The study proposes an ecosystemic approach as an intervention for attentional difficulties and heightened motor activity, traditionally known as AD/HD. A literature study of AD/HD is presented first as a psycho-educational frame of reference. The focus then shifts to the symtoms of AD/DH to move closer to the possible underlying causes of these symptoms. In doing so, the focus changes from AD/HD as a diagnosis to attentional difficulties and heightened motor activity as presenting symptoms. Attention and motor activity as constructs are investigated in terms of their neuro-anatomical, neuro-chemical and neuro-physiological aspects. Furthermore, neurodevelopment, physiological stress, neurodevelopmental delay, information processing systems, sensory-motor subsystems and integration as constructs are investigated to understand their role in attention and modulation of motor activity. The study of attention and motor activity and their associated neurological factors motivates an alternative, ecosystemic method of intervention. The proposed approach includes an investigation into internal and external biochemical ecosystems such as environmental pollutants, deficiencies of essential nutrients and genetic deficiencies of the immune system. Other aspects such as time, maturation and neurodevelopment are also considered as well as the gentle interplay between these aspects. The therapeutic intervention includes sound therapy, neurodevelopmental movement activities, EEG neurofeedback and nutrition. Experimental research with a sample population of 12 diagnosed grade 4 and 5 AD/HD learners over a 11 week period was conducted. Statistically significant improvements in aspects of attention were noted using 2 standardised instruments and verification through parent interviews in the first and second experimental groups. Statistically significant improvements were noted in aspects of motor activity (a decline in hyperactive behaviour) in the second experimental group with verification from teacher interviews. Additionally, children in the first experimental group improved significantly more than children in the control group with regards to mathematic skills. The second experimental group showed significant improvement with large effect sizes on reading, mathematic skills and spelling. In conclusion, the statistically significant results obtained with the proposed approach motivates implementation, with improvements in attention, motor activity control and academic performance as a prospect. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed.(Psychology of Education)

Purpose: Neurodevelopmental difficulties are correlated with lower mental well-being and more mental health problems. Issues in social relations such as bullying are a prominent risk factor in a social setting of high school, have also been associated with the status of disability. This thesis investigated the relation between mental health problems, mental well-being, and bullying in adolescents with self-reported neurodevelopmental difficulties and compared these with adolescents with Other disabilities. Materials and methods: Data from a Swedish longitudinal survey study (LoRDIA) was used. Mental health problems were measured through emotional and conduct problems scales of SDQ, mental well-being was measured with MHC-SF, and a bullying questionnaire was used. Results: Adolescents with NDD experience more bullying victimization and perpetration than adolescents with Other disabilities such as physical disability and autoimmune diseases. Significant association to bullying perpetration was found in NDD adolescents. Adolescents with Other disabilities indicated high mental well-being compared to NDD. While gender predicts high mental well-being, disability and emotional problems have a negative relation with it. Conclusion: Adolescents with NDD report more bullying victimization and perpetration experiences in comparison to adolescents with Other disabilities. Emotional problems have an inverse relation for predicting high mental well-being for adolescents with NDD and Other disabilities.

The purpose of the study is to acquire knowledge and understanding of successful school development, with a focus on students' cognitive abilities. The survey focuses on the implementation of development work and its effects on the organization and students' development. The theoretical framework is based on special educational perspectives, salutogenic perspective and organizational theory. Two contiguous preschool class‑third grade schools are included in the study and primary data consists of interview responses from school staff. The study also includes questionnaire responses from guardians of children in third grade. However, the response rate from the guardians is insufficient for conclusions. The results show that school development changed the view of students' differences and needs. Furthermore, the schools have shifted their focus to group and organizational level, as well as to more promotional and preventive work. Fewer students are included in the student health team and the number of action plans has decreased. The development of the schools is characterized by a shift towards a more critical perspective and has been conducted through strengthened meaningfulness in the form of defined values, consensus in purpose and vision and collegial cooperation. The conditions that enable successful school development are characterized by a strong sense of coherence, in both leadership and conditions. Increased focus on the environment, as well as enhancement of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness, are also factors that have benefited students' development. Factors that hinder school development can be traced to a compensatory and dilemma perspective, as well as to a lack of sense of coherence. Above all concerning attitudes among school staff and external demands placed on the school activities. Our conclusion is that both school development and students' cognitive abilities can be promoted through the application of a salutogenic perspective.

El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) se caracteriza por distintas dificultades en la comunicación e interacción social que se puede mejorar con una detección e intervenciones oportunas logrando la mayor potencialidad del niño. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a un diagnóstico tardío del TEA en nuestro país y al conocerse estos, permitan contribuir a un mejor diseño de estrategias para su detección precoz. Materiales y Métodos: Nosotros realizamos un estudio observacional transversal analítico en base al registro de pacientes TEA del INSN, con un poder estadístico suficiente para responder nuestra pregunta de investigación. Se buscó asociación entre diagnóstico tardío y variables sociodemográficas, y características clínicas. Se construyó un modelo de regresión poisson log con variantes robustas para el calculo del RPc y RPa. Resultados: Un total de 171 registros de pacientes fueron analizados. La proporción de diagnóstico tardío fue 50,29%. El sexo masculino tuvo un predominio con 84,0% y el femenino 16,0%. Encontramos que el nivel de severidad del TEA moderado y severo obtuvo un RPa de 0,40 (p< 0,001) y 0,49 ( p 0,104), ser el segundo hijo obtuvo un RPa de 0,49 IC95% 0,31 – 0,77 (p = 0,002). Conclusiones: La edad media de diagnóstico de TEA en el Perú es mayor comparada a otros países, el nivel de severidad es un factor asociado a un diagnóstico tardío, los pacientes con sintomatología más leve se hace el diagnóstico más tardío por lo que se necesita sensibilizar el tamizaje de TEA para que los servicios de salud mejoren la captación temprana. / Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by different difficulties in communication and social interaction that can be improved with early detection and timely intervention through therapies to achieve the greatest potential of the child. Objective: To identify factors associated with late diagnosis of ASD in our country and, when these are known, to contribute to a better design of strategies for its early detection. Materials and Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional observational study based on the INSN registry of ASD patients, with sufficient statistical power to answer our research question. We looked for association between late diagnosis of ASD and sociodemographic variables and clinical characteristics. We used the Prevalence Ratio (PR) as a measure of association which was then adjusted in a multivariate model (PRa). Results: A total of 171 patient records were analyzed. The proportion of late diagnosis was 50.29%. Male sex predominated with 84.0% and female sex 16.0%. We found that the severity level of moderate and severe ASD obtained a RPa of 0.40 (p < 0.001) and 0.49 (p = 0.104), being the second child obtained a RPa of 0.49 CI95% 0.31 - 0.77 (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The mean age of ASD diagnosis in Peru is higher in comparison to other countries, the level of severity of ASD is a factor associated with late diagnosis, having mild symptomatology the diagnosis of ASD is made later. There is a need to improve screening for ASD with less severe symptoms in health services to increase the early uptake of children and offer greater benefits / Tesis

As every person has the right to participate in leisure, recreational and sports activities, children with disabilities have the same right to freely participate in the activities of their preference without restrictions. Community-based interventions aim to promote this right by modifying the whole environment or enhance the already existing onewith appropriate equipment. However, there is a lack of community-based interventions to promote participation in leisure activities for children and youth with neurodevelopmental disorders and physical disabilities. As a consequence, this systematic literature review aims to identify those community-based interventions and point out their characteristics that are described as effective concerning children’s and youth’s attendance, involvement and activity competence. Furthermore, it is crucial to specify whether those activities are based on children’s preferences. After a scholarly search, both quantitative and qualitative studies were evaluated. Six intervention studies were characterized as appropriate to be included in the review providing important information for those interventions approaches. A narrative analysis of the results was based on the Family Participation Related Construct (fPRC) theoretical framework. Results showed that interventions were based on the children’s and youth’s preferences and intervention referred to the environment rather than to the participants themselves. Furthermore, availability, accessibility, adaptability, acceptability and affordability were all considered in the intervention process while the modification or identification of appropriate environment played a vital role in the interventions’ implementation. However, despite the fact that studies aimed to increase participation, some of the used measurements focused on activity competence rather than participation. All the above were critically discussed, giving the incentive for further research implications in the emerged results. / Καθώς κάθε άτομο έχει το δικαίωμα να συμμετέχει σε δραστηριότητες αναψυχής, ψυχαγωγίας και αθλητισμού, τα παιδιά με αναπηρία έχουν το ίδιο δικαίωμα να συμμετέχουν ελεύθερα στις δραστηριότητες της προτίμησής τους χωρίς περιορισμούς. Οι κοινοτικές παρεμβάσεις στοχεύουν στην προώθηση αυτού του δικαιώματος τροποποιώντας ολόκληρο το περιβάλλον ή ενισχύοντας το ήδη υπάρχον με κατάλληλο εξοπλισμό. Ωστόσο, υπάρχει έλλειψη κοινοτικών παρεμβάσεων για την προώθηση της συμμετοχής σε δραστηριότητες αναψυχής για παιδιά και νέους με νευροαναπτυξιακές διαταραχές και σωματικές αναπηρίες. Κατά συνέπεια, αυτή η συστηματική βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση στοχεύει στον εντοπισμό αυτών των παρεμβάσεων που βασίζονται στην κοινότητα και επισημαίνει τα χαρακτηριστικά τους που περιγράφονται ως αποτελεσματικά όσον αφορά την παρουσία, τη συμμετοχή και τη δραστηριότητα των παιδιών και των νέων. Επιπλέον, είναι ζωτικής σημασίας να προσδιοριστεί εάν αυτές οι δραστηριότητες βασίζονται στις προτιμήσεις των παιδιών. Μετά από μια επιστημονική αναζήτηση, αξιολογήθηκαν τόσο ποσοτικές όσο και ποιοτικές μελέτες. Έξι μελέτες παρέμβασης χαρακτηρίστηκαν κατάλληλες για να συμπεριληφθούν στην ανασκόπηση παρέχοντας σημαντικές πληροφορίες για αυτές τις προσεγγίσεις παρεμβάσεων. Μια αφηγηματική ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων βασίστηκε στο θεωρητικό πλαίσιο Οικογενειακής Συμμετοχής Σχεδιασμού (fPRC). Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι παρεμβάσεις βασίστηκαν στις προτιμήσεις των παιδιών και των νέων και η παρέμβαση αναφέρεται στο περιβάλλον και όχι στους ίδιους τους συμμετέχοντες. Επιπλέον, η διαθεσιμότητα, η προσβασιμότητα, η προσαρμοστικότητα, η αποδοχή και η προσιτή τιμή εξετάστηκαν στη διαδικασία παρέμβασης, ενώ η τροποποίηση ή ο προσδιορισμός του κατάλληλου περιβάλλοντος έπαιξε ζωτικό ρόλο στην υλοποίηση των παρεμβάσεων. Ωστόσο, παρά το γεγονός ότι οι μελέτες αποσκοπούσαν στην αύξηση της συμμετοχής, ορισμένες από τις μετρήσεις που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επικεντρώθηκαν στην ικανότητα δραστηριότητας παρά στη συμμετοχή. Όλα τα παραπάνω συζητήθηκαν κριτικά, δίνοντας το κίνητρο για περαιτέρω ερευνητικές επιπτώσεις στα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν.

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Adolescence is a time of change where maturational milestones lead to the prioritization of peerinput, and the social context becomes crucial in its influence of those milestones. Adolescents socialcontext requires adapting to complex social norms through self-regulation, a process which adolescents having neurodevelopmental disorders struggle with, bounding them to a certain incompetencein dealing with the peer group and friendships. In a time where interconnection becomes crucial inconforming the self-concept, it makes sense struggles in this area would influence the experience ofmental health. In this crossectional quantitative study adolescents with NDDs friendship experiencein class and its relation to well-being is analyzed using the data from the prospective longitudinalsurvey LoRDIA project. Variables such as reciprocity and rejection were created from peer nominations and used alongside items on perceived support and the MHC-Mental health continuumscale rating of flourishing. Descriptives, Chi-squares and logistic regression were conducted usingSPSS. Results show an association between well-being and the friendship experience but not between well-being and the presence of an NDD. Adolescents with an NDD experience less reciprocity, more rejection and lower perceived support in higher frequency than their peers. Discussion isguided by the family of Participation Related Constructs (fPRC) and the Two continuum modelperspective of well-being. Methodological limitations and future interventions based on the discussion are exposed.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) is a collective name for diagnoses such as ADHD, ASD/Autism, Tourette’s syndrome and language disorders. A child with these diagnoses has different deficits that can be divided into the following problem areas; Social interaction, Learning difficulties, Memory and motor skills, and Concentration difficulties. In order for these children to cope with their everyday lives, they need support in the form of assistive aid products or human care. This investigative work has been done in collaboration with Komikapp AB and focused on developing a product within the assistive technology industry. The goal was to design an assistive aid for children with NDD diagnoses that offers increased school performance. The work was planned through the design processes Double Diamond process and Design Thinking process and is placed within the framework of Eco Design. The project was initiated with literature studies on the different diagnoses together with what products were available on the current market. From the background research, conclusions could be drawn that the products were often considered to be large and bulky, stationary, non-discreet and had a childish appearance. It could also be stated that appreciated products were fidget toys that stimulate the user through tactile senses, such as stress balls. In addition, the product aid market for older children, those in their adolescence, was small. The decision was made to narrow down the target group for children in the higher stages of Swedish comprehensive school and that the problem area for the work should be focused on Concentration difficulties. The investigation was followed by a questionnaire sent to people who work or have worked within the teaching profession. Moreover, in-depth interviews were conducted with a principal at an NDD-adapted higher-stage school, an occupational therapist at Stockholm’s ADHD centre and five teaching assistants. After all the information was gathered, brainstorming methods were used to break down the chosen problem area, Concentration difficulties. A smaller subgroup to the problem area was observed and assumed to benefit the work from a course goal perspective. The new niche problem area was Time perception. Based on this choice, further market research was carried out on aids in the category of time perception. This was followed by ideation, which produced five concepts. Three of these were taken for further development after an evaluation. Common to all concepts was that the product would help the user perceive time by showing time, date and day as well as having features to set alarms and timers with a visual explanation of the remaining time. After workshops with three people in professions that deal with NDD diagnoses on a daily basis, and two design engineering students, the Flexitime concept was chosen. This concept was the watch that offered a discreet design and an option to also include a fidget function. The detailed design of the Flexitime watch began and further market research was done on today’s range of smartwatches. A survey was also sent out to young people between the ages of 12-16 to gain an understanding of what kind of design attracts the target group. The survey received 39 respondents and a 50/50 gender split which laid the foundation for the design methods used to achieve the exterior design. The watch’s inner design and user scenarios were designed for a final design proposal. The fidget feature and the navigation to set timers or to turn on/off the sound of the watch were determined. The final design proposal for the assistive product Flexitime was a discreet, user-friendly, simple watch designed for teenagers to use into adulthood. The watch had not only features to help the user understand and perceive time, but a fidget feature to tame restless fingers. The dial for navigating the watch’s menu also offered the ability to rotate freely and generate tactile stimulation through its structure. This investigative work and the final design proposal for Flexitime form a basis for further work. / Neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF) är ett samlingsnamn för diagnoser som ADHD, AST/Autism, Tourettes syndrom och språksvårigheter. Ett barn med dessa diagnoser har olika svårigheter som kan delas in efter följande problemområden; Social interaktion, Inlärningssvårigheter, Minne och motorik samt Koncentrationssvårigheter. För att dessa barn ska klara av sin vardag behöver de stöd i form av hjälpmedelsprodukter eller mänsklig vård. Detta utredningsarbete har gjorts i samarbete med Komikapp AB och fokuserats på framtagning av en produkt inom hjälpmedelsbranschen. Målet var att designa ett hjälpmedel för barn med NPF diagnoser som erbjuder en ökad prestation i skolan. Arbetet projekterades genom designprocesserna Double Diamond processen samt Design Thinking processen och placerar sig inom ramen för Eco Design. Projektet inleddes med litteraturundersökningar för de olika diagnoserna samt vilka produkter som finns för dessa på marknaden idag. Från bakgrundsinsamlingen kunde slutsatser dras om att produkterna ansågs ofta vara stora och klumpiga, stationära, ha ett barnsligt utseende och icke-diskreta. Det kunde också konstateras att produkter som uppskattades var pillerillprodukter som stimulerar användaren genom taktila sinnen som exempelvis stressbollar. Dessutom var utbudet för äldre barn, tonåringar, litet. Beslutet togs att målgruppen skulle avsmalnas till barn i högstadieåldern och att problemområdet för arbetet ska fokuseras på Koncentrationssvårigheter. Utredningen fortsatte genom utskick av frågeformulär till personer som jobbar eller tidigare har jobbat inom läraryrket samt djupa intervjuer med en rektor på en NPF anpassad högstadieskola, en terapeut på Stockholms ADHD-center och 5 lärarassistenter. Efter all informationsinsamling användes brainstorm metoder för att bryta ner det valda problemområdet, Koncentrationssvårigheter. En mindre subgrupp under problemområdet observerades och antogs gynna arbetet utifrån ett kursmål-perspektiv. Det nya nischade problemområdet var Tidsuppfattning. Utifrån detta val gjordes ytterligare marknadsundersökningar på hjälpmedel i kategorin tidsuppfattning. Därefter följde en idegenerering som frambringade fem koncept. Tre av dessa togs till vidareutveckling efter en utvärdering. Gemensamt för alla koncept var att produkten skulle hjälpa användaren uppfatta tiden genom att ange tid, datum och dag samt ha funktionerna att ställa alarm och timers med bildlig förklaring av kvarstående tid. Efter workshops med tre personer inom yrken som dagligen handskas med NPF diagnoser, och två designingenjörs-studenter valdes konceptet Flexitime. Detta koncept var armbandsuret som erbjöd en diskret design och möjlighet till att även inkludera en pillerillfunktion. Den detaljerade designen av klockan Flexitime påbörjades och ytterligare marknadsundersökningar gjordes på dagens utbud av smartwatches. Även en enkät skickades ut ungdommar mellan 12-16 år för att få en förståelse av vad för design som attraherar målgruppen. Enkäten fick 39 respondenter och en 50/50 könsfördelninng vilket la grunden för de designmetoder som användes för att nå den utvändiga designen. Klockans inre funktioner och användarscenarion designades för ett slutgiltigt designförslag. Pillerillfunktionen samt navigeringen, för att stänga av/sätta på klockans ljud och ställa timers, bestämdes. Det slutgiltiga designförslaget på hjälpmedelsprodukten Flexitime var en diskret, användarvänlig, simpel klocka designad för tonåringar att använda upp till vuxenåldern. Klockan hade inte bara funktioner för att hjälpa användaren förstå och uppfatta tiden, utan även en pillerillfunktion för att tämja rastlösa fingrar. Ratten för att navigera i klockans meny erbjöd även möjligheten att rotera fritt och generera taktil stimulering genom dess struktur. Detta utredningsarbete och det slutgiltiga designförslaget på Flexitime utgör en god grund till fortsatt arbete.

Background: Children and youths with neurodevelopmental disorders are less physically active and have inferior physical fitness levels than their typically developed peers. Organized activities, especially team sports, can be challenging to this group due to common socio-behavioral, linguistic, and personality characteristics and limitations in motor proficiency. Physical activity and team sports may benefit this group by improving cognition, attention, socio-emotional functioning, and motor skills. Aim: Explore the conditions for including children and youths with neurodevelopmental disorders in team sports in Sweden. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was applied. Semi-structured interviews investigated the structural and organizational practices surrounding barriers and enablers to inclusion and coach education. A nationwide web survey described the coaching population and assessed perceived knowledge and conditions for inclusion in team sports. Soccer, ice hockey, floorball, handball, and group gymnastics represented the team sports. A qualitative content analysis was applied to interview data, followed by descriptive and bivariate (chi-square and simple multinomial logistic regression) analyses and multiple multinomial logistic regressions. Results: This neurodiverse group was described as difficult to target due to its heterogeneity. Sports associations described going through an identity introspection and working on inclusion issues at large but had different ways of addressing neurodevelopmental disorders, and varying strategies to educate coaches. Most coaches reported receiving education outside of sports. 40% of coaches claimed to have knowledge of neurodevelopmental disorders, associated with personal experiences, female gender, and coaching older junior teams. 71.6% of coaches felt comfortable accommodating this group, also related to personal experience, coaching under 8 teams, knowing whom to turn to for support, and coaching older junior teams. Conclusion: While most coaches felt capable of accommodating children with neurodevelopmental disorders, coach knowledge was based on personal experiences and interests. Sports associations addressed the inclusion issue but need to develop their educational opportunities for coaches. Increased knowledge could make team sports more accessible to children with invisible disabilities. / Bakgrund: Barn och unga med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar är mindre fysiskt aktiva och har sämre fysisk kondition än sina neurotypiska jämlikar. Organiserade aktiviteter, särskilt lagidrott, kan utgöra en utmaning för denna grupp på grund av vanliga sociala, språkliga och personliga egenskaper och beteenden, samt motoriska begränsningar. Fysisk aktivitet och lagidrott kan gagna denna grupp genom att förbättra kognition, uppmärksamhet, socio-emotionella och motoriska färdigheter. Syfte: Att utforska förutsättningarna för att inkludera barn och unga med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar inom lagidrotten i Sverige. Metod: En blandad metod tillämpades. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att undersöka strukturell och organisatorisk praxis kring hinder och möjliggörare för inkludering och ledarutbildningar. En nationell webb-baserad tvärsnittsundersökning beskrev gruppen med ledare och undersökte ledares självskattade kunskap och förutsättningar för inkludering inom lagidrotten. Fotboll, ishockey, innebandy, handboll och truppgymnastik representerade lagidrotten. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys applicerades på intervjumaterialet, följt av deskriptiva och bivariata (chi2 samt enkel multinomial logistisk regression) analyser samt multivariata logistiska regressioner. Resultat: Denna neurodiversa grupp beskrevs som en svår målgrupp på grund av sin heterogenitet. Idrottsförbunden beskrev hur de analyserar sig själva och arbetar med inkludering i bred bemärkelse men har olika sätt att adressera neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, samt varierande strategier för att utbilda ledare. De flesta ledare rapporterade att de genomgått sin utbildning utanför idrotten. 40% av ledarna ansåg sig ha kunskap om neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, vilket kunde associeras med personlig erfarenhet, kvinnligt kön och att träna äldre juniorer. 71,6% av ledare kände sig bekväma i att bemöta denna grupp, vilket också kunde associeras med personlig erfarenhet, att träna under 8-åringar, veta vem man kan vända sig till för hjälp, samt att träna äldre juniorer. Slutsats: Medan de flesta ledare kände sig kapabla att bemöta barn med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, baserades ledares kunskap på personlig erfarenhet och intresse. Idrottsförbunden adresserade inkluderingsfrågan men behöver utveckla utbildningsmöjligheterna för ledare. Ökad kunskap skulle kunna göra lagidrott mer tillgänglig för barn med osynliga funktionsnedsättningar.

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option neuropsychologie clinique (Ph.D) / L’enfance représente une période charnière dans le développement du cerveau en raison des multiples changements qui s’y opèrent. En considérant que c’est au cours des deux premières années de vie que le cerveau est le plus sensible aux interventions, nous devrions chercher à intervenir plus tôt dans le développement des enfants. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire d’identifier des biomarqueurs, c’est-à-dire des mesures objectives permettant d’évaluer les processus biologiques normaux et pathologiques du cerveau, afin d’éventuellement être en mesure de reconnaitre, en bas âge, les enfants à risque de connaître une perturbation de leur développement cognitif. L’électroencéphalographie (EEG), et plus particulièrement les réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage, constituent des avenues intéressantes pour l’identification de biomarqueurs étant donné leur rôle clé dans le développement perceptuel et cognitif des enfants. De plus, les paramètres EEG du développement typique du cerveau sont relativement bien compris, ce qui fournit une base intéressante pour étudier le développement atypique. Le premier article de cette thèse avait pour objectif de déterminer la courbe développementale de deux types de réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage, soit les réponses cérébrales à la répétition ainsi que la détection du changement, afin de caractériser leur développement typique. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé une tâche de type oddball en EEG chez 43 enfants contrôles suivis à trois reprises entre l’âge de 3 mois et l’âge de 4 ans. Les résultats ont permis de démontrer un patron de réponse en forme de U semblable à travers les âges, c’est-à-dire une réponse de suppression neuronale entre la première et la deuxième présentation du stimulus suivi d’une réponse de détection du changement au stimulus déviant. Ceci révèle un développement relativement stable des réponses cérébrales chez les sujets contrôles. Dans le second article, le premier objectif était de déterminer la valeur prédictive de ces réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage, mesurées dans les deux premières années de vie, en les mettant en relation avec le fonctionnement intellectuel et adaptatif à l’âge de 4 ans, chez les mêmes 43 enfants contrôles et un groupe composé de 20 enfants macrocéphales. Les résultats révèlent que lorsque mesurée lors de la première année de vie, un patron de réponses cérébrales en forme de U est lié positivement avec le fonctionnement adaptatif à 4 ans. Un deuxième objectif était de déterminer dans quelle mesure la croissance cérébrale lors de la première année de vie est un facteur de variabilité interindividuelle qui influence les réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage entre 3 mois et 2 ans. Un impact négatif d’une croissance cérébrale accrue sur les réponses cérébrales à la répétition et de détection du changement a été observé, mais uniquement dans la période 0-12 mois. Il semble donc que les réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage auraient le potentiel de servir de biomarqueur dès la première année de vie puisqu’elles sont liées au fonctionnement adaptatif et sont sensibles au rythme de croissance du cerveau. Cette thèse contribue à améliorer nos connaissances sur les réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage, notamment en caractérisant leur courbe développementale durant l’enfance. Nous avons également contribué à l’avancement de la recherche sur les biomarqueurs EEG en mesurant le pouvoir prédictif de ces réponses sur le fonctionnement adaptatif des enfants d’âge préscolaire ainsi que leur sensibilité aux différences interindividuelles telles que la croissance cérébrale. / Childhood is a pivotal period in the brain’s development due to the many changes it undergoes. Considering that the brain is the most susceptible to interventions during the first two years of life, we should aim to intervene sooner in infant’s development. Therefore, there is a need to establish biomarkers, i.e., a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated, and that can serve as an indication of normal or pathogenic biological processes, that would allow for earlier diagnosis. Electroencephalography (EEG), and more specifically cerebral learning responses, are interesting prospects for biomarker identification given their key role in children's perceptual and cognitive development. Moreover, EEG typical patterns of brain development are well established, then allowing the study of atypical brain development. The aim of the first article in this thesis was to investigate the developmental course of two types of cerebral learning responses, i.e., repetition and change detection responses. To do so, we used an EEG oddball task in 43 healthy children who were tested three times from the age of 3 months to 4 years. It allowed us to characterize the typical development of these two cerebral responses and establish response patterns. The results showed a similar U-shaped response pattern in infants and children of all ages, i.e., a repetition suppression response between the first and second stimulus presentation followed by a change detection response to the deviant stimulus. This suggests a relatively stable developmental course of repetition and change detection responses in healthy subjects. In the second article, the first objective was to determine the predictive value of these brain learning responses, measured during the two first years of life, on intellectual and adaptive functioning at age 4, in the same 43 healthy children and a group of 20 macrocephalic children. The results reveal that when measured in the first year of life, a U-shaped brain responses pattern is positively related to adaptive functioning at age 4. A second objective was to assess whether brain growth during the first year of life is a factor of interindividual variability that influences cerebral learning responses between 3 months and 2 years of age. A negative impact of increased brain growth on repetition and change detection responses was observed, but only in the 0–12-month period. Thus, it appears that cerebral learning responses may have the potential to be biomarkers in the first year of life since they are associated with adaptive functioning and are sensitive to the brain growth rate. This thesis contributes to improving our knowledge of cerebral learning responses, notably by characterizing their developmental course during childhood. We also contributed to the advancement of research on EEG biomarkers by measuring the predictive power of these responses on preschoolers’ adaptive functioning as well as their sensitivity to interindividual differences such as brain growth.