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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

How Gen Z and Gen X Battle Biases : A study on the impact of psychological biases in investment decisions across generations

Fahlin, Hanna, Gustafsson, Linnea January 2024 (has links)
Background: Generation Z is the first generation to grow up with the Internet as a part of their daily lives, shaping their investment behavior. They favor innovative investments, contrasting Generation X’s preference for stable portfolios. The younger generation displays irrational behavior, contributing to market volatility. Sweden is facing higher interest rates after a prolonged period of low rates. Despite rising interest rates, young shareholders are increasing.  Purpose: This study aims to explore how psychological biases affect investors’ trading activity and the impact of psychological biases on Generation Z and Generation X during elevated interest rates. It focuses on three behavioral biases: overconfidence, herd behavior, and loss aversion. With the growing involvement of young investors in the financial market, this study aims to provide insights for investors, decisionmakers, and other stakeholders to raise awareness of the effects of psychological biases in investment decisions. Method: This study used a quantitative strategy to apply a positivistic, deductive research approach. The data was collected through a survey where which 132 respondents participated. The empirical data was analyzed using simple linear regression, binary logistic regression, and Mann-Whitney U-test.  Conclusion: The results support some of the hypotheses. Results indicate a significant influence of overconfidence on investment behavior and that Generation Z showed larger tendencies of overconfidence than Generation X. Herd behavior affects investment behavior but no generational differences could be found. Additionally, Generation Z was less loss-averse compared to Generation X, although it does not impact investment behavior.
62

Three essays on determinants of accounting choice

Pierk, Jochen 12 November 2014 (has links)
Die vorliegende Dissertation besteht aus drei empirischen Papieren, die verschiedene Anreize von Manager bezüglich einer Beeinflussung der Rechnungslegung untersuchen. Das erste Papier untersucht die Wechselwirkung von Produktmarktregulierung und Rechnungslegung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Manager frühzeitig neue Rechnungslegungsregeln anwenden, um regulierte Preise in der Versorgungswirtschaft zu beeinflussen. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation befasst sich mit der Frage, inwieweit sich persönliche Eigenschaften von Managern (Selbstüberschätzung) in der Rechnungslegung widerspiegeln. Ihre Fähigkeiten überschätzende Manager haben zu hohe Erwartungen bezüglich der zukünftigen Zahlungsüberschüsse ihres Unternehmens. Das Papier zeigt, dass diese Manager bei Amtsantritt mit einer geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit das Periodenergebnis negativ beeinflussen (Earnings bath). Das letzte Papier der Dissertation untersucht die Berichterstattung von Unternehmen, die an europäischen, börsenregulierten Aktienmärkten notiert sind. Insbesondere liegt der Fokus auf der freiwilligen Anwendung der International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) und der freiwilligen Veröffentlichung von Quartalsinformationen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Verkauf von Aktien an institutionelle Investoren zum Zeitpunkt des Börsengangs positiv mit der freiwilligen Anwendung der IFRS korreliert, jedoch nicht mit der freiwilligen Veröffentlichung von Quartalsinformationen. / This cumulative doctoral thesis consists of three papers. Each part investigates empirically different aspects of the incentive structure of managers to influence the accounting outcome. The first paper examines the interplay of product market regulation and financial reporting. It shows that managers early adopt a new accounting regime if accounting numbers are used by regulators to set prices in utility industries. The second paper argues that reporting decisions of managers are influenced by personal characteristics (overconfidence). Overconfident managers overestimate their abilities and consequently have upwardly biased expectations concerning future firm cash flows. More specifically, the paper shows that overconfident CEOs are less likely to engage in an earnings bath at CEO turnover. The last paper investigates reporting choices of firms in European exchange-regulated markets. In particular, it sheds light on the voluntary adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and on the decision to voluntarily provide quarterly financial information. The findings indicate that the likelihood of voluntary IFRS adoption increases with the proportion of stocks sold to institutional investors upon IPO while the likelihood to provide quarterly information does not.
63

Corporate financing decisions : the role of managerial overconfidence

Xu, Bin January 2014 (has links)
This thesis examines the effects of managerial overconfidence on corporate financing decisions. Overconfident managers tend to overestimate the mean of future cash flow and underestimate the volatility of future cash flow. We propose a novel time-varying measure of overconfidence, which is based on computational linguistic analysis of what the managers said (i.e. Chairman s Statement). The overconfidence of CEO and CFO is also constructed based on what the managers did (i.e. how they trade their own firms shares). We conduct three empirical studies that offer new insights into the roles of managerial overconfidence in the leverage decision (i.e. debt level), pecking order behaviour (i.e. the preference for debt over equity financing) and debt maturity decision (i.e. short-term debt vs. long-term debt). Study 1 documents a negative overconfidence-leverage relationship. This new finding suggests that debt conservatism associated with managerial overconfidence might be a potential explanation for the low leverage puzzle: some firms maintain low leverage, without taking tax benefits of debt, because overconfident managers believe that firm securities are undervalued by investors and thus are too costly (Malmendier, Tate and Yan, 2011). Study 2 finds managerial overconfidence leads to reverse pecking order preference especially in small firms, which sheds light on the pecking order puzzle that smaller firms with higher information costs surprisingly exhibit weaker pecking order preference. This new evidence is consistent with Hackbarth s (2008) theory that overconfident managers who underestimate the riskiness of earnings tend to prefer equity to debt financing. Study 3 finds managerial overconfidence leads to higher debt maturity. This evidence supports our proposition that overconfidence can mitigate the underinvestment problem (which is often the major concern of long-term debt investors) (Hackbarth, 2009), which in turn allows overconfident managers to use more and cheaper long-term debt. This evidence also implies that overconfidence may mitigate the agency cost of debt. Overall, our empirical analysis suggests that managerial overconfidence has significant incremental explanatory power for corporate financing decisions.
64

執行長過度自信、盈餘管理與發行美國存託憑證之關係 / The association among CEO’s overconfidence, earnings management and the issuance of American Depositary Receipts

林彙傑 Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要目的係探討過度自信之管理者,是否傾向發行美國存託憑證,以及發行美國存託憑證之公司,是否會進行盈餘管理。本文衡量過度自信的方法,為公司之資產成長率;衡量盈餘管理的方法,則參照Zang (2012) 之研究,分為應計項目盈餘管理與實質盈餘管理;在實質盈餘管理方面,分別測試單一變數及合併變數。本研究之對象為1993年至2015年,中國在美國發行存託憑證之公司。實證結果發現,具過度自信管理者之中國公司,較願意赴美發行存託憑證,進入此較具競爭力之市場;除此之外,中國在美國發行存託憑證之公司,不管在應計項目,或實質項目方面,皆較不傾向進行盈餘管理。 / The main purpose of this study is to examine whether the overconfident managers tend to issue American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), and whether the firms issuing ADRs tend to conduct earnings management. In this paper, I employ the rate of asset growth as the proxy to measure overconfidence of managers, and follow the methods by Zang (2012) to measure earnings management including real earnings management and accrual earnings management. In addition, single variables and combined variables are used to test real earnings management. The research samples consist of Chinese firms which released ADRs for the period 1993 - 2015. The empirical results show that Chinese firms with overconfident managers tend to issue ADRs, indicating they are willing to enter the competitive market. The results also show that Chinese firms which issue ADRs are less likely to conduct real earnings management and accrual earnings management.
65

Decisões de financiamento e de investimento das empresas sob a ótica de gestores otimistas e excessivamente confiantes / Financing and investment decisions of firms by overconfident and optimistic managers

Barros, Lucas Ayres Barreira de Campos 19 December 2005 (has links)
Esta pesquisa investiga empiricamente as possíveis influências de gestores cognitivamente enviesados sobre as decisões de financiamento e de investimento das empresas. Especificamente, dois vieses cognitivos amplamente documentados na literatura comportamental e psicológica são enfocados: o otimismo e o excesso de confiança. As hipóteses de pesquisa são derivadas de um crescente corpo de teorias dedicadas à exploração das implicações para a empresa da presença destes traços psicológicos nos seus gestores. Embora o otimismo e o excesso de confiança tendam a se manifestar conjuntamente, é possível tratá-los separadamente para fins analíticos. Genericamente, o otimismo costuma ser modelado como uma superestimação da probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos favoráveis, ao passo que o excesso de confiança reflete-se na subestimação da volatilidade ou do ruído de processos que envolvem incerteza. Argumenta-se que uma predição central emerge do conjunto dos modelos considerados, qual seja, empresas geridas por indivíduos otimistas e/ou excessivamente confiantes são mais propensas ao endividamento, ceteris paribus. Alguns modelos que enfocam apenas o viés do otimismo também sugerem que estas empresas são mais propensas a adotar uma hierarquização de preferências por fontes de financiamento conhecida como pecking order. Quanto ao impacto destes vieses sobre o valor de mercado e sobre as decisões de investimento das empresas os resultados teóricos são ambíguos. O estudo oferece duas contribuições principais. A primeira é o teste pioneiro das predições referidas acima e a segunda é a proposição de uma estratégia inovadora de identificação destes vieses entre os gestores. Especificamente, sólidas evidências empíricas apoiadas por argumentos teóricos diversos sugerem que os indivíduos que gerenciam o seu próprio negócio (empreendedores) são particularmente propensos a exibir excesso de confiança e otimismo exacerbado em seus julgamentos. Alternativamente, estes vieses são identificados com base no padrão de posse de ações da própria empresa por parte dos seus gestores. Utiliza-se uma amostra de 153 empresas brasileiras observadas entre os anos de 1998 e 2003. Diferentes métodos foram empregados para estimar os parâmetros dos modelos empíricos, com destaque para o procedimento baseado no Método dos Momentos Generalizado conhecido como GMM Sistêmico, sempre com o objetivo de controlar os problemas de endogeneidade relacionados, em particular, com variáveis omitidas, erros de mensuração e com a provável determinação simultânea de algumas variáveis. Os dados não mostram evidências favoráveis à hipótese da hierarquização de fontes de financiamento. Tampouco é possível divisar qualquer impacto sistemático das variáveis substitutas do otimismo/excesso de confiança dos gestores sobre medidas do valor de mercado e do volume geral de investimentos das empresas. Um resultado bastante significativo emerge, não obstante, da análise empírica: empresas geridas por indivíduos classificados como otimistas/excessivamente confiantes revelam-se, depois de isolados diversos fatores intervenientes, substancialmente mais alavancadas financeiramente do que as demais. Esta evidência, compatível com a predição central do conjunto de teorias comportamentais consideradas, é robusta a variações do método de estimação, da especificação do modelo empírico e da definição operacional escolhida para os vieses de interesse. A significância econômica aliada à significância estatística da influência observada sugere que otimismo e o excesso de confiança dos gestores podem exercer impacto significativo sobre decisões corporativas e, em especial, podem ser importantes determinantes da estrutura de capital das empresas. / This research empirically investigates the possible impacts of cognitively biased managers on firms\' financing and investment decisions. Specifically, two cognitive biases that are widely recorded in the behavioral and psychological literature are considered: optimism and overconfidence. The testable hypotheses are derived from a growing body of theories that focus on the implications of biased managers for firms. Although optimism and overconfidence tend to appear together, it is possible to treat them separately for analytical purposes. Generically, optimism is usually modeled as an overstatement of the probability of occurrence of favorable events and overconfidence is reflected in the understatement of the volatility or of the noise of processes that involve uncertainty. It is argued that one central prediction emerges from the set of models considered, namely, that companies managed by optimistic and/or overconfident individuals are more inclined towards debt financing, ceteris paribus. Some models that focus on the bias of optimism alone suggest, in addition, that these companies are more prone to establishing an ordering of preferences for alternative sources of financing known as pecking order. When it comes to the impact of these biases on the firm\'s market value and on its investment decisions the theoretical results are more ambiguous. The study offers two main contributions. Firstly, it pioneers in testing the above mentioned predictions. Secondly, it proposes a novel strategy for identifying these biases among managers. Specifically, solid empirical evidence supported by diverse theoretical arguments suggests that people who run their own business (entrepreneurs) are particularly prone to showing overconfidence and optimism in their judgments. Alternatively, these biases were identified based on the amount of firm\'s stock owned by its manager. The available sample comprises 153 Brazilians firms observed from years 1998 to 2003. Different methods were applied for estimating the parameters of the empirical models, emphasizing a procedure based on the Generalized Method of Moments and known as System GMM, aiming at controlling endogeneity problems related to omitted variables, measurement errors and the likely simultaneous determination of some variables. The empirical evidence obtained does not favor the pecking order hypothesis. It is also not possible to distinguish any systematic impact of the proxies for managerial optimism/overconfidence on indicators of firm\'s market value or of its general level of investments. A quite significant result emerges from the empirical analysis, nevertheless: firms managed by individuals that were classified as optimists/overconfident reveal themselves, after intervening factors have been isolated, to be substantially more financially leveraged. This evidence is compatible with the central prediction of the set of theories considered and is robust to variations of the estimation method, specification of the empirical model and to differing operational definitions for the cognitive biases of interest. The economic significance allied to the statistical significance of the observed impact suggests that managerial optimism and overconfidence can indeed play a role in corporate decision making and, specifically, they may be important determinants of firms\' capital structure.
66

不動產估價師信心判斷行為之研究

王士鳴 Unknown Date (has links)
不動產估價師之主觀判斷在估價過程中占有舉足輕重的地位,尤以市場比較法中之案例選擇、比較項目之調整最為明顯。然而不動產估價既然非由機器所為,則不動產估價師之行為勢必會影響到其價值判斷。而不動產估價師於行為上之差異,極可能是因為心理層面的某些狀態所致,如過度自信。心理學上已針對許多領域專家之信心判斷進行探討,且均發現多數會有過度自信之情形發生,過度自信將導致人們表現於行為上,進而從事錯誤的決策。 / 本文嘗試以心理學上之行為研究方法,探討不動產估價師於進行不動產估價作業時其信心判斷情形,是否如同其他領域之專家一樣,會出現過度自信之情形。並且進一步探討不動產估價師過度自信與其外在行為表現和評估價值準確性之關係。 / 研究採實驗之方式進行。結果顯示我國之不動產估價師之信心判斷普遍存有過度之現象,而要求不動產估價師遵行估價規範進行估價作業,將有助於降低其過度自信。另外,研究亦發現不動產估價師之評估價值準確性並不會隨著蒐集案例數量之增加而提高,然其信心判斷卻會逐漸提升。最後,不動產估價師之過度自信,將導致其評估價值準確性降低。
67

The impact of director gender on European firms' M&A activity

Lundstroem, Joakim Magnus Gunnar 28 September 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Joakim Magnus Gunnar Lundstroem (joakimlundstrom@hotmail.co.uk) on 2016-10-09T11:07:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16_S2-26272-16-Joakim_Lundstrom.pdf: 1623435 bytes, checksum: 5758893689764d8f585298b54d93175f (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Joakim, Your Thesis is complete diferente from the structure that should be. In the email that I send there is a model of thesis. please follow the instructions that I send. All work must be done using the standards defined by ABNT or APA (American Psychology Association): http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/site/bkab/normalizacao. I wil send you again the model. Don't forget to ask for the Ficha catalográfica. Best. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-10-10T12:30:51Z (GMT) / Submitted by Joakim Magnus Gunnar Lundstroem (joakimlundstrom@hotmail.co.uk) on 2016-10-16T15:03:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis (FGV format).pdf: 1732937 bytes, checksum: bdd99263101d589a80ed3f2d9e618d1a (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Joakim, The acknowledgment is missing. It should be before the resumo. The number of the pages should count from the first page but only appear in the introduction example: intraduction page 10. best. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-10-17T11:56:02Z (GMT) / Submitted by Joakim Magnus Gunnar Lundstroem (joakimlundstrom@hotmail.co.uk) on 2016-10-21T05:04:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis (FGV format).pdf: 1734588 bytes, checksum: 1f9d52f804cfd2f19264adfdbc549879 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-10-21T12:26:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis (FGV format).pdf: 1734588 bytes, checksum: 1f9d52f804cfd2f19264adfdbc549879 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T12:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis (FGV format).pdf: 1734588 bytes, checksum: 1f9d52f804cfd2f19264adfdbc549879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-28 / Academic literature in finance and economics indicates that women are different from men in their choices and preferences. Women are generally viewed as being less overconfident and more risk averse than men, but little is known about how gender impacts decisions in the context of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in Europe. In this dissertation I examine if the female behavioral traits influence the firms´ acquisition behavior. I test the hypothesis whether female directors, being less overconfident, overestimate less the gains from mergers. Under this hypothesis, female directors are expected to be less likely to initiate an acquisition bid. Conditionally on bidding, they are expected to pay a lower bid premium for the target firm. This study finds that each female director relates to approximately 13% more bids. However, the hypothesis regarding the impact of director gender on the size of bid premium could not be tested. The fraction of females on the board is statistically insignificant, hence, it could not be statistically confirmed that there exists a negative association between the fraction of female directors on the acquiror board and the size of the bid premium paid for the acquisition. / Literatura acadêmica em finanças e economia indica que as mulheres são diferentes dos homens em suas escolhas e preferências. Mulheres são geralmente vistos com menos excesso de confiança e mais avessos ao risco do que os homens, mas pouco se sabe sobre como o gênero decisões impactos no contexto de fusões e aquisições (M&A) na Europa. Nesta dissertação examino se as características comportamentais do sexo feminino influenciar o comportamento de aquisição das empresas. Eu examino a hipótese de se diretores do sexo feminino, tendo menos excesso de confiança, superestimar menos os ganhos com as fusões. Nesta hipótese, os diretores do sexo feminino são esperados para ser menos propensos a iniciar uma oferta de aquisição. Condicionalmente a licitação, eles são esperados para pagar um prémio lance menor para a empresa-alvo. Este estudo mostra que cada diretor feminina refere-se a aproximadamente 13% mais lances. No entanto, a hipótese sobre o impacto do gênero diretor do tamanho do prémio proposta não poderia ser testada. A fração de mulheres no conselho é estatisticamente insignificante, portanto, não poderia ser comprovado estatisticamente que existe uma associação negativa entre a fração de diretores do sexo feminino na placa adquirente e do tamanho do prémio lance pagado pela aquisição
68

Det du inte vet tar du inte skada av, eller? : En kvantitativ studie om hur finansiell förmåga påverkar självförtroende samt spar- och riskbeteenden

Nordström, Malin, Nyström, Jonas January 2018 (has links)
Vikten av privat sparande har aldrig varit större och samtidigt som den finansiella marknaden har blivit mer riskfylld har fler privatpersoner börjat investera i aktier. Många studier, såväl nationella som internationella, har återkommande gånger visat att den finansiella okunskapen är utbredd och att ett flertal individer saknar grundläggande ekonomisk förståelse för begrepp som har en direkt påverkan på deras privatekonomi. Samtidigt har andra studier återkommande gånger konstaterat att investerare besitter ett allt för högt självförtroende i förhållande till sin faktiska finansiella förmåga, vilket i praktiken kan leda till att individer utsätter sig för betydligt högre finansiella risker än de är medvetna om. I denna studie undersöker författarna relationen mellan den aktieintresserade svenskens uppskattade- och faktiska finansiella förmåga, samt hur den påverkar dennes spar- och riskbeteende gällande deltagande på aktiemarknaden, val av att delegera investeringsbeslut, diversifiering, handelsfrekvens samt spontanitet på aktiemarknaden. Syftet är att undersöka om den uppskattade finansiella förmågan systematiskt varierar med den individens faktiska förmåga samt personlighets karaktäristiska. Vidare syftar studien till att öka investerares medvetenhet om sitt egna beteende för att hjälpa denne att fatta mer genomtänkta investeringsbeslut. Med ett deduktivt angreppssätt och en positivistisk kunskapssyn har författarna genomfört en kvantitativ undersökning på data insamlad via en webbaserad enkätundersökning. Enkäten publicerades i två grupper på Facebook för aktieintresserade individer mellan datumen 11/3–2018 till 20/3–2018. Utifrån den insamlade datan kunde t-test samt regressionsanalyser konstatera att den aktieintresserade svenskens uppskattade finansiella förmåga varierade systematiskt med dennes faktiska finansiella förmåga. Individer med låg finansiell förmåga överskattar sin förmåga medan individer med hög finansiell förmåga underskattar sin förmåga. Testen fann även att överskattningen steg med intresse, ålder, om individen läst en ekonomikurs samt om individen var man. Finansiell förmåga påverkar även investerare att själva fatta investeringsbeslut istället för att delegera uppgiften till utomstående. Inga signifikanta resultat hittades för att nivån på finansiell förmåga eller graden av överskattning påverkade spar- eller riskbeteende. De signifikanta resultat som identifierats angående spar- och riskbeteende är att äldre är mer diversifierade; kvinnor är mer spontana på aktiemarknaden; kvinnor har en högre handelsfrekvens än män; de som läst på universitet är mindre spontana på aktiemarknaden; de som läst ekonomikurs är mer spontana på aktiemarknaden. Utifrån resultatet uppmanar författarna investerare att ifrågasätta sin förmåga och politiker till att se över skol- samt pensionssystemet. Genom att förse elever med finansiell kunskap kan deras övervärderade uppskattning av sin förmåga minska och genom att låta myndigheter ta ett större ansvar för pensionen minskar risken att individens framtida pension försämras på grund av felaktiga investeringsbeslut till följd av individens missuppfattade finansiella förmåga.
69

Processo de tomada de decisão do investidor individual brasileiro no mercado acionário nacional: um estudo exploratório enfocando o efeito disposição e os vieses da ancoragem e do excesso de confiança

Gomes, Felipe Bogéa 09 August 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Bogea Gomes.pdf: 1266868 bytes, checksum: 3f80f28445de246a00a3f3fa54b5db6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-09 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Among the fields of study of behavioral finance is the identification of how emotions and cognitive errors can influence the decision process of investors. Published works in experimental psychology and behavioral finance indicated the use of heuristics behavio rs and their consequent biases in the decision process of agents participating in the financial market. The current research aims to recognize possible cognitive illusions shown by the Brazilian individual investor in their decision process, and also wishes to obtain more information about these biases, relating the empirical results to the theories of beha vioral finance. With that in mind, this thesis proposes to answer the following questions: is there evidence of the disposition effect and of the biases of anchoring with insufficient adjustment and overconfidence in the decision process of the Brazilian investor? How could these behaviors be related to personal traits of investors? In order to analyze the decision process of investors, a specific research instrument was developed. It is a questionnaire composed of 38 questions, 27 of which relating to biases and 11 to personal traits of investors. The contact with the investors was made possible through a partnership with the National Institute of Investors (INI in the Portuguese acronym). The Institute invited its associates to participate in the research through email and indicated the website where the questionnaire was available. In this way, each investor accessed the website and filled out the questionnaire on line. A non-probabilistic sample was used, made up of investors from different states in Brazil. After the exclusion of non-valid questionnaires, there remained a sample of 512 individuals. The results of this research are evidence of the presence of the disposition effect, of anchoring with insufficient adjustment and of overconfidence, but they do not prove their connection to the personal characteristics of investors. The presence of cognitive illusions has been documented in several countries and situations. However, in Brazil, as far as we know, their presence in a sample made up of investors participating in the Brazilian stock market had not been identified yet. Therefore, the results obtained contribute to confirm evidence from other countries, showing that the Brazilian investor is also subject to such behavior. The failure to verify the relationship of the cognitive errors with the characteristics of investors permits us to suggest the use of other variables in future works since part of the literature finds evidence of these relationships in certain specific characteristics. Although the research instruments lack formal validation, they contribute to the establishment of simple, easily applicable instruments that may identify cognitive illusions detrimental to Brazilian investors. / Uma das vertentes de estudos de finanças comportamentais é a identificação de como as emoções e os erros cognitivos podem influenciar o processo de decisão de investidores. Trabalhos de psicologia experimental e finanças comportamentais evidenciaram o uso de heurísticas e dos vieses decorrentes destas no processo decisório dos agentes participantes do mercado financeiro. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo conhecer e obter maiores informações sobre possíveis falhas cognitivas exibidas pelo investidor individual brasileiro durante seu processo decisório, relacionando seus resultados empíricos às teorias de finanças comportamentais. Assim, este trabalho se propôs a responder as seguintes perguntas: há evidências do efeito disposição e dos vieses da ancoragem com ajustamento insuficiente e do excesso de confiança no processo decisório do investidor brasileiro? De que maneira tais comportamentos poderiam estar relacionados com características pessoais dos investidores? Para a análise do processo decisório dos investidores foi desenvolvido um instrumento de pesquisa específico. O instrumento é um questionário composto por 38 perguntas, sendo 27 relacionadas às falhas cognitivas e 11 às características pessoais dos investidores. O contato com os investidores foi possível através de uma parceria com o Instituto Nacional dos Investidores (INI). O Instituto convidou seus associados, por email, a participar da pesquisa, indicando um sítio da internet. Cada investidor interessado acessou voluntariamente o sítio da internet e preencheu o questionário on-line. Foi utilizada uma amostra não probabilística, composta por investidores localizados em diferentes estados do Brasil. Após a exclusão dos questionários não válidos, obteve-se uma amostra de 512 indivíduos. Os resultados encontrados evidenciaram a ocorrência do efeito disposição e dos vieses da ancoragem com ajustamento insuficiente e do excesso de confiança, mas não constataram associações entre estes e as características pessoais dos investidores. A presença dessas falhas cognitivas em investidores tem sido documentada em diferentes países e situações. Todavia no Brasil, até onde sabemos, ainda não havia sido verificada sua presença em uma amostra composta por investidores atuantes no mercado acionário nacional. Portanto, os resultados obtidos contribuem no sentido de confirmar as evidências encontradas em outros países, mostrando que os investidores brasileiros também estão sujeitos a tais comportamentos. A não verificação das relações entre as falhas cognitivas e as características dos investidores permite sugerir a utilização de outras variáveis em trabalhos futuros, pois uma parte da literatura encontra evidência destas relações para algumas características específicas. Embora o instrumento de pesquisa empregado careça de validação formal, acreditamos que ele contribui na direção de se estabelecer um instrumento simples, de fácil aplicação e capaz de identificar falhas cognitivas possivelmente prejudiciais aos investidores brasileiros.
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Decisões de financiamento e de investimento das empresas sob a ótica de gestores otimistas e excessivamente confiantes / Financing and investment decisions of firms by overconfident and optimistic managers

Lucas Ayres Barreira de Campos Barros 19 December 2005 (has links)
Esta pesquisa investiga empiricamente as possíveis influências de gestores cognitivamente enviesados sobre as decisões de financiamento e de investimento das empresas. Especificamente, dois vieses cognitivos amplamente documentados na literatura comportamental e psicológica são enfocados: o otimismo e o excesso de confiança. As hipóteses de pesquisa são derivadas de um crescente corpo de teorias dedicadas à exploração das implicações para a empresa da presença destes traços psicológicos nos seus gestores. Embora o otimismo e o excesso de confiança tendam a se manifestar conjuntamente, é possível tratá-los separadamente para fins analíticos. Genericamente, o otimismo costuma ser modelado como uma superestimação da probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos favoráveis, ao passo que o excesso de confiança reflete-se na subestimação da volatilidade ou do ruído de processos que envolvem incerteza. Argumenta-se que uma predição central emerge do conjunto dos modelos considerados, qual seja, empresas geridas por indivíduos otimistas e/ou excessivamente confiantes são mais propensas ao endividamento, ceteris paribus. Alguns modelos que enfocam apenas o viés do otimismo também sugerem que estas empresas são mais propensas a adotar uma hierarquização de preferências por fontes de financiamento conhecida como pecking order. Quanto ao impacto destes vieses sobre o valor de mercado e sobre as decisões de investimento das empresas os resultados teóricos são ambíguos. O estudo oferece duas contribuições principais. A primeira é o teste pioneiro das predições referidas acima e a segunda é a proposição de uma estratégia inovadora de identificação destes vieses entre os gestores. Especificamente, sólidas evidências empíricas apoiadas por argumentos teóricos diversos sugerem que os indivíduos que gerenciam o seu próprio negócio (empreendedores) são particularmente propensos a exibir excesso de confiança e otimismo exacerbado em seus julgamentos. Alternativamente, estes vieses são identificados com base no padrão de posse de ações da própria empresa por parte dos seus gestores. Utiliza-se uma amostra de 153 empresas brasileiras observadas entre os anos de 1998 e 2003. Diferentes métodos foram empregados para estimar os parâmetros dos modelos empíricos, com destaque para o procedimento baseado no Método dos Momentos Generalizado conhecido como GMM Sistêmico, sempre com o objetivo de controlar os problemas de endogeneidade relacionados, em particular, com variáveis omitidas, erros de mensuração e com a provável determinação simultânea de algumas variáveis. Os dados não mostram evidências favoráveis à hipótese da hierarquização de fontes de financiamento. Tampouco é possível divisar qualquer impacto sistemático das variáveis substitutas do otimismo/excesso de confiança dos gestores sobre medidas do valor de mercado e do volume geral de investimentos das empresas. Um resultado bastante significativo emerge, não obstante, da análise empírica: empresas geridas por indivíduos classificados como otimistas/excessivamente confiantes revelam-se, depois de isolados diversos fatores intervenientes, substancialmente mais alavancadas financeiramente do que as demais. Esta evidência, compatível com a predição central do conjunto de teorias comportamentais consideradas, é robusta a variações do método de estimação, da especificação do modelo empírico e da definição operacional escolhida para os vieses de interesse. A significância econômica aliada à significância estatística da influência observada sugere que otimismo e o excesso de confiança dos gestores podem exercer impacto significativo sobre decisões corporativas e, em especial, podem ser importantes determinantes da estrutura de capital das empresas. / This research empirically investigates the possible impacts of cognitively biased managers on firms\' financing and investment decisions. Specifically, two cognitive biases that are widely recorded in the behavioral and psychological literature are considered: optimism and overconfidence. The testable hypotheses are derived from a growing body of theories that focus on the implications of biased managers for firms. Although optimism and overconfidence tend to appear together, it is possible to treat them separately for analytical purposes. Generically, optimism is usually modeled as an overstatement of the probability of occurrence of favorable events and overconfidence is reflected in the understatement of the volatility or of the noise of processes that involve uncertainty. It is argued that one central prediction emerges from the set of models considered, namely, that companies managed by optimistic and/or overconfident individuals are more inclined towards debt financing, ceteris paribus. Some models that focus on the bias of optimism alone suggest, in addition, that these companies are more prone to establishing an ordering of preferences for alternative sources of financing known as pecking order. When it comes to the impact of these biases on the firm\'s market value and on its investment decisions the theoretical results are more ambiguous. The study offers two main contributions. Firstly, it pioneers in testing the above mentioned predictions. Secondly, it proposes a novel strategy for identifying these biases among managers. Specifically, solid empirical evidence supported by diverse theoretical arguments suggests that people who run their own business (entrepreneurs) are particularly prone to showing overconfidence and optimism in their judgments. Alternatively, these biases were identified based on the amount of firm\'s stock owned by its manager. The available sample comprises 153 Brazilians firms observed from years 1998 to 2003. Different methods were applied for estimating the parameters of the empirical models, emphasizing a procedure based on the Generalized Method of Moments and known as System GMM, aiming at controlling endogeneity problems related to omitted variables, measurement errors and the likely simultaneous determination of some variables. The empirical evidence obtained does not favor the pecking order hypothesis. It is also not possible to distinguish any systematic impact of the proxies for managerial optimism/overconfidence on indicators of firm\'s market value or of its general level of investments. A quite significant result emerges from the empirical analysis, nevertheless: firms managed by individuals that were classified as optimists/overconfident reveal themselves, after intervening factors have been isolated, to be substantially more financially leveraged. This evidence is compatible with the central prediction of the set of theories considered and is robust to variations of the estimation method, specification of the empirical model and to differing operational definitions for the cognitive biases of interest. The economic significance allied to the statistical significance of the observed impact suggests that managerial optimism and overconfidence can indeed play a role in corporate decision making and, specifically, they may be important determinants of firms\' capital structure.

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