A exemplo de qualquer outra atividade que se destine a produzir um produto, a engenharia de software necessariamente passa por um fase inicial, onde necessário definir o que será produzido. A análise de requisitos é esta fase inicial, e o produto dela resultante é a especificação do sistema a ser construído. As duas atividades básicas durante a analise de requisitos são a eliciação (busca ou descoberta das características do sistema) e a modelagem. Uma especificação completa e consistente é condição indispensável para o adequado desenvolvimento de um sistema. Muitos tem sido, entretanto, os problemas enfrentados pelos analistas na execução desta tarefa. A variedade e complexidade dos requisitos, as limitações humanas e a dificuldade de comunicação entre usuários e analistas são as principais causas destas dificuldades. Ao considerarmos o ciclo de vida de um sistema de informação, verificamos que a atividade principal dos profissionais em computação é a transformação de uma determinada porção do ambiente do usuário, em um conjunto de modelos. Inicialmente, através de um modelo descritivo representamos a realidade. A partir dele derivamos um modelo das necessidades (especificação dos requisitos), transformando-o a seguir num modelo conceitual. Finalizando o ciclo de transformações, derivamos o modelo programado (software), que ira se constituir no sistema automatizado requerido. Apesar da reconhecida importância da analise dos requisitos e da conseqüente representação destes requisitos em modelos, muito pouco se havia inovado nesta área ate o final dos anos 80. Com a evolução do conceito de reutilização de software para reutilização de especificações ou reutilização de modelos de requisitos, finalmente surge não apenas um novo método, mas um novo paradigma: a reutilização sistemática (sempre que possível) de modelos integrantes de especificações de sistemas semelhantes ao que se pretende desenvolver. Muito se tem dito sobre esta nova forma de modelagem e um grande número de pesquisadores tem se dedicado a tornar mais simples e eficientes várias etapas do novo processo. Entretanto, para que a reutilização de modelos assuma seu papel como uma metodologia de use geral e de plena aceitação, resta comprovar se, de fato, ele produz software de melhor quantidade e confiabilidade, de forma mais produtiva. A pesquisa descrita neste trabalho tem por objetivo investigar um dos aspectos envolvido nesta comprovação. A experimentação viabilizou a comparação entre modelos de problemas construídos com reutilização, a partir dos modelos de problemas similares previamente construídos e postos a disposição dos analistas, e os modelos dos mesmos problemas elaborados sem nenhuma reutilização. A comparação entre os dois conjuntos de modelos permitiu concluir, nas condições propostas na pesquisa, serem os modelos construídos com reutilização mais completos e corretos do que os que foram construídos sem reutilização. A apropriação dos tempos gastos pelos analistas durante as diversas etapas da modelagem, permitiu considerações sobre o esforço necessário em cada um dos dois tipos de modelagem. 0 protocolo experimental e a estratégia definida para a pesquisa possibilitaram também que medidas pudessem ser realizadas com duas series de modelos, onde a principal diferença era o grau de similaridade entre os modelos do problema reutilizado e os modelos do problema alvo. A variação da qualidade e completude dos dois conjuntos de modelos, bem como do esforço necessário para produzi-los, evidenciou uma questão fundamental do processo: a reutilização só terá efeitos realmente produtivos se realizada apenas com aplicações integrantes de domínios específicos e bem definidos, compartilhando, em alto grau, dados e procedimentos. De acordo com as diretrizes da pesquisa, o processo de reutilização de modelos de requisitos foi investigado em duas metodologias de desenvolvimento: na metodologia estruturada a modelagem foi realizada com Diagramas de Fluxo de Dados (DFD's) e na metodologia orientada a objeto com Diagramas de Objetos. A pesquisa contou com a participação de 114 alunos/analistas, tendo sido construídos 175 conjuntos de modelos com diagramas de fluxo de dados e 23 modelos com diagramas de objeto. Sobre estas amostras foram realizadas as analises estatísticas pertinentes, buscando-se responder a um considerável número de questões existentes sobre o assunto. Os resultados finais mostram a existência de uma série de benefícios na análise de requisitos com modelagem baseada na reutilização de modelos análogos. Mas, a pesquisa em seu todo mostra, também, as restrições e cuidados necessários para que estes benefícios de fato ocorram. / System Engineering, as well as any other product oriented activity, starts by a clear definition of the product to be obtained. This initial activity is called Requirement Analysis and the resulting product consists of a system specification. The Requirement Analysis is divided in two separated phases: elicitation and modeling. An appropriate system development definition relies in a complete, and consistent system specification phase. However, many problems have been faced by system analysts in the performance of such task, as a result of requirements complexity, and diversity, human limitations, and communication gap between users and developers. If we think of a system life cycle, we'll find out that the main activity performed by software engineers consists in the generation of models corresponding to specific parts of the users environment. This modeling activity starts by a descriptive model of the portion of reality from which the requirement model is derived, resulting in the system conceptual model. The last phase of this evolving modeling activity is the software required for the system implementation. In spite of the importance of requirement analysis and modeling, very little research effort was put in these activities and none significant improvement in available methodologies were presented until the late 80s. Nevertheless, when the concepts applied in software reuse were also applied to system specification and requirements modeling, then a new paradigm was introduced, consisting in the specification of new systems based on systematic reuse of similar available system models. Research effort have been put in this new modeling technique in the aim of make it usable and reliable. However, only after this methodology is proved to produce better and reliable software in a more productive way, it would be world wide accepted by the scientific and technical community. The present work provides a critical analysis about the use of such requirement modeling technique. Experimental modeling techniques based on the reuse of similar existing models are analyzed. Systems models were developed by system analyst with similar skills, with and without reusing previously existing models. The resulting models were compared in terms of correction, consumed time in each modeling phase, effort, etc. An experimental protocol and a special strategy were defined in order to compare and to measure results obtained from the use of two different groups of models. The main difference between the two selected groups were the similarity level between the model available for reuse and the model to be developed. The diversity of resulting models in terms of quality and completeness, as well in the modeling effort, was a corroboration to the hypothesis that reuse effectiveness is related to similarity between domains, data and procedures of pre-existing models and applications being developed. In this work, the reuse of requirements models is investigated in two different methodologies: in the first one, the modeling process is based on the use of Data Flow Diagrams, as in the structured methodology; in the second methodology, based on Object Orientation, Object Diagrams are used for modeling purposes. The research was achieved with the cooperation of 114 students/analysts, resulting in 175 series of Data Flow Diagrams and 23 series of Object Diagrams. Proper statistical analysis were conducted with these samples, in order to clarify questions about requirements reuse. According to the final results, modeling techniques based on the reuse of analogous models provide an improvement in requirement analysis, without disregarding restrictions resulting from differences in domain, data and procedures.

Submitted by Americo Sommerman (americosommerman@uol.com.br) on 2017-05-11T16:14:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 UFBA - DOUTORADO AMÉRICO SOMMERMAN - Vol. I.pdf: 5865947 bytes, checksum: b9539293945b4a5413c14ba08c2546ae (MD5) UFBA - DOUTORADO AMÉRICO SOMMERMAN - Vol. II - Apêndices e Anexos.pdf: 3231905 bytes, checksum: d945f771e2e4682296bba9eae8cab8a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2017-05-12T18:46:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 UFBA - DOUTORADO AMÉRICO SOMMERMAN - Vol. I.pdf: 5865947 bytes, checksum: b9539293945b4a5413c14ba08c2546ae (MD5) UFBA - DOUTORADO AMÉRICO SOMMERMAN - Vol. II - Apêndices e Anexos.pdf: 3231905 bytes, checksum: d945f771e2e4682296bba9eae8cab8a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T18:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 UFBA - DOUTORADO AMÉRICO SOMMERMAN - Vol. I.pdf: 5865947 bytes, checksum: b9539293945b4a5413c14ba08c2546ae (MD5) UFBA - DOUTORADO AMÉRICO SOMMERMAN - Vol. II - Apêndices e Anexos.pdf: 3231905 bytes, checksum: d945f771e2e4682296bba9eae8cab8a5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introdução − A separação entre as diferentes formas de conhecimento como o mito, a filosofia, a teologia, a ciência moderna, a arte, as tradições de sabedoria, a experiência e, mais recentemente, entre as diferentes áreas e entre as disciplinas acadêmicas, sem a sua subsequente articulação, tem sido uma causa central de ampla gama de problemas sociais, ambientais e humanos, e tem dificultado a resolução de grande número de problemas complexos cada vez mais presentes nas fronteiras entre as disciplinas acadêmicas, e nas fronteiras entre estas e os conhecimentos não-acadêmicos e na sociedade em geral. Objetivo − Verificar as especificidades e relações existentes entre duas novas formas ou modalidades de conhecimento: a interdisciplinaridade e a transdisciplinaridade, e suas possibilidades de respostas a esses tipos de problemas que não podem ser tratados adequadamente por abordagens monodisciplinares e que, às vezes, não podem ser tratados de maneira satisfatória utilizando-se apenas os saberes acadêmicos. Métodos – Exploração histórica dos quatro grandes modelos ou formas de conhecimento que estruturaram o pensamento do Ocidente europeu ao longo dos últimos 2500 anos: mitológico, filosófico, teológico e científico, buscando verificar em cada um desses modelos o movimento de separação/exclusão ou separação/articulação com o(s) modelo(s) anterior(es) (Parte I). Pesquisa quantitativa (meta-análise) em três bases de dados eletrônicas acadêmicas, a primeira na área da Educação, a segunda na área das Ciências da Saúde e a terceira na área do Meio Ambiente, buscando verificar, retrocedendo década a década, a utilização dos termos interdisciplinaridade, interdisciplinar, transdisciplinaridade, transdisciplinar em artigos científicos nessas três áreas (Parte II); e pesquisa quantitativa (meta-análise) em uma base de dados eletrônica de alcance geral, buscando verificar, retrocedendo década a década, a utilização desses mesmos quatro termos em inglês, português, francês e espanhol nas publicações em livros (Parte II). Pesquisa qualitativa em trinta e nove artigos científicos selecionados em três bases de dados acadêmicas, utilizando a metodologia da análise de conteúdo para obter dados para duas unidades de análise: as definições de interdisciplinaridade e/ou transdisciplinaridade nas quais o(s) autor(es) de cada artigo se apoiam; o tipo das relações que neles se estabelecem entre as disciplinas e a pessoa humana (Parte III). Exploração teórica de autores de referência nos campos da interdisciplinaridade e da transdisciplinaridade, bem como de alguns congressos internacionais sobre esta temática que se mostraram muito relevantes para o seu aprofundamento (Parte IV). Conclusões – Os dados demonstram que (a) os campos específicos da interdisciplinaridade e o da transdisciplinaridade, sua distinção e relação, eram confusos até o início da década de 1990, mas que, desde então, há uma clareza cada vez maior a respeito do objeto, do método e da finalidade dessas duas novas formas de produção do conhecimento nas áreas da Educação, das Ciências da Saúde e do Meio Ambiente. Além disso, foi possível verificar que: (b) a interdisciplinaridade é uma resposta para a articulação entre as disciplinas acadêmicas, tanto as epistemologicamente próximas quanto as distantes; e (c) que, nas áreas da Educação e do Meio Ambiente, ela indica um início de ruptura paradigmática nos modos de produção do conhecimento acadêmico, pois permite uma articulação parcial não somente entre o sujeito e o objeto na ciência, mas também uma articulação parcial entre os quatro modelos ou formas de conhecimento que estruturaram o pensamento do Ocidente europeu. Os dados indicaram que, (d) no que diz respeito à área das Ciências da Saúde, a interdisciplinaridade já se apresenta como uma ruptura paradigmática forte, pois permite uma articulação forte entre subjetividade e objetividade na ciência e nas práticas de Saúde. E, por fim, foi possível verificar que: (e) atualmente há duas perspectivas de transdisciplinaridade; (f) que ambas são uma resposta para a articulação entre as disciplinas acadêmicas e os conhecimentos não-acadêmicos para responder a certos tipos de problemas complexos que não podem ser tratados apenas pelas disciplinas acadêmicas nem pela interdisciplinaridade; (g) que a primeira dessas perspectivas, que é uma resposta para a articulação entre saberes acadêmicos e conhecimentos não-acadêmicos produzidos pela experiência na sociedade em geral, indica o início de uma ruptura paradigmática, pois permite, na produção do conhecimento, uma articulação parcial entre subjetividade e objetividade e entre os quatro grandes modelos citados; e (h) que a segunda dessas perspectivas, que é uma resposta para a articulação entre saberes acadêmicos e conhecimentos não-acadêmicos ainda mais amplos, como aqueles das culturas ancestrais e das tradições de sabedoria, indica uma ruptura paradigmática forte, pois permite, na produção do conhecimento, não somente uma articulação forte entre subjetividade e objetividade, como, também, entre os quatro grandes modelos citados e outras formas de conhecimento. / ABSTRACT Introduction − The separation of various forms of knowledge – e.g., myth, philosophy, theology, modern science, art, wisdom traditions, experience – and, more recently, of various areas and academic disciplines, without their subsequent reconnection, has been a central cause of a broad range of social, environmental and human predicaments, and has hindered the resolution of many complex problems increasingly found in the boundaries between academic disciplines, in the boundaries between these and non-academic knowledge, and in society in general. Objective −To ascertain the characteristics and relationships between two new forms or modes of knowledge – interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity – and their possible responses to the types of problems that cannot be adequately dealt with by monodisciplinary approaches and sometimes cannot be satisfactorily resolved by means of academic knowledge alone. Methods − A historical exploration of the four major models or forms of knowledge that structured Western European thought over the past 2,500 years – mythological, philosophical, theological and scientific – to discern in each of them the movements of separation/exclusion from, or separation/reconnection to earlier model(s) (PART I). Quantitative research (meta-analysis) in three academic electronic databases – one each in the areas of Education, Health Sciences and Environment – in order to regressively ascertain, decade by decade, the use of the terms interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinarity, and interdisciplinary in scientific articles in the three areas (PART IIa). Quantitative research (meta-analysis) in a generic electronic database in order to regressively ascertain, decade by decade, the use of the same four terms in books published in English, Portuguese, French and Spanish (PART IIb). Qualitative research in thirty-nine scientific papers selected from three academic databases, with the application of the method of content analysis to obtain information for two analytical units: the definitions of interdisciplinarity and/or transdisciplinarity on which the authors based their articles; and the type of relationships they established between the disciplines and the human person (PART III). A theoretical exploration of authoritative authors in the fields of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity, and of some international conferences on these subjects that greatly contributed to their understanding (PART IV). Conclusions − The data shows that the specific fields of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity, their distinctions and relationships were confusing until the early 1990s, but that since then there has been increasing clarity concerning the object, method and purpose of these two new forms of producing knowledge in the areas of Education, Health Sciences and the Environment. Furthermore, it was possible to establish that interdisciplinarity has become an means to reconnect academic disciplines, whether epistemologically close or distant, and that in the areas of Education and the Environment interdisciplinarity indicates the onset of a paradigmatic rupture in the modes of production of academic knowledge, because it allows a partial reconnection not only between subject and object in science, but also between the four models or forms of knowledge that structured the Western European thought. In the area of Health Sciences, the data likewise shows that interdisciplinarity already constitutes a solid paradigmatic disruption, allowing a strong reconnection between subjectivity and objectivity in science and in health care. Finally, it was possible to ascertain the following: (a) that there are currently two approaches to transdisciplinarity; (b) that both are a means to reconnect academic disciplines and non-academic knowledge, and thus resolve certain types of complex problems that cannot be dealt with only by academic disciplines or by interdisciplinarity; (c) that the first of these perspectives (which is a response to the reconnection between academic knowledge and the non-academic knowledge produced by the experience of society in general) points to the beginning of a paradigmatic rupture because it allows, in the production of knowledge, a partial reconnection between subjectivity and objectivity, and between the four major aforementioned models; and (d) that the second of these perspectives (which is a response to the reconnection between academic knowledge and even broader non-academic knowledge, such as that of ancient cultures and wisdom traditions) indicates a strong paradigmatic rupture because it allows, in the production of knowledge, a strong reconnection not only between subjectivity and objectivity, but also between the four major aforementioned models and other forms of knowledge.

Submitted by Camila Maria dos Santos Moraes (camilaunirio@gmail.com) on 2017-05-09T18:04:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Camila Maria dos Santos Moraes.pdf: 11250870 bytes, checksum: 6807f5c2e358ee4c06882fd8e788b43f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafael Aguiar (rafael.aguiar@fgv.br) on 2017-06-13T20:29:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Camila Maria dos Santos Moraes.pdf: 11250870 bytes, checksum: 6807f5c2e358ee4c06882fd8e788b43f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T13:19:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Camila Maria dos Santos Moraes.pdf: 11250870 bytes, checksum: 6807f5c2e358ee4c06882fd8e788b43f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / Favelas of Rio de Janeiro have been historically elaborated as deforestation, risk areas, poverty and violence, problems that affect 'the marvellous city'. Through history therefore, these were the meanings imposed to favelas by public policies. However, and against all odds, selected favelas were discovered by tourists, just before the Earth Summit - Eco 92, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, based in Rio. Between 1990 and 2000, these favelas consolidated as tourist attractions competing with Corcovado and Sugar loaf. The controversial visits were accused of being 'poverty safaris' or 'poverty zoos'. In the 2000s, the State recognized these areas as tourist attractions and stimulated the commercialization of favelas in the context of megaevents, which came with urbanization policies such as the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) and Carioca Living (Morar Carioca), and a new public security policy the Pacifying Police Units (UPP). The social version of these projects has put tourism on the agenda. Consultants, analysts and technicians were hired to carry out studies of potentialities and capacities of favela residents to undertake tourism business which expanded and crossed the borders of the southern zone, reaching the centre, north and west of the city, in smaller proportions. While it spread, this tourism specialized and differentiated itself. Tourists could find the most diverse experiences in favelas, from the local gastronomy, museums, art gallery, to luxurious lodgings, parties and funk dances, that gathered cariocas and tourists in expensive spaces inside favelas. This expansion / transformation came to be perceived as a problem. The increase of economic value inside favelas areas began to reach those who could no longer remain in these places. The most diverse movements of resistance appeared, from those that go against the tourism in favelas, to those who want to be part, but in its way. In this context, I have found proposals for community-based tourism that have gained strength in local discourse as an alternative to mass tourism, and ecotourism proposals, combining elements of community-based tourism with preservation of the environment. Thus, with the theoretical framework of the New Mobility Paradigm (Sheller and Urry, 2006, 2016) and the phenomenon of the traveling favela (Freire-Medeiros, 2013), I analysed community-based tourism and ecotourism initiatives, seeking to understand their origins and proposals of an alliance between tourism and the environment. For that, I performed a multisited ethnography, where I moved through the expansion of tourism in Rio de Janeiro favelas in the context of megaevents. Throughout the research, I noticed that tourism and the networks it mobilizes have put in dispute new meanings for the favelas, and in the specific case of this thesis, the anti-ecological favela contestation. Thus, I present the various speeches of State, consultants, analysts and local entrepreneurs who mobilized for or by the expansion of tourism in favelas reflected on the past, present and future of favelas. / As favelas do Rio de Janeiro foram historicamente elaboradas como desmatadoras, áreas de risco, lócus da pobreza e violência, problemas que acometem 'a cidade maravilhosa'. Através da história, esses foram os significados impressos às favelas através de políticas públicas. No entanto, na contramão do que se podia esperar, seletas favelas foram descobertas pelos turistas, as vésperas da Eco 92, Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, sediada no Rio em 1992. Entre os anos 1990 e 2000, essas favelas se consolidaram como atrativos turísticos da cidade, concorrendo inclusive com Corcovado e Pão de Açúcar. As polêmicas visitas foram pauta de matérias jornalísticas e apelidadas como 'safari da pobreza' ou 'zoológico de pobres'. Nos anos 2000, o Estado passou a reconhecer essas áreas como atrativos e ainda a estimular a comercialização turística das favelas no contexto dos megaeventos, o que foi acompanhado por novas políticas de urbanização como o Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) e o Morar Carioca, e novas políticas de segurança pública como as Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPP). A versão social desses projetos colocou o turismo em pauta. Consultores, analistas e técnicos foram contratados para realizar estudos de potencialidades e capacitações para moradores de favelas empreenderem, dentre outras áreas, no turismo, que se expandiu e atravessou as fronteiras da zona sul, chegando ao centro, zona norte e zona oeste da cidade, em menores proporções. Ao mesmo tempo que se espalhou, esse turismo especializou-se e diferenciou-se. O turista passou a encontrar as mais diversas experiências em favelas, desde a gastronomia local, museus, galeria de arte, albergues e hospedagens mais luxuosas, até às festas e a volta de seletos bailes funk, que passaram a reunir cariocas e turistas em espaços mais elitizados e caros. Algumas favelas passaram a ver nessa expansão / transformação um problema. A valorização econômica da favela passou a atingir aqueles que não conseguiam mais se manter neste local e acompanhar as mudanças. Apareceram os mais diversos movimentos de resistência, desde aqueles que vão contra o turismo em favelas, aos que querem fazer parte, mas a seu modo. Neste contexto, encontrei propostas de turismo de base comunitária que ganharam força no discurso local como alternativa ao turismo de massa, e propostas de ecoturismo, aliando elementos do turismo de base comunitária a preservação do meio ambiente. Assim, tendo como referencial teórico o Paradigma das Novas Mobilidades (Sheller e Urry, 2006, 2016) e o fenômeno da traveling favela (Freire-Medeiros, 2013) analisei as iniciativas de turismo de base comunitária e ecoturismo, buscando compreender suas origens e propostas de aliança entre turismo e meio ambiente. Para tanto, realizei uma etnografia multissituada, onde me movi pela expansão do turismo em favelas cariocas no contexto dos megaeventos. Ao longo das pesquisas, percebi que o turismo e as redes que mobiliza, colocaram em disputa novos significados paras as favelas, e no, caso especifico desta tese, a contestação da favela antiecológica. Assim, apresento os diversos discursos de representantes do Estado, consultores, analistas e empreendedores locais que mobilizados para ou pela expansão do turismo em favelas refletiram sobre passado, presente e o futuro das favelas.

Submitted by Paulo Junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-05-05T18:39:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Felipe de Souza Gouveia.pdf: 806002 bytes, checksum: a4ae1938a30d975dba9240f182604742 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-05-05T18:41:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Felipe de Souza Gouveia.pdf: 806002 bytes, checksum: a4ae1938a30d975dba9240f182604742 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-05-06T10:52:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Felipe de Souza Gouveia.pdf: 806002 bytes, checksum: a4ae1938a30d975dba9240f182604742 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-23 / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar algumas das principais teorias de internacionalização de empresas, comparando-as com a prática observada em duas empresas multinacionais brasileiras de grande porte. A busca por conhecimentos mais profundos sobre a expansão internacional das atividades empresariais tornouse muito importante a partir do final do século XX, considerando-se o crescente volume de fusões, aquisições, parcerias e joint-ventures realizadas entre empresas de diferentes países e estudadas por pesquisadores internacionais. Esses últimos começaram a desenvolver teorias em uma tentativa de explicar o comportamento internacionalizante de tais empresas. Ao longo dos anos, estas teorias se sofisticaram e começaram a dividir-se de acordo com condições pré-estabelecidas, como o volume de vendas, o grau de experiência no exterior, a presença de mercados culturalmente próximos e a localização geográfica. Uma vez que a maioria histórica das empresas internacionalmente expressivas é composta por corporações norte-americanas, européias e asiáticas, observou-se apenas um pequeno volume de estudos voltados à empresas oriundas de países emergentes. Assim, esta dissertação se baseia em exemplos brasileiros, representados pelas empresas Odebrecht e Petrobras, como forma de avaliar a aplicabilidade destas teorias frente a realidade de um expressivo mercado emergente.

(in English): In the present work, the aim is to discuss the occurrence of verbal suppletion in Romance languages within a representative, theoretical and practical framework that may be reflected in the tradition of language studies and by the most reliable theories at the beginning of the 21st century. In an attempt to prove through this issue how aspects of language system that might at first seem arbitrary are not really as such, but in fact need a proper perspective in order to be able to deal with them systematically. In the first part, the theoretical framework of the thesis is presented, starting with varying aspects of European and American structuralism, reaching to the current ongoing debate concerning issues related to "pure morphology" - the main reference model at present for a comprehensive analysis of the topic. In the second part, the discussion is more specifically oriented to verbal suppletion and treatments reserved by different linguistic perspectives, not always available to be considered as a topic worthy of attention because of its extreme unpredictability and irregularity. The third part dedicates a consistent space to the analysis of the morphomes that can be found in Romance languages (U/L-pattern, N-pattern, PYTA roots, blended morphomes) and to their evolution in a...

Couple therapy is a frequently sought domain by couples who experience problems in their relationships. Couple therapy has been researched intensively, but few studies incorporate a holistic account of the therapeutic process. This study aims to explore and integrate the therapist's and the couple's experiences of change in the context of couple therapy. The ecosystemic epistemology and the narrative metaphor forms the foundation from which the therapy and the research is approached. Qualitative research methods are employed from within a naturalistic paradigm which allows for personal and unique meanings to emerge. Rich descriptions of the therapist's and the participant's stories of change are provided. Multiple perspectives are offered in the stories which reveal the reciprocal motions between the therapist's and the couples' change processes. Recurring themes are extracted from the stories which punctuate the pivotal change processes that were experienced by the therapist and the couples during the therapy. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

The Church social missions have undergone different paradigm shifts whilst trying to respond to challenges faced by the poor in the society. It seems that at the beginning the Development paradigm was the one used by churches in designing their social mission strategies. According to this paradigm, help for the poor in the society was to come from the Western countries’ development initiatives; in the process of implementing such strategies the local people’s cultural aspirations were often neglected. On the other hand, the poor were not given a chance to take destiny into their own hands in order to define the solutions to their problems. However, this paradigm was later declared a failure and a need to move to the Post Development Paradigm was advocated. This study argues that most churches in Mankweng still base their social missions strategies on the Development paradigm and therefore they fail to adequately respond to the challenges faced by the poor in that community. The study therefore looks at a possibility of developing a new social mission strategyin Mankweng that is based on the Post Development Paradigm. Though the title is about Mankweng, the focus of the study is on the Western part of the Township called Ntshitshane. Observations and interviews were conducted amongst the community members in that area. After a thorough analysis of the findings it was established that the poor in that context relies among other things on their cultural ethic of bothoas a means of addressing their social challenges. This study concludes that the same cultural ethic of botho used by the poor there can be a viable point of departure in defining a social mission strategy within that context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

This research is based on a youth intervention organisation founded by the researcher in 1997. The organisation (Agape Copeland Train) is located in the Northern Cape. Youths’ contexts in the Northern Cape are fraught with psychological, social and relational problems, including violence, alcoholism, teenage pregnancies, depression, crime, poverty, and curtailed future prospects. An exploratory enquiry, informed by ecological and positive psychology, is undertaken. In particular, this research focuses on the (often neglected) perspectives of facilitators who work with youth. Exploration of how facilitators’ well-­‐being is impacted on whilst serving youth in this challenging context is undertaken. Interviews with facilitators yielded themes of positive transformation, including shifts in mindsets and positive affect. In addition, aspects of the organisation’s development, as relevant to the context of the research, are described and a model of youth facilitation This research is based on a youth intervention organisation founded by the researcher in 1997. The organisation (Agape Copeland Train) is located in the Northern Cape. Youths’ contexts in the Northern Cape are fraught with psychological, social and relational problems, including violence, alcoholism, teenage pregnancies, depression, crime, poverty, and curtailed future prospects. An exploratory enquiry, informed by ecological and positive psychology, is undertaken. In particular, this research focuses on the (often neglected) perspectives of facilitators who work with youth. Exploration of how facilitators’ well-­‐being is impacted on whilst serving youth in this challenging context is undertaken. Interviews with facilitators yielded themes of positive transformation, including shifts in mindsets and positive affect. In addition, aspects of the organisation’s development, as relevant to the context of the research, are described and a model of youth facilitation process, as developed by facilitators within the organisation, is presented. The researcher’s own experiences in the organisation (as director and as a facilitator) are reflected upon. Observations, incidents, and experiences are used as additional data sources. Facilitating vulnerable youth from an ecological systems perspective is an intricate, reflexive, complex and challenging process. / Psychology / MA (Clinical Psychology)

Afrikaans text / In hierdie navorsing is die waarde van salutogenese as paradigma in gesondheid­ sielkunde krities beskou en salutogenese as konstruk ondersoek. Antonvosky (1979) se aanspraak dat salutogenese 'n nuwe paradigma verteenwoordig, is krities teen die agtergrond van Kuhn se wetenskapsbeskouing en die metaforiese gebruik van die paradigmabegrip in die geesteswetenskappe geevalueer. Met die navorsing is bevind dat salutogenese wei as paradigma in gesondheidsielkunde funksioneer. Die verskille tussen salutogenese en patogenese in terme van aannames. metodologie, teoretiese onderbou en gedeelde waardes is om voldoende tot die slotsom te kom dat salutogenese in die vorm van 'n mini-revolusie akkumulatief tot navorsingsprestasie bydra. Daar word aanbeveel dat die paradigma eksplisiet gestel word ten einde navorsing volgens die salutogeniese beginsels te rig. Ten einde die konstruk 'salutogenese' te belig en bepalende persoonlikheidskenmerke in die salutogeniese paradigma te identifiseer, is 'n steekproef van 1983 voorgraadse studente aan UNISA geselekteer, in twee groepe verdeel, naamlik Blankes en Ander, en vraelyste wat koherensiebelewing, persoonlikheidsgehardheid, potensie, aangeleerde vindingrykheid, lokus van kontrole en selfdoeltreffendheid meet, is afgeneem. Die onderliggende dimensies van die konstrukte is deur faktorontleding blootgele. Produkmomentkorrelasies is bereken en tweede- ordefaktorontledings en bevestigende faktoranalises is uitgevoer. Die empiriese resultate dui daarop dat vir die Blankes aldie persoonlikheidskenmerke tot die konstruk bygedra het, terwyl aangeleerde vindingrykheid nie by die Ander tot salutogenese bygedra het nie. In terme van bepalende persoonlikheidskenmerke is by die Blankes bevind dat salutogenese uit twee tot drie dimensies bestaan. 'n Optimistiese lewensuitkyk, aktiewe betrokkenheid by die omgewing, spesifieke gedragsvaardighede wat streshantering vergemaklik en 'n persepsie van hulpbron­ beskikbaarheid is die ge'ldentifiseerde bepalende salutogeniese kenmerke. Vir die Ander het resultate aangetoon dat salutogenese 'n eendimensionele konstruk is wat verteenwoordigend is van 'n individu wat oor 'n optimistiese lewensuitkyk beskik, stimuli as verstaanbaar en betekenisvol waarneem en op grond daarvan aktief by die leefwereld betrokke is. Salutogenese manifesteer dus verskillend by die onderskeie kultuurgroepe en die onderliggende meganismes en dinamika wat tot salutogenese lei, toon oak kulturele verskille. Bevestigende faktorontledingsresultate toon aan dat al die dimensies van salutogenese nog nie gei"dentifiseer is nie en daar word aanbeveel dat salutogenese verder binne 'n oorkoepelende persoonlikheidsteorie ondersoek meet word. In bedryfsielkundige praktyk kan salutogenese gebruik word om stres­ weerbaarheid te verhoog. / In this research salutogenesis as new paradigm in health psychology was critically evaluated and salutogenesis as construct was clarified. Antonovsky's claim that salutogenesis is a new paradigm was evaluated against the background of Kuhn's view of science and the metaphorical use of the term 'paradigm' in the social sciences. This research concludes that salutogenesis is indeed a new paradigm in health psychology. Salutogenesis and pathogenesis differ sufficiently in terms of assumptions, methodology, specific theories and shared values that salutogenesis, as a mini revolution, contributes to accumulative scientific performance. The paradigm should however be stated explicitly in order to govern research according to salutogenic values. In order to clarify salutogenesis as construct and to identify determining personality characteristics in the salutogenic paradigm, a sample of 1983 undergraduate students from Unisa was selected, divided into two groups, namely Whites and Other, and questionnaires measuring sense of coherence, hardiness, potency, learned resourcefulness, locus of control and self-efficacy were administered. Factor analysis clarified the constructs' underlying dimensions. Product moment correlations were calculated, second-order and confirmatory factor analysis performed in order to clarify the structure of salutogenesis. The results identified that for the Whites all the personality characteristics contributed while learned resourcefulness did not contribute to salutogenesis for the other group. In terms of determining personality characteristics it was found for the White group that salutogenesis is a two or three dimensional construct consisting of an optimistic outlook and active participation in life's demands, specific behavioral skills that aid stress management and a perception of resource availability. For the other group, results indicated that salutogenesis is a unidimensional construct which is respresentative of an individual that has an optimistic outlook on life, evaluates stimuli as comprehensible and is actively involved in his/her own life. Salutogenesis thus manifest differently in different cultures and the underlying mechanisms and dynamics, leading to a salutogenic orientation, show cultural differences. Confirmatory factor analysis indicate that all dimensions of salutogenesis have not been identified and it is recommended that salutogenesis be studied within a broad personality theory. Salutogenesis can be used in industrial psychology to enhance individual stress resistance. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Bedryfsielkunde)

Text in English / This thesis is an attempt to investigate how local churches (re)define their international orientation in response to the shockwaves of globalisation and their interpretation of the signs of the times. The analysis is guided by the key dimensions of interdependence, responsibility, and partnership. The local church is expected to have reached an increasing awareness of interdependence in her international relationships by the emergence of the postmodern systemic paradigm as never before in the history of the ecumenical movement. Consequently, this results in a sense of responsibility developing directly from a prophetic reading and an interpretation of the signs of the times as well as in a receptivity to be fertilised by international impulses. The local church is perceived by both individual Christians and pastors as direct platform for international responsibility. The wounds of the world, the needy and the suffering are suggested as inviting primary responses of local churches in the North. International church partnerships are investigated as practical attempts to live out interdependent relationships, to translate the sense of responsibility into action, and to receive fertilisation from the partner churches. Qualitative case studies from Reformed, United (Lutheran/Reformed) and Free churches present a status analysis of churches regarding the points under discussion. The tendency is observed that pastors inc~easingly look for ways alternative to the old ecumenical structures, which are characterised by rich/poor and donor/recipient relationships, thus operating their churches with free initiative and association. Studies regularly narrow down topics to interdependence, postmodernism, development, development politics, church development services, international partnerships, ecumenical learning, etc. Often recommendations for action are made based on the one single area of research presented. In this study, however, it is argued that pastors and churches do not derive their decisions and programmes from considerations of one single area, but they consider all these areas together. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)