Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-12-13T17:07:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardonunescardoso.pdf: 3871280 bytes, checksum: 8c2c523333135cba552e3b476ccddcc8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-12-15T14:13:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardonunescardoso.pdf: 3871280 bytes, checksum: 8c2c523333135cba552e3b476ccddcc8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-15T14:13:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardonunescardoso.pdf: 3871280 bytes, checksum: 8c2c523333135cba552e3b476ccddcc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Amblyomma cajennense (Fabrícius, 1787) (Acari: Ixodidade) é um ectoparasito típico de eqüídeos, amplamente distribuído nas Américas do Sul e Central. O uso indiscriminado dos carrapaticidas tem levado as populações destes artrópodes a um grave quadro de resistência aos produtos fitossanitários. Além disso, o uso exclusivo de carrapaticida é pouco viável a longo prazo e em termos econômicos tornando-se necessário o emprego de métodos alternativos de controle. Os nematóides entomopatogênicos tem sido apontados como agentes promissores no controle de carrapatos, entretanto como é pequeno o número de estudos a esse respeito objetivou-se avaliar o potencial de Steinernema glaseri (Steiner, 1929) isolado Santa Rosa como agente de controle biológico do carrapato Amblyomma cajennense. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Parasitologia, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora – MG, no período de outubro de 2005 e janeiro de 2006. Avaliou-se o potencial de S. glaseri nas concentrações de 0, 156, 325, 675, 1250, 2500, 5000 e 10000 juvenis infectantes (JI) por unidade experimental (UE). Cada um desses tratamentos foi composto por 10 unidades experimentais que foram montadas com placas de Petri contendo areia autoclavada, 4ml de água destilada e 10 ninfas, num total de 100 espécimes por tratamento. As placas de Petri foram fechadas com parafilme e mantidas em estufa climatizada do tipo B.O.D (27±1ºC e U.R>80%) por 72 horas. Após este período as ninfas ingurgitadas de A. cajennense foram lavadas com água destilada e transferidas para placas de Petri limpas observadas a cada 24±1 hora durante 20 dias, a fim de se observar as alterações nos parâmetros biológicos, tais como: Período de ecdise (PE), Período de pré-ecdise (PPE), Percentual de ecdise (%Ec) e Período de muda (PM). Cada parâmetro foi analisado em relação aos adultos, englobando machos e fêmeas e também para cada um dos sexos isoladamente por unidade experimental. Para x iii análise dos dados foi utilizado o Software Graphpad Instat Versão 2.05 com Análise de Variância, Teste de Tukey-Kramer, Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn’s (p 0.05). No tratamento com 5000 JI/UE ocorreu redução significativa no PPE total, assim como PM, em relação ao controle e considerando-se apenas os machos, o PM também sofreu redução significativa. No tratamento com 10000 JI/UE houve um aumento significativo do PPE total e o PE total foi reduzido significativamente neste tratamento, em relação ao controle. O período de ecdise dos machos apresentou um aumento significativo em quatro dos oito tratamentos (tratamentos com 156, 612, 2500 e 5000 JI). A mortalidade, assim como a redução do percentual de ecdise só foi significativa no tratamento com 10000 JI /UE. Mesmo sem abertura genital nas ninfas de A. cajennense, S. glaseri foi capaz de exercer ação deletéria em concentrações superiores a 5000 JI /UE. As doses de 5000 e 10000 JI /UE foram deletérias a determinados processos da fase não parasitária de A. cajennense. Entretanto novos estudos são necessários, ainda in vitro, com doses superiores a 10000 JI /EU, a fim de se confirmar o potencial entomopatogênico de A. cajennense sobre populações de S. glaseri. / Amblyomma cajennense (Fabrícius, 1787) (Acari: Ixodidade) is an ectoparasitic kind of horse, widely distributed in south and central America. The indiscriminate use of acaricidal has taken this animals population to a critical resistence situation to drugs and the exclusive use of acaricidal is just viable in pratical and economical terms became necessary the job of alternative control method. The nematodes entomopathogenic has bem indicated as sucessiful agents to control ticks, however is short the number of the studies about that, the target is analyse the potential os Steinernema glaseri strain Santa Rosa as biological agent control of A. cajennense. The experiment was made in the EMBRAPA GADO DE LEITE, Parasitology Laboratory – Juiz de Fora (MG), between october of 2005 and january of 2006. Has ben tested differents concentrations of S. glaseri (0, 156, 325, 650, 1250, 2500, 5000 e 10000 infectives juveniles (IJ) per tested unity (UT). Each one of this treatment was composed per 10 tested unitys crated with Petri dish sterilized, 4 ml of destil water and 10 nynphs in na total of 100 types for treatament. The Petri dish was closed with parafil and keeped in a humid chamber kind of BOD (27±1ºC and RH>80%) per 72 hours. After that period the engorged nynphs of A. cajennense was washed with destil water and removed to a Petri dish without sand or IJ and observed by each 24±1 hour during 20 days, with the objetive to observe wich alterations in a parametres biological such as: ecdysis period (EP), pre-ecdysis period (PEP), ecdysis percentual (%Ec), and mouthing period (MP). Each parametres was analysed about adults connections, comprising male and female ande for each one of the sex separating by tested unitys as will. The statistic data treatment was maked with Variance Analyse, Tukey- Kramer Test, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s (p 0.05) On the treatment with 5000 IJ/UT happens the significant reduction of PEP totally, such as MP, in connections with control and xv considerating only the males. The MP had soffer the significant reduction too. On the treatment with 10000 IJ/UT had a significant increase of PEP totally and the EP totally was reduced highly expressive in this treatment by connection with control. The male ecdysis period had present a significant increase in four of the seven treatments (treatmments with 156, 612, 2500 and 5000 IJ). The mortality such as the percentual reduction of ecdysis just was significant on the treatment with 10000 IJ/UT. Until without genital hole of A. cajennense nynphs, S. glaseri was able to make the deleterious action in concentration up 5000 IJ/UT. The treatment of 5000 and 10000IJ/UT was deleterious by determined process of no parasitary phase of A. cajennense. However new studyies are necessary, in vitro yet, with superior doses than 10000 IJ/UT, due to confirm the entomopathogenic potential of A. cajennense under de S. glaseri population.

O exoesqueleto (ou cutícula) é um dos responsáveis pelo sucesso evolutivo dos insetos, não só pela proteção e suporte que lhes confere, mas também pela interface que representa entre o animal e o meio ambiente. A construção do exoesqueleto do inseto adulto envolve um processo de diferenciação denominado tanning, caracterizado pela melanização e pela esclerotização. Às enzimas lacases classicamente tem sido atribuído um papel fundamental no tanning cuticular, em particular na esclerotização. O presente trabalho consiste no estudo da função e regulação do gene Amlac 2 codificador da Lacase 2 de Apis mellifera, no âmbito da relação entre a expressão deste gene e a morfogênese do tegumento (cutícula e epiderme) do adulto. Através de RT-PCR semi-quantitativa, a abundância de transcritos foi contrastada entre diferentes estágios da ontogênese e entre distintas regiões do corpo (tórax, asas e abdome). A transcrição se acentua logo após a apólise pupal-imaginal, e se mantém alta durante todo o desenvolvimento do adulto farato. Embora haja um padrão de expressão comum entre as três regiões do corpo estudadas, nota-se um relativo atraso do início da transcrição desse gene no tegumento abdominal. Este resultado é consistente com o menor grau de esclerotização da cutícula do abdome em comparação com a do tórax e das asas. Uma análise comparativa entre abelhas operárias, zangões e rainhas revelou ainda padrões casta e sexo-específicos de diferenciação do tegumento adulto. Experimentos de silenciamento gênico pós-transcricional resultaram no comprometimento da melanização e da esclerotização cuticulares e não conclusão do ciclo de muda, efeitos que influenciaram drasticamente a viabilidade dos adultos. Análises histológicas do tegumento de abelhas submetidas ao silenciamento de Amlac 2 revelaram ainda má formação da cutícula, com alterações principalmente em sua espessura e arquitetura. Tais resultados evidenciam uma importante contribuição da enzima Lacase 2 na diferenciação do exoesqueleto adulto de Apis mellifera, fenômeno esse fundamental na ontogênese plena da abelha. Experimentos de ligadura abdominal em pupas iniciais, procedimento que impede o fluxo de hormônios ecdisteróides provenientes das glândulas protorácicas para o abdome, resultaram em inibição do aumento do título de ecdisteróides, repressão temporária da transcrição do gene Amlac 2 e bloqueio do processo de diferenciação cuticular. Tais efeitos sugerem fortemente que esses hormônios controlam a expressão do gene Amlac 2, por sua vez envolvido no processo de maturação da cutícula. Ainda, a detecção inesperada de quantidades crescentes de ecdisteróides no abdome de pupas, após o terceiro dia de ligadura, nos levou a propor um novo modelo endócrino para o desenvolvimento do adulto de Apis mellifera. / The evolutionary success of the insects is to a large extent due to the structural and mechanical properties of the integument, which is made up of an outer cuticle layer and the subjacent epidermis. As an effective interface between the insect soft body and the environment, the integument performs all the functions of a skin and of an exoskeleton. It not only supports the insect, but gives it its shape, means of locomotion, and provides protection against desiccation, besides being involved in defense strategies towards predators and pathogenic agents. Building and maturation of the adult exoskeleton include complex biochemical pathways where the enzymes Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) may have a key role. Laccases have been characterized mainly in fungi and bacteria. In insects, the function of these enzymes has been linked to cuticle tanning (pigmentation and sclerotization) and stabilization of the protein-based exoskeleton. It was our aim to identify and investigate the function and regulation of the gene, Amlac 2, which encodes the enzyme Laccase 2 in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses evidenced that Amlac 2 is highly expressed in the integument of pharate adults in correlation with cuticle pigmentation and sclerotization. Transcription increases in thoracic, abdominal and wing integuments immediately after pupal-imaginal apolysis, and remains abundant all through pharate adult development. Consistent with the different degree of sclerotization in cuticle areas recovering distinct body parts, the increase in the levels of Amlac2 transcripts occurs later in abdominal than in thoracic and wing integuments. A comparative approach using honeybee workers, queens and drones also revealed caste and sex-specific patterns of adult integument differentiation. Post-transcriptional Amlac2 gene silencing resulted in abnormalities in cuticle structure, melanization and sclerotization, as revealed by histological analyses, and drastically affected the adult molt. Such results clearly indicate a critical role of Laccase 2 in the differentiation of the adult exoskeleton in the honeybee. Experiments using a ligature to prevent the increase in ecdysteroid titer in abdomen resulted in inhibition of Amlac 2 transcription and severely impaired cuticular differentiation. These results strongly indicate that Amlac 2 expression is controlled by ecdysteroids, and has a crucial role in the differentiation and maturation of the adult cuticle. Moreover, a radioimmunoassay using hemolymph from ligated abdomens suggested the existence of an alternative source of ecdysteroids, in addition to prothoracic glands, thus leading us to propose a new endocrine model for differentiation of the adult honeybee.

O grapsídeo Pachygrapsus transversus apresenta uma estratégia reprodutiva alternativa entre os braquiúros. A espécie atinge a maturidade sexual muito cedo, poucos meses após recrutar no entre-marés, e as fêmeas podem sofrer uma muda, após o principal período de reprodução, para um estágio no qual a morfologia do abdômen e seus apêndices difere claramente tanto da característica adulta como da juvenil. Nessa condição não ocorre atividade reprodutiva. Devido ao fato dessa dinâmica responder a um ciclo sazonal, foi testado o efeito da temperatura, do fotoperíodo e da interação de ambos na incidência da muda da puberdade, na manutenção da atividade reprodutiva e na muda para o estágio de inatividade. Para tal, foram mantidos lotes de animais em cativeiro em quatro diferentes combinações de fotoperíodo e temperatura durante dois períodos. Os resultados do primeiro período demonstram que o crescimento, a alometria abdominal e a proporção de indivíduos que realizaram a muda da puberdade foram mais elevados em condições de temperatura condizentes ao inverno. No segundo período, fêmeas adultas apresentaram crescimento superior sob condições de fotoperíodo e temperatura de inverno, enquanto que a proporção de fêmeas em repouso sexual foi elevada, porém indistinta, em todas as condições experimentais. Não foram verificadas diferenças de crescimento entre fêmeas em atividade sexual e indivíduos em repouso reprodutivo. Posteriormente, foi realizado um experimento para analisar a dinâmica da alteração morfotípica na presença de conspecíficos (fêmea sozinha, fêmea na presença de macho e fêmea na presença de outra fêmea) em diferentes níveis de interação (química, visual, táctil). Nesse experimento não foi registrada regressão abdominal para nenhuma das fêmeas, não havendo quaisquer diferenças entre crescimento e alometria abdominal entre os tratamentos. Por fim, foi analisado o comportamento de machos frente a fêmeas de diferentes morfótipos. Os resultados demonstraram que machos conseguem discriminar fêmeas em repouso daquelas aptas à reprodução, passando mais tempo em atividades de contato físico, incluindo cópula, com as últimas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o crescimento é influenciado por variáveis físicas (temperatura e fotoperíodo), e que a manutenção da atividade reprodutiva, limitada pela ocorrência de mudas para estágios de repouso reprodutivo, parece estar relacionada à presença de conspecíficos. Essa estratégia permitiria uma segregação temporal eficiente de atividades de reprodução e crescimento (em longo prazo), crucial para esta espécie que apresenta maturidade sexual precoce. / The grapsid crab Pachygrapsus transversus undergoes an alternative reproductive strategy compared to other brachyurans. This species reaches maturity early in its ontogeny, few months after recruiting to the rocky intertidal. After the main breeding period, females may molt to a stage, marked by a regression of the abdomen and its appendages, which are easily distinguished from both the juvenile and adult form. In this condition, there is no reproductive activity. Because the frequency of different adult morphotypes changes in a seasonal basis, the effect of temperature, photoperiod and their interaction on the incidence of the puberty molt (for juveniles), the maintenance of reproductive activity and the proportion of females molting to a resting stage (adults) was tested. With this purpose, different female groups were kept in captivity under four different combinations of photoperiod and temperature, during two experimental trials. The results of the first experiment show that growth, abdominal allometry and the proportion of females molting to maturity were all higher under winter temperature. In the second experiment, adult females exhibited higher growth rate under winter conditions of photoperiod and temperature, while the proportion of females molting to a resting stage was generally high, with no significant differences among treatments. Growth did not differ between females exhibiting abdominal regression and females holding the adult breeding condition. A third experiment was conducted to examine the dynamics of morphotypic shift under the presence of conspecifics (isolated females, females held with another female, and females held with a male) in different interaction levels (chemical, visual, tactile). In this experiment, no females undergone abdominal regression, and no differences were observed in growth rate and abdominal allometry among treatments. In a final experiment, the behavioral response of males facing resting and active females was compared. Results demonstrated that males can discriminate these morphotypes. Physical contact, including copula, took longer when males were confronted with the reproductive morphotype. It is concluded that growth is mostly influenced by physical variables (temperature and photoperiod), while holding or not reproductive activity, dictated by the incidence of females molting to a resting stage, is apparently related to the presence of conspecifics. This strategy would allow an efficient temporal segregation between reproduction and growth (in the long run), which might be crucial for a species undergoing precocious sexual maturity.

The diploma thesis is concerned with the implementation of lean components in the production process of selected company. Through the Value Stream Mapping method an analysis of the current state is performed that resulted several shortcomings of the current production process. Based on the outcomes of the analysis, proposal of new production line is made that contributes to increased customer value within a shorter production time, reduce waste and thus to streamlining the production process.

Bakgrund och problem: Denna studie handlar om ett boxförråd på Scanias hyttfabrik i Oskarshamn. Studien grundades sig i ett uppdrag från en logistikutvecklare på Scania. Boxförrådsprocessen hade inte i någon vidare bemärkelse studerats tidigare då tanken var att ett automatiserat boxförråd skulle installeras, men då detta blev för dyrt så lades projektet ner. Nedläggningen av projektet innebar att Scania var tvungna att tänka om gällande boxförrådet och effektivisera boxförrådsprocessen i dess nuvarande form. I ett tillverkande företag likt Scania blir det nödvändigt att ha olika typer av lager och förråd. Inom lager och förråd är materialflöden en central del vilket innebär hur företaget flyttar och hanterar sitt material. Effektiva materialflöden som sker på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt i lager och förråd kan skapa konkurrensfördelar gentemot sina konkurrenter. Med detta i åtanke blir det viktigt för ett företag att ständigt utvärdera och utveckla sina materialflöden. Detta kan ske genom utveckling av befintliga tekniker och principer, men även vid utveckling av nya. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att titta på Scania i Oskarshamns boxförrådsprocess för att identifiera slöserier och problem. En del av syftet var också att efter identifieringen av slöserier och problem finna förbättringsmöjligheter vilket skulle öka effektiviteten i boxförrådsprocessen. Studien skall resultera i en grund för Scania kring hur de kan arbeta med att förbättra boxförrådsprocessen. Metod: En kvalitativ fallstudiedesign har genomförts där inslag av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskningsmetod har applicerats. Genom intervjuer av formatet ostrukturerade och semi-strukturerade samt icke-deltagande observationer har den empiriska datan samlats in. Befintlig litteratur och artiklar har legat till grund för utformandet av teorin. Slutsats: I Scanias boxförrådsprocess har en rad olika slöserier och problem identifierats. För dessa slöserier och problem har olika förbättringsmöjligheter och möjliga arbetssätt tagits fram, vilka skulle kunna reducera dessa och skapa en effektivare boxförrådsprocess. / Background and problem: This study is about a box store at Scania's cabin factory in Oskarshamn. The study was based on an assignment from a logistics developer at Scania. The box storage process had not been studied in any further sense before when the idea was to install an automated box store, but when this became too expensive, the project was scrapped. The closure of the project meant that Scania had to rethink the existing box store and find efficient solutions to the current box store process instead. In a manufacturing company like Scania, it becomes necessary to have different types of stocks and stores. In stocks and stores, material flows are a central part, which means how the company moves and manages its material. Efficient material flows that occur in a cost-effective way in stocks and stores can create competitive advantages over their competitors. With this in mind, it becomes important for a company to constantly evaluate and develop its material flows. This can be achieved through the development of existing techniques and principles, but also through the development of new ones. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to look at Scania in Oskarshamn's box storage process to identify wastes and problems. Part of the purpose was also to find opportunities for improvement after the identification of wastes and problems which would increase the efficiency of the box storage process. The study will result in a basis for Scania on how they can work on improving the box storage process. Method: A qualitative case study design has been carried out where elements of both qualitative and quantitative research method has been applied. By means of unstructured and semi-structured interviews as well as non-participant observations, the empirical data has been gathered. Existing literature and articles have formed the basis of the theory. Conclusion: In Scania's box storage process, a number of different wastes and problems have been identified. For these wastes and problems, various opportunities for improvement and possible working methods have been developed, which could reduce these and create a more efficient box storage process.

Dagens arbetsklimat kännetecknas av konstanta förändringar, vilket sätter en stor press på företag att anpassa sig för att inte hamna efter. För att bibehålla konkurrenskraft tvingas därför företag att hitta nya sätt att utvecklas inom organisation och produktion, för att bemöta de kontinuerliga förändringar som sker. Tillverkning under tjugohundratalet kännetecknas av specialanpassade produkter där många tillverkande företag har komplexa produktionsplaneringar och affärssystem. Detta har lett till att företag söker sig alltmer mot koncept och metoder av ständiga förbättringar, något som gjort att tillämpningen av lean bland mindre tillverkande företag blivit alltmer framträdande.  Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ett mindre tillverkande företag kan implementera koncept, verktyg, värderingar och principer inom lean för att bemöta sina nuvarande problem, och att långsiktigt kunna fortsätta arbeta vidare med det som en del i det dagliga arbetet. Målet är att ta fram ett ramverk för implementering av lean hos ett mindre tillverkande företag. Ramverket syftar till att visualisera de olika steg ett företag behöver gå igenom för att lyckas inkorporera förbättringskoncept/verktyg i sin verksamhet och därmed standardisera arbetet och minimera slöserier.  Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär där intervjuer, observationer och en litteraturstudie stod för insamlingen av data. Totalt genomfördes åtta intervjuer där en blandning av ledningen och anställda i produktionen var intervjuade. Observationerna utfördes genom att vandra omkring i produktionen för att skapa sig en bild för hur arbetet faktiskt går till idag. Litteraturstudien behandlar relevanta artiklar inom lean, SME:S och ständiga förbättringar. Genom att analysera den insamlade data mot den befintliga litteraturen kunde slutsatser om vilka verktyg/koncept som krävs för att bemöta respektive slöserier inom ett producerande SME göras. Även vilka faktorer som är viktiga för företag att ta i beaktning vid införandet av förbättringskoncept. Detta visualiseras genom ett ramverk som är framtaget genom denna studie. Fumex rekommenderas använda detta ramverk som ett stöd till implementering av lean i sin verksamhet. Detta syftar till att lösa de identifierade problemen med dokumentation, otydliga manualer/instruktioner och kommunikation mellan ledning och produktion.

Lean Production är väl etablerat inom tillverkning och serviceindustrin, där Lean-verktyg som Muda och 5S används för att identifiera och minska slöserier. Det råder en begränsning i forskningen när det gäller användningen av Lean-verktyg inom godsmottagning, vilket motiverade en kvalitativ fallstudie på en godsmottagning på ett tillverkande företag. Syftet med studien var att identifiera och eliminera slöserier på en godsmottagning med stöd av Lean-verktygen Muda och 5S.  För att uppnå syftet i denna studie samlades data in genom observationer, intervjuer och interna dokument. En processkarta skapades utifrån insamlade data över godsmottagningsprocessen. Den ursprungliga Muda-modellen anpassades för att vara tillämpbar på en godsmottagning i stället för på en tillverkande funktion. Den förändrade Muda-modellen testades för att identifiera slöserier inom godsmottagningen för att sedan undersöka hur 5S kan användas för att ge förslag på åtgärder för de identifierade slöserierna. På fallföretagets godsmottagning arbetar två personer 07:00-15:30 vardagar. Godsmottagningen tar emot leveranser av både indirekt och direkt material som sedan ska transporteras vidare internt inom fallföretaget. Genom användning av den anpassade Muda-modellen kunde flera slöserier identifieras på godsmottagningen, bland annat ett komplext avrapporteringssystem, onödiga transporter, en osäker avlossningsyta och avsaknad av stödjande instruktioner.  I detta arbete presenterades tre förbättringsförslag. De tre förbättringsförslagen var att implementera ett ERP-system för att göra mottagningsprocessen avsevärt mindre komplext, införskaffa en lastkaj för att öka säkerheten och minska onödiga transporter samt flytta ett AGV-ställage för att minska onödiga transporter. Genom att göra vissa justeringar på Muda-modellen visade resultaten att Muda och 5S kan vara användbara för att identifiera och eliminera slöserier på en godsmottagning. Muda-modellen anpassades genom att avskaffa punkt ett och anpassa punkt 3, 4, 6 och 8 för inkommande gods i stället för tillverkning av produkter. / Lean Production is well established in manufacturing and service industries, where Lean tools such as Muda and 5S are utilized to identify and reduce waste. Research on the application of Lean principles to goods receiving processes is limited, which prompted a qualitative case study on a goods receiving department in a manufacturing company. The aim of the study was to identify and eliminate waste in a goods receiving setting with support of the Lean tools Muda and 5S. To achieve the purpose, data was collected through observations, interviews, and internal documents. A process map was created based on the collected data of the goods receiving process. The original Muda model was adapted to be applicable to a goods receiving context instead of a manufacturing function. The modified Muda model was used to identify waste within the goods receiving process, and then 5S was studied with purpose of providing suggestions for addressing the identified wastes. The goods receiving department at the case company is staffed by two individuals who work from 07:00-15:30 on weekdays. The department received deliveries of both indirect and direct materials, which are subsequently transported within the case company. By utilizing the adapted Muda model, several forms of waste were identified within the goods receiving department, including a complex reporting system, unnecessary transportation, an insecure unloading area, and a lack of supportive instructions. In this case study three improvement suggestions were presented. These suggestions included implementing an ERP system to significantly simplify the receiving process, acquiring a loading dock to enhance safety and reduce unnecessary transportation, and relocating an AGV rack to minimize unnecessary transport. Results demonstrated that by making specific adjustments to the Muda model, Muda and 5S can be valuable in identifying and eliminating waste within a goods receiving context. The Muda model was adapted by eliminating point one and modifying points 3,4, 6 and 8 for incoming goods rather than manufacturing processes.

The aim of this study was to research which Lean principles that could be incorporated in a small company. Lean is a more and more common expression that has become popular among companies that strive to find new ways of improvement and creating ways to compete on the market.  Lean as whole can be viewed as methods to increase the effectiveness of ones working processes through handling waste and increasing customer value. The company that was chosen for this study was Lundqvist Trävaru AB, a small family company located in the city of Piteå in northern parts of Sweden. Their main product is to create wall blocks that can be assembled into garages, cottages and storage units. The study was constructed in physical visits to the company while conducting participatory interviews and observations. A theory study was also conducted to find information important to carry on studying and analyzing the subject. The collected data was compiled into value stream maps and spaghetti diagrams covering the work in the factory of the company, then a MUDA-analysis was made to locate different types of waste and suggestions of improvements to eliminate this waste. To quantify the study a capacity process index (Cp) and specific capacity index (Cpk) was calculated and compared to the numbers in theory. The results showed that there are good possibilities to implements Lean principles into the company. The Cp and Cpk -index that was calculated gave an unclear result, this probably as a result of it being a difficult process to demonstrate this type of calculation. The conclusion of the study is that it has given a result and that there are possibilities to conduct further studies on the subject. / Studien har syftat på att undersöka vilka Leanprinciper som skulle kunna inkorporeras i ett mindre företag. Lean är ett uttryck som blir allt mer vanligt bland företag som strävar efter att finna nya sätt att förbättra sig och bli mer konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. Lean som helhet kan ses som metoder till att effektivisera arbetsprocesserna i en verksamhet genom att minska spill och öka kundvärdet. Företaget som undersöks i studien är Lundkvist Trävaru AB, ett mindre företag lokaliserat i Piteå, i norra Sverige. Deras huvudprodukt är att bygga väggblock som sedan kan monteras ihop till bland annat garage, fritidshus och förråd. Studien genomfördes med besök på företaget för deltagande observationer och intervjuer samt genomfördes en teoristudie för att hitta den information som ansågs väsentlig för att studera och analysera ämnet. Data sammanställdes därefter i form av värdeflödeskartor och spagettidiagram över processen i företagets fabrik. En MUDA-analys genomfördes över den större delen av verksamheten för att lokalisera vart det kan uppkomma spill och vilka förbättringar som skulle kunna genomföras för att motverka detta spill. Ett kapacitetprocessindex (Cp) och ett specifikt kapacitetsprocessindex (Cpk) togs fram för att jämföras mot de siffror som finns i teorin. Resultatet visade att det finns goda möjligheter att genomföra förbättringar i företaget med Leanprinciper och MUDA-analysen gav förslag om olika förbättringsmöjligheter.  De framtagna Cp- och Cpk - indexen gav ett otydligt resultat vilket troligen berodde på att det var en svår process att använda till just den typen av beräkning. Slutsatsen av studien visar att den har genererat i ett resultat och att det finns goda möjligheter till vidare studier.

There are many organizations that choose to introduce Lean production in their operations, as these are the concepts that have made the greatest progress in terms of efficiency programs. Since Lean focuses on maximizing customer benefit and minimizing waste of resources in an organisation's business processes, it is often forgotten that the introduction also affects the staff. The purpose of the study is to investigate what effects on the working environment and health that employees in the private sector experience after an introduction of Lean production as a strategy within their organization. The aim of the study has been to answer how a Lean introduction affects the working environment and health. The study is based on Almondy's latest improvement work on the shrinkage process. With the help of an interview study and a general literature study, we have examined what effects a Lean introduction has on the work environment and health. The interview study was conducted at Almondy AB, which is a food producer based in Gothenburg. Searching the literature is done in article databases with keywords linked to the area. By means of a comparative analysis method, the result has been analyzed. There are studies that show that the effects vary depending on the point of view they have had and in which industry the survey was conducted. This means that the effects get a large spread and therefore it is difficult to give a general picture of the effects. The results of the interview study show a positive effect on the work environment as they describe that the physical moments in the process have decreased. The results of the literature study show that more studies are needed to be able to demonstrate the general effects that Lean has on the working environment. But the literature study suggests that there are both negative and positive effects on the work environment and health when introducing Lean. The conclusion suggests that Almondy has had a positive impact on their physical work environment since there has been a decrease in deviation reports. If someone wants to study further in the field, Lean production should be investigated in several industries and examine all aspects of a Lean introduction linked work environment and health. / Det är många organisationer som väljer att införa Lean produktion i sin verksamhet, då det är de koncept som gjort störst framsteg när det gäller effektiviseringsprogram. Eftersom Lean fokuserar på att maximera kundnytta och minimera resursslöseri i en organisations verksamhetsprocesser, så glöms det ofta bort att införandet påverkar även personalen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka effekter på arbetsmiljön och hälsa som anställda i den privat sektorn upplever efter införande av Lean produktion som strategi inom sin organisation. Målet med studien har varit att besvara hur ett Lean införande påverkar arbetsmiljö och hälsa. Undersökningen baseras på Almondys senaste förbättringsarbete av svinnprocessen. Med hjälp av en intervjustudie och en allmän litteraturstudie så har vi undersökt vilka effekter som ett Lean införande har på arbetsmiljön och hälsa. Intervjustudien är genomförd på Almondy AB som är en livsmedelsproducent stationerad i Göteborg. Sökning av litteraturen är gjord i artikeldatabaser med nyckelord kopplade till området. Genom en komparativ analys metod har sedan resultatet analyserats. Det finns studier som påvisar att effekterna varierar beroende på vilken synvinkel de haft samt i vilken bransch undersökningen gjorts. Detta gör att effekterna får en stor spridning och därför är det svårt ge en generell bild av effekterna. Resultatet från intervjustudien visar på en positiv effekt på arbetsmiljön då de beskriver att de fysiska momenten i processen samt avvikelserapporter har minskat. Resultatet från litteraturstudien visar på att det behövs fler studier för att kunna påvisa de generella effekterna Lean har på arbetsmiljön. Men litteraturstudien antyder att det finns både negativa och positiva effekter på arbetsmiljön och hälsa vid införande av Lean. Slutsatsen antyder på att Almondy har fått en positiv inverkan på deras fysiska arbetsmiljö då det har skett en minskning i avvikelserapporter. Om någon vill studera vidare inom området bör Lean produktion undersökas inom flera branscher samt granska alla aspekter av ett Lean införande kopplade arbetsmiljö och hälsa.

Purpose: The problem with the construction industry is inefficient material handling that creates waste in form of unnecessary activities that do not increase the value of the product. The construction industry is accused of production delays, exceedance of budget and difficulties in having a high quality. The aim is to find opportunities for improvements to make the material handling on a construction site at deliveries, material storage and material transports more efficient. Method: A qualitative case study of an organisation was carried out to achieve the aim of the report. The methods used in this study was unstructured observations, semi structured interviews and document analysis. Findings: A checklist for material handling based on the theories of Muda, 5S and JIT within Lean has been designed as an improvement and is intended to be used at a construction site. The checklist is based on the collected empirical study and consists of three parts, based on the issues of the study, which were deliveries, material storage and material transport. The purpose of the checklist is to improve the material handling at a construction site by identifying and eliminating wastes in terms of waiting, transport, storage and defects. Implications: By using the checklist, follow the delivery plan, improve the construction site plan and improve the contract between the suppliers and the company that have been concluded from the study result, waste in deliveries, material storage and material transport can be reduced. The recommendation is to follow the suggestions for improvement to make the material handling more efficient and reduce waste on a construction site. Limitations: The limitations that have been made in the study is to identify the wastes in the material handling moments that have been used in the study during the different material handling processes. The communication between workers, in what way the company plans their work activities, work environment and quality of work is not included in the study. / Syfte: Problemet i byggbranschen är ineffektiv materialhantering som skapar slöserier av resurser i form av onödiga aktiviteter som inte ökar värdet på slutprodukten. Byggnadssektorn anklagas för förseningar, budgetöverskridande och svårigheter att hålla en hög kvalitet. Målet är att hitta förbättringsmöjligheter för att effektivisera materialhantering på en byggarbetsplats vid leveransmottagning, materiallagring och materialförflyttning. Metod: För att uppnå studiens mål har en kvalitativ fallstudie av en organisation genomförts. De datainsamlingsmetoder som har använts är strukturerade observationer, semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalys. Resultat: En checklista för materialhantering baserad på teorierna Muda, 5S och JIT inom Lean har utformats som ett förbättringsförslag och är tänkt att användas på en byggarbetsplats. Checklistan är gjord utifrån studiens insamlade empiri och består av tre delar som utgår från studiens frågeställningar leveransmottagning, materiallagring och materialförflyttningen. Syftet med checklistan är att effektivisera materialhanteringen på en byggarbetsplats genom att identifiera och eliminera slöserierna i form av väntan, transport, lager och defekter. Konsekvenser: Genom att använda checklistan, följa leveransplanen, uppdatera APD-planen och förbättra kontraktet mellan leverantörer och företag som har framtagits i studiens resultat kan slöserier inom leveransmottagning, materiallagring och materialförflyttning minskas. Rekommendationerna blir att följa förbättringsförslagen för att effektivisera materialhanteringen och reducera slöserier på byggarbetsplatsen. Begränsningar: De avgränsningar som har gjorts i studien är att identifiera de valda slöserier inom Muda som behandlades i studien under olika materialhanteringsmoment. Kommunikationen mellan arbetarna, på vilket sätt företaget jobbar med att planera olika arbetsmoment, arbetsmiljö och arbetskvalitet ingår inte studien.