The novel Agaat by Marlene van Niekerk is a highly complex text. One of the most compelling aspects of the novel is the way in which the author constructs an underlying metaphorical grid which determines the composition of the novel. The motives in the novel cannot be regarded merely as motives because specific prominent and powerful metaphors are continually exploited by variation and extension. The complicated relationship between narrative and metaphor on different levels is of great importance in the interpretation of the novel. Due to the complexity of the text, the dominant metaphors cannot be analyzed in the traditional manner. In this study I want to demonstrate that conceptual blending theory, which can be regarded as a branch of conceptual metaphor theory, offers a theoretical framework that can be used to understand the underlying cognitive functioning of the interaction between author, text and reader. This dissertation will examine the processes of blending shaped from the mottos posted at the beginning of the novel. The three mottos, the music motto, the embroidery motto and the farming motto, act throughout the novel as a backdrop against which events in the novel can be interpreted. The blending formed from these mottos merge with other metaphors in the novel in order to generate meaning. The three mottos were taken from the introductions of the FAKVolksangbundel, the embroidery book Borduur so and the Hulpboek vir boere in Suid-Afrika. The three books are used by Milla to educate and teach Agaat. She uses the books to "create" Agaat and to mould her into the person that Milla wants her to be. The mottos stress the uplifting of the people and the creation of a true Afrikaner identity. Agaat accomplishes everything that the books require of her, she becomes an expert in the areas that determine the Afrikaner identity. However, as a brown woman, she is still not considered a member of community or as a fully acceptable civilized woman. The meanings of the other important metaphor in the novel, the mirror metaphor, are also investigated extensively. The mirror plays an important role in the relationship between Milla and Agaat. The mirror is also important in Milla's confrontation with herself, especially in her experience of her illness and her acceptance of her imminent death. The mirror is also used in the depiction of the relationship between characters and the experience of each other as the "Other". The blending of the mirror metaphor and the link that can be established with the theories of Lacan are part of one of the main blendings formed from the mirror metaphor. This metaphor also interacts with the embroidery metaphor. The mirror reflects images to the characters and via the characters to the readers which enforce moral judgments about perceptions and practices. The final part of the dissertation analyses how the dominant metaphors, namely music, embroidery, farming and the mirror, blend in multiple ways in the text to create new domains of meaning. The four main metaphors also blend with secondary metaphors in the novel in order to generate meaning. One of the important secondary metaphors is the "waterhondjies". The "waterhondjies" blend with Guido Gezelle's poem "Het Schrijverke". There is also emphasis on the relationship between writing and the "waterhondjies". The blending of the caeser butterfly plays an important role in the novel as well. In the final chapter the statement is made that the metaphors and symbols in Agaat cannot merely be regarded and interpreted as traditional motives, but rather as examples of cognitive blending. The types of blending in the novel require the cooperation of the reader in all cases. The reader must, in some cases, as with the mirror metaphor and the metaphor of the "waterhondjies", identify and activate the second domain of the blend. In the case of the mottos the different domains of the blend are activated by the author and the reader only needs to provide an interpretation. At the end of the dissertation the conclusion is made that the blending theory offers a suitable method and terminology to analyze the complex processes of generating meaning in the novel. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

Darbo objektas - mokinių požiūris į motyvacija kūno kultūros pamokose. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti veiksnius, įtakojančius 9–12 kl. mokinių motyvaciją kūno kultūros pamokose. Darbo uždaviniai : 1. Nustatyti vidinio pasitenkinimo veiksnius, įtakojančius 9-12 kl. mokinių požiūrį į motyvaciją kūno kultūros pamokose, lyties aspektu. 2. Nustatyti vidinio nepasitenkinimo veiksnius, įtakojančius 9-12 kl. mokinių požiūrį į motyvaciją kūno kultūros pamokose, lyties aspektu. 3. Nustatyti išorinio pasitenkinimo veiksnius, įtakojančius 9-12 kl. mokinių požiūrį į motyvaciją kūno kultūros pamokose, lyties aspektu. 4. Nustatyti išorinio nepasitenkinimo veiksnius, įtakojančius 9-12 kl. mokinių požiūrį į motyvaciją kūno kultūros pamokose, lyties aspektu. Tiriamieji: Kauno technologijos universiteto gimnazijos, 9-12kl. mokiniai. Bendras apklaustųjų kiekis 237 mokiniai , iš kurių 122 mergaitės ir 115 berniukų. Išvados: 1. Nustatyta, kad mergaites ir berniukus stipriausiai motyvuoja tokie vidinio pasitenkinimo veiksniai kaip: gebėjimas padaryti tai, ko anksčiau nemokėjo, sėkmė ir užtikrintumas pamokų metu, gebėjimas užsiimti naujomis veiklomis, galimybė rungtyniauti ir išbandyti save, pastangos pamokų metu. 2. Vidiniai nepasitenkinimo veiksniai kurie įtakoja 9-12 kl. mergaičių ir berniukų motyvaciją kūno kultūros pamokose yra : galimybė sumažinti stresą, galimybė užsiimti mėgstama ir prasminga veikla, savirealizacijos galimybė. Lyties aspektu nustatyta , kad mergaitėms lyginant su berniukais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of research: factors, that affect 9 – 12 grade students’ attitude to motivation in physical education classes. Aim of the study: determine the factors that affect the 9 – 12 grade students’ motivation in physical education classes. Research objectives: 1. Determine the intrinsic satisfaction factors, that affect the 9 – 12 grade students’ motivation in physical education classes, gender related aspect. 2. Determine the intrinsic dissatisfaction factors, that affect the 9 – 12 grade students’ motivation in physical education classes, gender related aspect. 3. Determine the extrinsic satisfaction factors, that affect the 9 – 12 grade students’ motivation in physical education classes, gender related aspect. 4. Determine the extrinsic dissatisfaction factors, that affect the 9 – 12 grade students’ motivation in physical education classes, gender related aspect. Participants: Kaunas University of Technology gymnasium 9 – 12 grade students’. The total amount of respondents is 237 students’, of which 122 girls and 115 boys. Conclusion: 1. It was found that girls and boys are strongly motivated by such inner satisfaction factors like: the ability to do what you did not know before, success and assurance in class, the ability to engage in new activities, the ability to emulate and test themselves and efforts at school. 2. Internal dissatisfaction factors that influence the 9 - 12 grade girls' and boys' motivation in physical education lessons are: the possibility to reduce... [to full text]

In caregiving literature, it is often the female gender that has been the focus of attention, and in particular women’s unpaid labor. Studies also tend to make comparisons between men’s and women’s caregiving, using men’s caregiving experiences to show not only that women face greater burdens, but also that men’s needs can be minimized. This means that while gender analysis is not uncommon in the caregiving literature, gender tends to be equated with womanhood. This is impeding us from moving the debates on care and caregiving forward. The dissertation argues – through a phenomenological analysis of men’s motives, experiences and perceptions of care and caregiving – that much could be gained if we were to rectify the gender bias by bringing attention to caregiving men in the gender-aware and masculinity-informed way that is lacking in the family caregiving literature at present. For this dissertation, 19 caregiving adult sons and sons-in-law were interviewed. The aim of the study is twofold. Firstly, it attempts to contribute to the rectification of the gender bias found in the literature on family caregiving by focusing on men’s caregiving and answering the following research questions: What motivates men to provide care for their elderly parents? How do adult sons experience caregiving? What do adult sons think that care and caregiving are, i.e. what are their perspectives on care? Secondly, this dissertation also aims to explore whether a gender-aware and masculinity-informed perspective can be used to enhance our understanding of caregiving. This study discusses how motives, experiences and perspectives, which have so far been interpreted as unique to women, are also matters that men talk about and consider important in caregiving. Thus, this study shows that a gender-aware and masculinity-informed perspective on care can increase our understanding of family caregiving and contribute to rectify the gender bias that care research suffers from. The study suggests that caregiving men should not solely be regarded as empirically interesting. This is because they are an unexploited and theoretically profuse source of information about caregiving. / I omsorgslitteraturen är det ofta kvinnor som är i fokus, och i synnerhet för att synliggöra kvinnors obetalda omsorgsarbete. Omsorgsstudier tenderar också att göra jämförelser mellan män och kvinnor där mäns omsorgserfarenheter används för att påvisa kvinnors tyngre börda samtidigt som mäns omsorgsbehov kan ges lägre betydelse. Detta innebär att även om genusanalyser inte är ovanliga inom omsorgslitteraturen så finns en benägenhet att genus likställs med kvinnors erfarenheter. Detta innebär att omsorgslitteraturen kännetecknas av en genusbias som hindrar vidareutvecklingen av debatten om omsorg och omsorgsgivande. Syftet med avhandlingen är därför tvåfaldig. För det första ämnar denna studie att bidra till att problematisera det genusbias som finns inom omsorgsforskning. Detta genom att fokusera på män som ger omsorg och svara på följande frågeställningar: Vad motiverar män att ge omsorg till  sina gamla föräldrar? Hur upplever vuxna söner och svärsöner omsorgssituationen? Vad anser vuxna söner och svärsöner att omsorg är dvs. vad är deras perspektiv på omsorg? För det andra, syftar denna avhandling till att undersöka om ett genus- och maskulinitetsmedvetet perspektiv kan användas för att vidga omsorgsforskningens förståelse av omsorg. Avhandlingen använder sig av en fenomenologisk ansats för att analysera intervjuer med 19 vuxna söner och svärsöner som ger omsorg till sina äldre anhöriga. Deras berättelser visar att motiv, erfarenheter och perspektiv på omsorg, som hittills tolkats som unika för kvinnor, också är aspekter som män talar om och tycker är viktiga i omsorgsgivande. Således visar analyserna i denna avhandling att ett genus och maskulinitetsmedvetet perspektiv på omsorg och omsorgsgivande kan bidra till en ökad kunskap inom omsorgsforskningen, men inte bara när det gäller att ifrågasätta det genusbias som finns utan också för att omsorgsgivande män har en del att bidra med till omsorgsdebatten. Avhandlingen argumenterar nämligen för att omsorgsgivande män inte bara bör betraktas som empiriskt intressanta. Deras föreställningar, erfarenheter och perspektiv erbjuder också möjligheter för teoriutveckling inom omsorgsforskningen.

This study seeks to discover the extent and manner of Debussy's use of the motive in thematic material. A total of 40 melodic examples were analyzed in order to show their relationship to a single motive, a three-note figure having a step-leap relationship. Using eighty-four series of examples, the study shows the melodies analyzed to be 85% motive-derived. The study concludes, therefore, that Images I is a remarkably economical work, using a single three-note motive as a unifying and developmental basis.

Le comportement de tout être humain sain d’esprit s’explique par une multitude de raisons. Outre la science psychologique, le droit, y compris le droit des contrats, s’intéresse à ces raisons, appelés motifs. Cet intérêt résulte du fait que le comportement des contractants n’est pas abstrait ; il révèle toujours l’existence de divers motifs. Or, le droit objectif ne peut accorder une importance juridique à tous les motifs des parties, étant donné que les motifs représentent une catégorie psychologique et que leur prise en compte illimitée mettrait en péril la sécurité juridique. La présente thèse de doctorat a pour but de proposer une analyse critique de la prise en compte des motifs des parties à partir d’une comparaison des droits français, serbe et anglais / The behaviour of every individual of sound mind is explained by a variety of reasons. Besides psychological science, Law, including contract law, is interested by those reasons, called motives. This interest results from the fact that the behaviour of contracting parties is not abstract; it always reveals the existence of a variety of motives. However, the legal rules of a given domestic system cannot attribute an importance to all motives of parties. This is so because motives represent a psychological category and taking into account in an unlimited way those motives would imperil security in law. This present doctoral thesis aims at proposing a critical analysis of the taking into account of parties’ motives through a comparative study of French, Serbian and English law.

Diplomová práce se zabývá pohledem dětského vypravěče na andský svět. Tato perspektiva je analyzována na základě románů dvou peruánských spisovatelů: Hluboké řeky od José Maríi Arguedase a Kronika ze San Gabriel od Julia Ramóna Ribeyra. Práce je rozdělená na teoretickou a analytickou část. Teoretická část pojednává o indigenistickém literárním proudu, životě autorů a románu formování. Analýza uvedených děl je rozdělena do tří částí: tematický, kompoziční a jazykový plán. Tematický plán reflektuje konfrontaci dvou světů (andský a západní) a motivy, které romány sdílejí. V kompozičním plánu jsou rozebrány veškeré náležitosti související s kompozicí děl a navíc výsledek dosaženého vývoje ústředních protagonistů. Jazykový plán se zaměřuje na postavu vypravěče a rozbor využitých jazykových prostředků. V závěru je vyhodnocený rozdílný pohled hrdinů na andský svět. Klíčová slova: andský svět, západní svět, motiv, kompozice, vývoj, vypravěč, jazykové prostředky My thesis deals with a child narrator's point of view at the Andean universe. This perspective is analysed on the basis of novels by two Peruvian writers: Deep River by José María Arguedas and Chronicles from San Gabriel by Julio Ramón Ribeyro. The diploma work is divided into theoretical and analytical part. The theoretical part talks about...

O pior dos dois mundos traduz a hipótese de que atualmente adolescentes seriam tratados com a informalidade histórica associada à justiça juvenil, isto é, com poucas garantias processuais, ao mesmo tempo em que receberiam sanções mais duras, como é a atual tendência na justiça criminal adulta. Este trabalho investiga o que o Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) decide em 53 casos paradigmáticos acerca dessas duas questões: proteção processual e controle penal de adolescentes. Verifica-se também como o tribunal decide em relação à gravidade dos casos, à possibilidade de privação de liberdade e à solução que o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) confere a cada caso. Igualmente, pesquisa-se como o tribunal justifica suas decisões. A partir de elementos da sociologia de Pierre Bourdieu, constrói-se a decisão judicial punitiva como ato de Estado, que detém o monopólio da violência física e simbólica legítima. Essa construção sublinha a importância de se observar que a decisão judicial não acarreta apenas a imposição física de um castigo, mas também contribui para a instituição das formas legítimas de se pensar sobre o fenômeno. Igualmente, utiliza-se a noção de vocabulários de motivos de Wright Mills, que permite pensar as justificativas dos magistrados não como explicações de por que agiram de determinada forma, nem como mera justificação para encobrir suas reais intenções, mas como construções linguísticas cujo uso se estabiliza em certas ações socialmente situadas, tornando-se, portanto, os vocabulários socialmente aceitos nessas situações. Assim, padrão decisório e padrão de justificação são estudados em conjunto, dada sua contribuição para a legitimação de práticas e de discursos sobre a punição no campo jurídico e no restante do espaço social. Para apreender o padrão decisório do tribunal, utiliza-se a qualitative comparative analysis, que permite a verificação da associação entre os atributos das decisões e seu resultado. Infere-se que o tribunal institui como legítimos dois modelos distintos de justiça juvenil. Nos casos graves, amplia o controle penal e a possibilidade de aplicação de internação e restringe a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). Nos leves, restringe o controle penal e a possibilidade de internação e amplia a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). Há ainda os casos que são indiferentes à gravidade, pois se aplicam tanto a situações graves como leves. Nestes o STJ impõe o controle penal previsto no ECA (não costuma contrariá-lo para ampliar ou restringir o controle) e restringe a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). A ampliação do controle penal é sustentada pela afirmação do caráter punitivo da sanção e pela importância de se tomarem decisões de acordo com a gravidade da situação e com o caso concreto. Já a informalidade do procedimento é sustentada a partir de uma aproximação à justiça penal adulta, e não pela afirmação da finalidade reabilitadora da intervenção, como ocorreu historicamente na justiça de jovens. A restrição do controle penal é sustentada pela afirmação de que o ato sob julgamento não é grave. Já a ampliação de proteção processual é justificada pela ideia de que o procedimento da justiça juvenil deve respeitar a Constituição. Outros vocabulários não foram associados de modo unívoco a um resultado, mas revelam que o STJ realiza uma justaposição de modelos ideais de justiça, cuja relação é aditiva: é legítimo punir e educar; afastar a lei adulta e aproximá-la, focalizar a gravidade do ato e as características pessoais do adolescente, proteger o jovem e a sociedade. Se por um lado esses vocabulários não são construídos como contraditórios, tampouco há um esforço em mostrar sua ligação. / According to the worst of both worlds hypothesis, youth offenders are being treated with the informality (and consequent lack of procedural protection) that has historically guided juvenile justice, while simultaneously being punished in a harsher fashion (especially with incarceration), as is the tendency in adult justice. This dissertation investigates how the Superior Court of Justice (SCJ) rules in 53 landmark cases regarding penal control and procedural protection in juvenile justice, and how the court motivates its rulings. Three other elements of the courts attitudes toward cases are considered: seriousness of offenses, use of incarceration and the literal solution the Statute of the Child and the Adolescent provides to each case. Employing elements of Pierre Bourdieus theory, punitive judicial decisions are construed as acts of state, which carry the monopoly of physical and symbolic violence. According to this perspective, criminal courts rulings not only impose suffering, but also communicate the legitimate ways of conceiving crime and its appropriate reactions to it. Also, this dissertation relies on Wright Mills concept of vocabularies of motive to construe judicial motivation theoretically. This concept avoids framing motives as real explanations for why courts decide and as mere rationalizations that covers courts real intentions. Instead, courts motivations are interpreted as linguistic constructions whose use become stable in certain social situations, hence becoming the legitimate motives accepted in such situations. An adaptation of qualitative comparative analysis is used to account for the SCJ decision-making pattern. In sum, the SCJ institutes two legitimate juvenile justice models. In serious cases, the SCJ expands penal control and the use of incarceration, and restricts procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). In non-serious cases, the SCJ restricts penal control and the use of incarceration, and expands procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). Some cases apply to all youths, regardless of the crime committed. In these cases, the SCJ shows an intermediary stance regarding penal control (it simply follows statutory positions), and restricts procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). As to its reasoning, the SCJ expands penal control on the following grounds: i. state response has a punitive character; ii. seriousness of the offense is an important criterion to make decisions in youth justice, iii. as is the need to make individualized decisions. Procedural protection restriction, on the other hand, is justified by an embracement of criminal justice principles, which contrasts with the historical tendency of the juvenile justice system that had rejected these same principles. Penal control restriction is justified by the idea that some acts are not serious. Procedural protection expansion is justified by the idea that juvenile justice procedures should follow Constitutional principles. Other vocabularies employed by the SCJ have not been clearly associated with specific outcomes. However, they reveal that the court promotes a juxtaposition of different ideal models of justice. According to the SCJ, it is legitimate both to punish and to rehabilitate, to accept adult criminal law rules and to reject them, to focus on cases seriousness and on offenders characteristics, to protect offenders and society. Though these pairs are not presented as contradictory, their connection is not made explicit.

Cette thèse traite de deux sujets principaux : l’impact du territoire d’origine de la marque sur le comportement du consommateur, et l’impact de la consommation ostentatoire sur le bien-être subjectif du consommateur.D’une part, notre étude met en évidence l’importance du territoire d’origine de la marque dans la création de la perception de l’authenticité du consommateur. Elle valide d’une manière empirique une chaine d’effets, depuis les associations du territoire d’origine d’un produit en passant par son authenticité perçue jusqu’à la connexion du consommateur à la marque. Une méthode d’expérimentation et la régression des moindres carrés partielle ont été choisies, afin de tester les hypothèses avec 665 consommateurs chinois. Les résultats montrent que le territoire d’origine a un effet positif sur la perception de l’authenticité du consommateur, qui ensuite a un effet positif sur la connexion du consommateur à la marque. De plus, par rapport au pays d’origine, le territoire d’origine est le facteur unique qui a un effet positif sur l’authenticité perçue du produit et contribue à créer la connexion du consommateur au produit. Nous avons aussi montré que la familiarité au territoire d’origine du consommateur et la congruence de la catégorie du produit avec son origine territoriale renforcent l’effet positif du territoire d’origine sur la perception de l’authenticité du consommateur. Cependant, une seule catégorie de produit (savon à la lavande) et une seule variable dépendante (l’authenticité perçue) ont été considérés dans cette étude. Compte tenu de la pertinence décroissante des associations du pays d’origine, cette étude démontre que le territoire d'origine est une stratégie alternative intéressante pour le renforcement de la valeur de la marque.D’autre part, malgré l’importance croissante de la consommation ostentatoire dans le monde, peu de recherches s’intéressent à l’impact de la consommation ostentatoire sur le bien-être subjectif du consommateur. De plus, il existe des avis contradictoires sur leur relation. Cette étude propose une explication de la motivation duale et considère que la consommation ostentatoire a un effet positif sur le bien-être du consommateur si le consommateur utilise l’objet pour se prouver sa valeur, et un effet négatif sur le bien-être subjectif du consommateur si l’objet est utilisé afin d’éveiller l’attention des autres. Les résultats des trois études empiriques montrent que le sens de l’impact de la consommation ostentatoire sur le bien-être subjectif du consommateur dépend de ce qui motive la consommation. Ainsi, le matérialisme du consommateur augmente l’effet de la consommation ostentatoire pour éveiller l’attention des autres sur le bien-être subjectif du consommateur. / This thesis consists of two main topics: the impact of brand territory of origin (TOO) on consumer behaviour, and the impact of conspicuous consumption on consumer subjective well-being (SWB).On one side, this thesis highlights the importance of territory associations for consumers’ perception of product authenticity and empirically tests the chain of effects, from a TOO association to perceived authenticity to consumers’ self–brand connections. An experimental method and a partial least square (PLS) approach were adopted to test hypotheses with 665 Chinese consumers. Results demonstrate that TOO exerts a positive impact on perceived product authenticity, which improves consumers’ self–brand connections. In addition, compared with country of origin (COO), TOO has a unique positive impact on perceived authenticity and a direct positive effect on consumers’ self–brand connections. Also, the positive impact of TOO on perceived authenticity is enhanced by consumers’ familiarity with the TOO and congruence between the product category and TOO. But only one outcome of TOO (perceived authenticity) and one product category (lavender soap) have been considered in this study. Noting the diminishing relevance of COO associations, this study demonstrates that territory of origin is an appealing alternative strategy for strengthening brand equity.On the other side, despite the growing importance of conspicuous consumption in all parts of the world, little research focuses on the effect of conspicuous consumption on consumer SWB, and when this is the case, the results are controversial. We propose and test a bi-motive hypothesis whereby the valence of the effect of conspicuous consumption on consumer SWB depends on whether the conspicuous object is used as self-signaling conspicuous consumption or other-signaling conspicuous consumption. The results of three studies demonstrate that the self-signaling conspicuous consumer has a significantly higher level of SWB than the other-signaling conspicuous consumer. Furthermore, consumer materialism enhances the negative relationship between other-signaling conspicuous consumption and consumer SWB.

Organisationsledningar kan oftast bli för bundna av ekonomiska siffror vid sin styrning. För att det ekonomiska beroendet skulle kunna minska, grundades en styrmodell som kan användas för att ledningen ska kunna styra organisationen ur flera olika perspektiv. Styrmodellen kallas Balanced Score Card (BSC) och grundades i början av 1990-talet av professorn Robert Kaplan och konsulten David Norton. Styrningsmodellen BSC kan enligt förespråkare användas i olika verksamheter, däribland offentliga verksamheter.Vårt huvudsyfte är att belysa motivet för adoptering och tillämpning av BSC på SÄS. Ett annat syfte är att undersöka användningen av BSC på sjukhuset.Metoden som vi har valt att genomföra vår studie på är en fallstudie eftersom vi inom studien har koncentrerat oss på en organisation och hur den använder sig av BSC. Det vetenskapliga förhållningssätt som vi har valt är det hermeneutiska eftersom det bland annat tillåter oss att tolka den information som vi studerar och koppla delarna till helheten. Inom studien har vi använt den induktiva ansatsen vilken tillåter oss att utföra den empiriska studien för att sedan koppla den till teoretiska referensramen. Eftersom vi har samlat in rådata genom intervjuer har vi använt oss av den kvalitativa metoden. När vi sedan har analyserat den rådata som vi har samlat in använde vi oss av en kontentanalys. Det innebär bland annat att vi har försökt att genomföra en noggrann studie av alla texter för att upptäcka hur BSC strategiskt motiverades och på vilket sätt styrkortet tillämpades på Södra Älvsborgs Sjukhus. Samt hur BSC används i praktiken på SÄS.De slutsatser som vi har kunnat dra av vår studie är att SÄS införde BSC för att kunna koncentrera sig på sina uppsatta mål och för att organisationen ville ha en tydligare planering och ett tydligare uppföljningsarbete. SÄS införde styrmodellen på grund av att Västra Götalandsregionen införde modellen. Sjukhuset styrs av regionen vilket ledde till att modellen började användas av SÄS. Vi kunde även se att SÄS inte hade några direkta utbildningar om BSC inom sin verksamhet. Det som vi även kunde komma fram till var att SÄS använder BSC främst som ett kommunikationsmedel inom verksamheten och för att kommunicera med Västra Götalandsregionen. BSC används även som ett verktyg för att visa hur organisationens strategiska mål ska uppnås och hur resultatet av arbetet med de strategiska målen har utvecklats.

O pior dos dois mundos traduz a hipótese de que atualmente adolescentes seriam tratados com a informalidade histórica associada à justiça juvenil, isto é, com poucas garantias processuais, ao mesmo tempo em que receberiam sanções mais duras, como é a atual tendência na justiça criminal adulta. Este trabalho investiga o que o Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) decide em 53 casos paradigmáticos acerca dessas duas questões: proteção processual e controle penal de adolescentes. Verifica-se também como o tribunal decide em relação à gravidade dos casos, à possibilidade de privação de liberdade e à solução que o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) confere a cada caso. Igualmente, pesquisa-se como o tribunal justifica suas decisões. A partir de elementos da sociologia de Pierre Bourdieu, constrói-se a decisão judicial punitiva como ato de Estado, que detém o monopólio da violência física e simbólica legítima. Essa construção sublinha a importância de se observar que a decisão judicial não acarreta apenas a imposição física de um castigo, mas também contribui para a instituição das formas legítimas de se pensar sobre o fenômeno. Igualmente, utiliza-se a noção de vocabulários de motivos de Wright Mills, que permite pensar as justificativas dos magistrados não como explicações de por que agiram de determinada forma, nem como mera justificação para encobrir suas reais intenções, mas como construções linguísticas cujo uso se estabiliza em certas ações socialmente situadas, tornando-se, portanto, os vocabulários socialmente aceitos nessas situações. Assim, padrão decisório e padrão de justificação são estudados em conjunto, dada sua contribuição para a legitimação de práticas e de discursos sobre a punição no campo jurídico e no restante do espaço social. Para apreender o padrão decisório do tribunal, utiliza-se a qualitative comparative analysis, que permite a verificação da associação entre os atributos das decisões e seu resultado. Infere-se que o tribunal institui como legítimos dois modelos distintos de justiça juvenil. Nos casos graves, amplia o controle penal e a possibilidade de aplicação de internação e restringe a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). Nos leves, restringe o controle penal e a possibilidade de internação e amplia a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). Há ainda os casos que são indiferentes à gravidade, pois se aplicam tanto a situações graves como leves. Nestes o STJ impõe o controle penal previsto no ECA (não costuma contrariá-lo para ampliar ou restringir o controle) e restringe a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). A ampliação do controle penal é sustentada pela afirmação do caráter punitivo da sanção e pela importância de se tomarem decisões de acordo com a gravidade da situação e com o caso concreto. Já a informalidade do procedimento é sustentada a partir de uma aproximação à justiça penal adulta, e não pela afirmação da finalidade reabilitadora da intervenção, como ocorreu historicamente na justiça de jovens. A restrição do controle penal é sustentada pela afirmação de que o ato sob julgamento não é grave. Já a ampliação de proteção processual é justificada pela ideia de que o procedimento da justiça juvenil deve respeitar a Constituição. Outros vocabulários não foram associados de modo unívoco a um resultado, mas revelam que o STJ realiza uma justaposição de modelos ideais de justiça, cuja relação é aditiva: é legítimo punir e educar; afastar a lei adulta e aproximá-la, focalizar a gravidade do ato e as características pessoais do adolescente, proteger o jovem e a sociedade. Se por um lado esses vocabulários não são construídos como contraditórios, tampouco há um esforço em mostrar sua ligação. / According to the worst of both worlds hypothesis, youth offenders are being treated with the informality (and consequent lack of procedural protection) that has historically guided juvenile justice, while simultaneously being punished in a harsher fashion (especially with incarceration), as is the tendency in adult justice. This dissertation investigates how the Superior Court of Justice (SCJ) rules in 53 landmark cases regarding penal control and procedural protection in juvenile justice, and how the court motivates its rulings. Three other elements of the courts attitudes toward cases are considered: seriousness of offenses, use of incarceration and the literal solution the Statute of the Child and the Adolescent provides to each case. Employing elements of Pierre Bourdieus theory, punitive judicial decisions are construed as acts of state, which carry the monopoly of physical and symbolic violence. According to this perspective, criminal courts rulings not only impose suffering, but also communicate the legitimate ways of conceiving crime and its appropriate reactions to it. Also, this dissertation relies on Wright Mills concept of vocabularies of motive to construe judicial motivation theoretically. This concept avoids framing motives as real explanations for why courts decide and as mere rationalizations that covers courts real intentions. Instead, courts motivations are interpreted as linguistic constructions whose use become stable in certain social situations, hence becoming the legitimate motives accepted in such situations. An adaptation of qualitative comparative analysis is used to account for the SCJ decision-making pattern. In sum, the SCJ institutes two legitimate juvenile justice models. In serious cases, the SCJ expands penal control and the use of incarceration, and restricts procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). In non-serious cases, the SCJ restricts penal control and the use of incarceration, and expands procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). Some cases apply to all youths, regardless of the crime committed. In these cases, the SCJ shows an intermediary stance regarding penal control (it simply follows statutory positions), and restricts procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). As to its reasoning, the SCJ expands penal control on the following grounds: i. state response has a punitive character; ii. seriousness of the offense is an important criterion to make decisions in youth justice, iii. as is the need to make individualized decisions. Procedural protection restriction, on the other hand, is justified by an embracement of criminal justice principles, which contrasts with the historical tendency of the juvenile justice system that had rejected these same principles. Penal control restriction is justified by the idea that some acts are not serious. Procedural protection expansion is justified by the idea that juvenile justice procedures should follow Constitutional principles. Other vocabularies employed by the SCJ have not been clearly associated with specific outcomes. However, they reveal that the court promotes a juxtaposition of different ideal models of justice. According to the SCJ, it is legitimate both to punish and to rehabilitate, to accept adult criminal law rules and to reject them, to focus on cases seriousness and on offenders characteristics, to protect offenders and society. Though these pairs are not presented as contradictory, their connection is not made explicit.