complexité desmilieux ruraux. Le préalable est donc d’avoir des connaissances approfondies de chaque contexte et des dynamiques qui ysont en cours. Ce travail propose alors d’analyser, dans une perspective microéconomique, les relations entre structurationsociale des milieux ruraux et transformation structurelle avec une application à Madagascar, dans la région d’Itasy. La class ede la Petite Prospérité, qui est une adaptation de la notion de classe moyenne en milieu rural pauvre, est alors utilisée commegrille d’analyse. A cette fin, la première étape de recherche consiste en une construction conceptuelle, théorique etméthodologique de la classe de la Petite Prospérité en mobilisant le cadre conceptuel des moyens d’existence ruraux afin deproduire un cadre d’analyse opérationnel. Dans un second temps, le cadre défini est mis en oeuvre dans la stratificationmultidimensionnelle de l’espace social en Itasy à l’aide d’une méthode de classification mixte sur des données quantitativesde 2008. Cette étape permet de mettre en évidence les différentes classes sociales et de Petites Prospérités en Itasy quireflètent l’hétérogénéité de la nature et de l’efficacité des moyens d’existence des ménages ruraux. Dans une troisième étape ,une analyse dynamique des groupes de Petites Prospérités est menée à l’aide de la combinaison de méthodes quantitatives etqualitatives sur une période d’observation longue. Plusieurs trajectoires associées aux différentes classes sont observées etpermettent de comprendre les processus de construction et de transformation des organisations productives familiales enItasy. La dernière étape du travail traite la problématique spécifique de la demande de crédit et de l’adéquation de l’offre surle marché financier en Itasy. Il apparait une forte segmentation de la demande de financement en fonction des groupessociaux et la difficulté de l’offre disponible à satisfaire leurs besoins, malgré l’existence de produits innovants. Des politiquesinclusives et adaptées à chaque classe de ménages s’avèrent donc nécessaires pour assurer un processus de transformationstructurelle rapide et harmonieux en Itasy. / Agriculture and rural sector play a key role in the development process of agriculture-based countries. This function can beensured only by public policy that takes into account the diversity and complexity of rural areas. It is therefore essential todeepen the knowledge of each context and the ongoing dynamics. This study introduces an analysis of the relationshipsbetween rural social structure and structural transformation through a microeconomic perspective, with an application inMadagascar, in the Itasy region. Specifically, the Moderate Prosperty class, which is an adaptation of the middle class notionto poor rural areas, is used as an analytical framework. To this end, the first step aims to conduct a conceptual, theoretical andmethodological construction of the Moderate Prosperity notion by using the rural livelihoods framework and provides anoperational conceptual framework. Second, the conceptual framework, thus defined, is used to implement a multidimensionalstratification of the social space in Itasy by conducting a classification method on quantitative data dating from 2008. Thisstep aims to define the various Moderate Prosperity and social classes that reflect the heterogeneity of the nature andprofitability of the rural households’ livelihoods. Third, a dynamic analysis of the Moderate Prosperity groups is conductedby combining quantitative with qualitative methods based on a longer observation period. Several trajectories linked to thevarious classes can be observed. They allow us to understand the construction and transformation process of the familyproductive organizations in Itasy. The last step uses the Moderate Prosperity framework to study the specific issue of thecredit demand and the supply adequacy on the financial market in Itasy. It appears that the financing demand is highlysegmented according to the social groups and the available supply cannot meet their financing needs, despite the existence ofinnovative products. Inclusive policies that are adapted to each household profile are therefore necessary to ensure a rapidand harmonious structural transformation in Itasy.

The primary goal of this study was to develop a preliminary tool to determine caregivers’ needs regarding the management of a person with a traumatic brain injury (TBI), during the acute rehabilitation period. The potential impact of TBI on family dynamics, interpersonal relationships and functional independence is well documented.To facilitate achievement of the main goal this study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, caregivers’ needs were determined by means of both qualitative and quantitative measurements in the form of structured and unstructured observations, the implementation of a “Needs Questionnaire”, a focus group and semi-structured interviews. The results obtained during this phase indicated that caregivers have needs for support from professionals and the community, as well as needs regarding the general management of the person with a TBI and the management of the potential communication difficulties associated with TBI. Based on these needs, a preliminary tool, namely the “Needs questionnaire for caregivers of a person with a traumatic brain injury”, was developed. During the second phase of the study, this tool was administered to caregivers of individuals with TBI before and after the presentation of a workshop to determine whether there is a change in caregivers’ needs once they have received information. A pretest-posttest, experimental design was thus implemented during the second phase of this study. Although further research is required for the qualitative and quantitative validation of this tool, the use of this tool has implications for providing a better understanding of caregivers’ needs during the acute rehabilitation period after TBI. The results of this study further emphasize that improved service delivery in the South African context is reliant on the early identification, by the professional team, of the needs that caregivers of individuals with TBI have. / Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted