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The thesis is dedicated to the specifics of Paralinguistics. In the research there discussed the features of paralinguistic devices in different types of mixed texts in English and Chinese, their impact on the verbal communication in both oral and written language. The structure of the work consists of two chapters: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part examines the theoretical background of the research, the basic concepts and essence of Paralinguistics, classification of paralinguistic devices, concept and essence of mixed texts and their variety. In the second chapter, on the basis of practical materials, there determined and analyzed, cases, the use of certain paralinguistic devices, their functions, interaction with the verbal component of the text and results. The main resultss of the thesis are presented and published in the scientific article "Non-verbal Communication in Business Relations with China" at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Discovery Science Research" (Petrozavodsk, Russia, 2020). Awarded by Diploma I. / Данное магистерское диссертационное исследование посвящено специфике науки «паралингвистика». В ходе исследования рассматриваются особенности паралингвистических средств в разных типах смешанных текстов на английском и китайском языках, их влияние на вербальную сторону коммуникации как в устной, так и в письменной речи. Структура работы состоит из двух глав: теоретической и практической. В теоретической части рассматриваются теоретические предпосылки изучения, основные понятия и сущность паралингвистики, классификация паралингвистических средств, понятие и сущность смешанных текстов, и их разновидность. Во второй главе на основе практических материалов определяются и анализируются ситуации, применение тех или иных паралингвистических средств, их функции, взаимодействие с вербальной составляющей текста и результаты. Основные положения диссертационного исследования представлены и опубликованы в научной статье «Невербальная коммуникация в деловых отношениях с Китаем» на Международной научно-практической конференции «Discovery Science Research» (г. Петрозаводск, 2020 г.). Диплом I степени.

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Many of the sources indicated in this work are classical and not updated due to the fact that the origins of Gestalt Philosophy are found in classical works / Verskeie van die geraadpleegde bronne in die literatuurhoofstukke verteenwoordig klassieke werke wat nie binne die erkende periode vir relevante wetenskaplike navorsing val nie. Die oorsprong van die Gestalt Filosofie wat in hierdie studie benut is, word in hierdie klassieke werke gevind en is ook in hierdie werke geraadpleeg / The Gestalt approach was used as the contextual framework to explore how music can be used as a therapeutic medium in the treatment of the emotionally traumatized child. Music as a sensory experience was used during the therapeutic process with each case study, to facilitate the child's process towards healing. The conceptual framework of music as a therapeutic medium was researched in depth to bring clarity to the influence it has on the emotional well-being of the child. The child who entered into therapy was selected according to specific criteria, with the experience of emotional trauma being priority. The researcher also studied the concept of emotional trauma in depth and the consequences it has on a child's overall functional ability. Music was used as an expressive technique during the therapeutic process with each child. The conclusion drawn from this study indicated that the gestalt approach can be applied effectively in using music as a therapeutic medium in the treatment of the emotionally traumatized child. / Die Gestalt benadering is gebruik in hierdie navorsing ten einde 'n kontekstuele raamwerk daar te stel waarbinne musiek as terapeutiese medium in die behandeling van emosionele trauma in kinders gebruik kon word. Musiek kan beskryf word as 'n sensoriese ervaring. Hierdie sensoriese ervaring is binne die terapeutiese proses toegepas ten einde die kind se herstelproses te fasiliteer. Die studie is binne die navorsingskonteks van gevallestudieprosedures gedoen. Musiek is binne die konseptuele raamwerk bestudeer en nagevors ten einde die terapeutiese waarde daarvan in diepte te ondersoek. Hierdie in-diepte ondersoek het aan die navorser 'n duidelike beeld gegee hoe dit toegepas kon word in terapie. Deur dit toe te pas in terapie is die invloed van musiek op die emosionele welsyn van die getraumatiseerde kind gedokumenteer. Die navorsingskriteria vir insluiting in die ondersoek was gegrond op die literatuurondersoek en het onder meer die belewing van trauma ingesluit. Die belewing van emosionele trauma en invloed op die kind se geheelfunksionering was dus 'n verdere eenheid van ontleding en is in diepte deur die navorser bestudeer. Musiek is dus gebruik as 'n ekspressiewe tegniek tydens die terapeutiese proses met elke gevallestudie. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe in hierdie studie gekom kon word is dat musiek binne die konteks van die gestalt benadering suksesvol in die hantering van emosionele trauma by die kind gebruik kan word. / Practical Theology / M.Diac. (Play Therapy)

Text in Afrikaans / Apartheid is verby. Die nuwe Suid-Afrika het gekom. Maar met die koms van die nuwe Suid-Afrika het die oue nie verdwyn nie. Die oue van die apartheidsverlede is nog met ons. Ons is die erfgename van apartheid en dra die letsels van apartheid nog saam met ons. Armoede, werkloosheid, behuisingsnood en geweld en misdaad is deel van die post-apartheid samelewing en kan nie weggewens word nie. Die kerk is geroep om die evangelie in die samelewing aan alle mense te kommunikeer. In hierdie kommunikasie moet die evangelie in 'n post-apartheid samelewing gesien en ervaar kan word in dade van diens. Daarom staan dade van diens in hierdie studie sentraal. Hierdie studie handel dus oor die diens van gelowiges wat 'n kommunikasievoertuig is van die evangelie in 'n post-apartheid samelewing. Vanuit die nood en behoeftes van mense in die post-apartheid samelewing is twee dade van diens geidentifiseer wat sentraal staan in die kommunikasie van die evangelie. Dit is bemagtiging en versoening. Omdat 'n groot dee! van die samelewing in die verlede geen mag op ekonomiese en politieke terreine gehad het nie, is dade van diens wat mense bemagtig noodsaaklik. In hierdie bemagtiging speel ekonomiese-, sosiale- en psigologiese bemagtiging 'n groot rol. En omdat mense deur die verlede van apartheid op grond van velkleur van mekaar geskei en geisoleer is, vra dit dat mense met mekaar versoen word. In die proses om versoening tussen mense te bewerkstellig speel verantwoordelikheid, erkenning van apartheidskuld, restitusie, regstellende aksie, die luister na mense se stories en vergifnis 'n baie belangrike rol. Vanuit 'n geloofsperspektief is die <liens van die gelowige in 'n post-apartheid samelewing in verband gebring met Jesus Christus se di ens wat Hy as voorbeeld voorgehou het vir al sy navolgers. Omdat gelowiges navolgers is van Christus is alle gelowiges die subjekte van diens aan mense in die samelewing. Vir hierdie diens in die samelewing word die gelowige in die geloofsgemeenskap (of gemeente) deur gemeenskap (koinonia) opgebou en deur die geestelike leiers toegerus om diensbaar aan mense in die samelewing te wees. / Apartheid is a thing of the past. The new South Africa has dawned. But that does not mean that the "old" South Africa has disappeared. The "old" South Africa is still present. We are the inheritors of apartheid and have to live with the scars of apartheid. Poverty, joblessness, a shortage of housing and violence and crime are an integral part of the post-apartheid society and cannot be wished away. The church is called upon to communicate the gospel to all people in society. In a post-apartheid society it is important that in this process of communication, the gospel is seen and experienced in deeds of service. Deeds of service are thus central in this study. This study entails service of believers as communication vehicles of the gospel in a post-apartheid society. Derived from the needs of people in the post-apartheid society two deeds of service are identified which are essential in the communication of the gospel. These are empowerment and reconciliation. A large part of the society previously had no power on the economical and political fronts - therefore deeds of service that cultivate empowerment are essential. In this process economic, social and psychological empowerment plays an important role. And because people were separated and isolated on the ground of skin colour, people need to be reconciliated. In the process of establishing reconciliation among people, it has to be recognised that responsibility, confession of guilt, restitution, affirmative action, listening to people's stories and forgiveness have an important role. From a Christian perspective the service of the believer in a post-apartheid society is orientated to the service of Jesus Christ. His service serves as an example to all his followers. Because believers are followers of Christ, they are all his instruments of service. For this service believers are edified in their local churches by community (koinonia) and equipped by the spiritual leaders to be of service to people in the society. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Praktiese Teologie)

Communication / MA (Communication)

While the linguistic concept of politeness has been thoroughly analyzed, the same does not apply to its interpreting. The present theoretical-empirical work describes the means for expressing politeness grouped by G. Leechʼs maxims of politeness. The empirical part analyzes recordings of simultaneous interpretation from media and European Parliament settings. This is a quantitative study and the outcome is the number of means for expressing politeness which the interpreters conveyed into Czech. On average and in all of the material 65,7 % of means for expressing politeness were conveyed into Czech in compliance with the maxims. The means analyzed are prosody, non-verbal communication, modality, personal reference, etc. An equivalent interpretation of means of politeness was deemed desirable. The thesis verifies the hypothesis whether the level of politeness significantly increased in comparison with the original speeches. Key words: politeness, pragmatics, illocutionary act, maxims of politeness, face, modality, prosody, non- verbal communication, Czech, English, interpreting, equivalence, US presidential debate, Obama, Romney, Common Agricultural Policy, European Parliament, Catherine Ashton, forms of address

Det outtalade – What is not uttered. The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze interaction between young children and between them and their educators focusing on power relations shown by non verbal communication. The study argues that such expressions can often lead to violations that can be more difficult to address than those outspoken. In our intents as educators to remediate unequal relationships between children and between them and their educators and create a positive social atmosphere in the school context, we need to pay attention to nonverbal interaction. We also need to develop an adequate set of vocabulary in order to be able to discuss what happens and our practice; how we ourselves as educators interact, dealing with it. The study suggests how to – by using a palette of definitions and concepts, collected from different theories. I have performed observations in an Elementary School class, year one and at their After-school programme and furthermore interviewed the educators and pupils participating in the study. The theoretical framework used in the analysis is a combination of positioning and social dramaturgical theory. I present and discuss the negative nonverbal communication that I identified in my observations using four theoretical perspectives, all contributing to shed light on different aspects of power relations and relational creating interaction. These four are: 1. Johnstone’s positioning theory regarding how all human beings engage in High/Low swings in interpersonal relationships (1985).  2. The non vocal aspects of Eile’s theory of The Master Suppression Techniques and their Counter-strategies (2015) based on Ås’ theory (1989). 3. The Sociological theory of Goffman’s The presentation of the Self in Everyday life, an interactionist/dramaturgical perspective (1959). 4. The Low Arousal Approach as presented by Heljskov Elfvén &amp; Wiman (2015). Among the results I found several occurrences of negative non verbal interaction in this First Grade Elementary class between pupils and educators and that the vocabulary of the used perspectives were applicable. The study’s result implies that awareness of non verbal communication can increase both children’s and educator’s available positions and repertoire of actions. / Studien syftar till att undersöka, lyfta fram och belysa tyst maktspel på lågstadiet. Studiens huvudsakliga syfte är att observera negativ icke verbal interaktion mellan barn sinsemellan och mellan pedagoger och barn med fokus på maktförhållanden. Ett andra syfte är att samla begrepp från olika teorier som belyser detta på olika sätt och på så vis presentera en vokabulär för att sätta ord på det outtalade, som kan vara användbar för pedagoger i förebyggande arbete mot kränkningar i skola och på fritidshem. Detta då det implicit uttryckta outtalade kan leda till kränkningar som ofta kan vara svårare att komma åt än sådana som bygger på det explicit uttalade. Jag har gjort observationer av en klass ett och deras tre pedagoger i olika situationer i skolan och på fritidshemmet. Observationer har oftast direkt följts upp med samtal om vad som hände. Empirin har så analyserats med utgångspunkt i positioneringsteori och det social-dramaturgiska perspektivet utifrån begrepp hämtade från fyra teorier av Eile (2015 – utifrån Ås, 1989), Goffman (1959), Johnstone (1985) samt Wiman &amp; Hejlskov Elfvén (2015) som alla på olika vis belyser kroppsspråk ur ett relationellt maktperspektiv. Två längre intervjuer har genomförts: inledningsvis med Eile, doktorand i pedagogik specialiserad på ickeverbal interaktion och avslutningsvis med två av klassens pedagoger som reflekterat kring de observationer som gjorts och hur de tolkas. Uppsatsens resultat visar att bruk av ickeverbala negativa signaler förekommer som maktspel redan på lågstadiet och implikerar att pedagogernas kunskaper om kroppsspråk och maktspel i form av hög- och lågstatusspel och Härskartekniker samt kännedom om strategier för att motverka negativa effekter av detta – som till exempel genom Motstrategier, Bekräftartekniker och Lågaffektivt bemötande – kan ha inverkan på hur dessa signaler påverkar klassen. Jag förordar därför vidare forskning på området och att pedagoger, i sitt arbete för jämbördiga relationer och för att skapa en positiv psykosocial skolmiljö, även bör uppmärksamma det outtalade. Mer kunskaper om de negativa ickeverbala signalerna och de metoder och den vokabulär som här lyfts fram för hur det kan motverkas tycks kunna användas som ett sätt att motverka mobbing i det tysta. Medvetenhet om dylikt ger fler möjliga sätt för barn och vuxna att förhålla sig till sin egen position i mötet med andra och därmed en större handlingsrepertoar. / <p>Examinator blev samma person; Adrian Ratkic, som var den första handledaren för denna uppsats, men då det var redan 2016 och uppsatsen sedan dess skrivits om och givits ny form osv så ansåg kursansvarige, Frans Hagerman, att det var i sin ordning. Efter att uppsatsen ventilerats första gången 2018 med examinatorn Liza Haglund som berömde intentionerna men saknade den stringens som bör känneteckna ett dylikt arbete, fick jag så värdefull handledning av henne som möjiggjorde presentationen av denna reviderade version 2019.</p>

The overarching aim of this study was to explore the similarities and differences in communication and other cultural practices in encounters between black indigenous Zambians and white Western migrants living in Zambia and the implications of these similarities and differences. The research adopted a qualitative research design, and focus group discussions were used as a data collection tool, using a video recorder to capture the discussions. The focus group comprised of 6 black indigenous Zambians and 6 white Westerners. The collected data was then transcribed from the video records and analysed using thematic analysis. The conclusion to this study is that the culture of black indigenous Zambians and that of white Westerners have both similarities and differences as far as communication practices and other practices are concerned. These similarities and differences influence communication encounters between the people of the two cultures either positively or negatively rendering communication either effective or non-effective. / Communication / MA (Communication)

(Résumé en français) "Exercices de style" est-elle une oeuvre simplement comique et acrobatique ? Sa réception positive mais plutôt superficielle auprès du public semble avoir dissimulé ses aspects plus profonds et plus problématiques. A nos yeux, en revanche, les 99 "Exercices" d'écriture sont tout à fait aptes à éclairer les problèmes essentiels de la création littéraire et de la transmission de l'énoncé qu'est la communication verbale. La structure multi-dimensionnelle du livre, où les "Exercices" s'enchaînent, se complètent et se répondent, nous rend sensibles non seulement aux réseaux intratextuels qu'entretiennent les "Exercices", mais également aux liens intertextuels qui lient cetains d'entre eux et les discours littéraires et non littéraires préexistants. D'autres "Exercices" témoignent du regard autoréflexif de l'écrivain, ceux qui peuvent être considérés comme autoparodie. Par ailleurs, la virtuosité des variations stylistiques exige parfois du lecteur une attention particulière - face à quelques variations hermétiques et presque inintelligibles, on devra recourir à d'autres composants du livre qui serviront de "traductions". La terme "traduction" devra être compris non seulement dans le sens de la transmission de messages entre différentes langues, mais aussi dans le sens de la transposition d'un signifiant dans d'autres signifiants, ou bien de la "réécriture" d'un énoncé, tout en restant dans la même langue. Si le principe des "Exercices de style" est de renouveler à l'infini des exercices d'écrire, ou plutôt de réécrire LE texte original - "qui est d'ailleurs inexistant" -, nous pouvons poser, semble-t-il, que la Littérature est basée sur le même procédé de tâtonnements,auquel le lecteur est enctraîné à participer. (Abstract in English) Is "Exercises in style" just a comic and acrobatic book ? The fact that the readers welcomed it so favourably - but rather superficially - seems to have overshadowed its more serious and problematic aspects. In our opinion indeed, Queneau's ninety-nine writing "Exercises" can clearly shed light on the essential problems of literary creation and utterance transmission, i.e. verbal communication. The book presents an intricate structure:the "Exercises" are linked together, echo each other and complement one another. Through this multidimensional structure, we can see the intratextual networks between the "Exercises" as well as their intertextual relations with pre-existent literary and non-literary discourses. Other "Exercises" show the author's autoreflective, autoparodic attitude. Furthermore, the virtuosity of the stylistic variations sometimes requires particular attention from the reader. To understand some abstruse, sometimes almost unintelligible "Exercises", the reader has to resort to other parts of the book, which will serve as "translation" for these enigmatic passages. The word "translation" here means not only transmission of messages from a language to another, but also transposition of a signifier to other signifiers - in other words, "rewriting" of an utterance in the same language. If the principle of "Exercices in style" is to practice writing endlessly, or rather rewriting of THE original text - "which actually does not exist" - , we can reasonably deduce that Literature is based on the same trial and error process the reader will inevitably take part in.