Mother-to-infant vertical transmission of HIV usually occurs during pregnancy, labor, delivery or breastfeeding. It is the third leading cause of transmission of HIV after sexual intercourse and blood transfusions. In 2008, 12 million women aged 15 years and above were anticipated to be living with HIV in countries within Sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, the association between parental HIV knowledge, attitudes and risk reduction practices, and HIV vertical transmission in Kenya were explored. The health belief model was used to help understand and interpret the findings. For this quantitative study, data were collected via surveys from 212 participants in 3 HIV clinics in Kenya. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Around 45% of respondents lacked knowledge on key aspects of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV particularly on expressing and heat treating milk from HIV positive mothers to make it safe for their babies. About 65% of Participants had awareness towards Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Logistic regression showed no association between socioeconomic factors and parental knowledge on MTCT of HIV. Logistic modeling found that there was association between attitude and MTCT, revealing that attitude increased the likelihood to influence MTCT. Being married was associated with reduced risk of MTCT of HIV. The overall results indicated gaps in knowledge and information packaging. The potential positive social change implication of this study is that factors related to HIV vertical transmission identified in this study might be utilized to develop and implement HIV prevention strategies to reduce HIV vertical transmission and decrease associated morbidity and mortality among this vulnerable population.

<p>English title: Parents’ expectations of municipal school of music and of arts.</p><p>Thesis in Music Education by Jonathan Lilliedahl. Part of the work for the master´s degree. Studies from School of Music, University of Örebro, 2007. Available from School of Music, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden. Original in Swedish.</p><p>Keywords: parents’ expectations, municipal school of music and of arts, music education, childrens’ development, creative activity, parental influence, municipal activity.</p><p>The essay concerns parents’ expectations within municipal school of music and of arts. The main aim is to elucidate and understand parents’ expectations of the school and purposes about their childrens activity, and then, discuss the results towards the concept and the didactic of the school.</p><p>The method has been Grounded Theory. The results are grounded on qualitative interviews with twelve parents from different municipalities and the empirical material has been encoded into categories of various kinds.</p><p>The results, which have been encoded for a several times and on different levels, indicate that parents have different purposes to each other, but also that each parent has different purposes in various contexts. A joint comprehensive aim and expectation is that the school and their teachers should enable an all-embracing development. Underlying, there are musical targets and objectives towards music as means. The parents take both individual- and group perspectives.</p><p>The results can also illustrate that parents in many cases adapt their expectations to the existing structure of the school and that many of the parents are satisfied as long as everything works. Many of the parents consider that a municipal school should be responsible for a broad education of arts, characterized by democracy and availability.</p><p>As a conclusion it may be said, while the parents’ exceptions focus on the childs’ interest and development, the municipal school of music and of arts has even more interests to satisfy and comply with.</p>

<p>Många människor har svårt att etablera goda matvanor trots ett ständigt informationsflöde om hur ohälsosam kost påverkar hälsan negativt. Små barn befinner sig i en beroendeställning till de vuxna som finns runt dem. Det innebär att föräldrarnas kostvanor även blir barnens. De vuxna bestämmer vad som finns hemma och vad som serveras.</p><p>Denna kvantitativa studie har undersökt småbarnsfamiljers kostvanor med utgångspunkt i Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer om mindre mättat fett, mindre socker, mer kostfiber, frukt, grönt och fisk i kosten. Med hjälp av validerade frågor bedömdes uppgifter om konsumtionsfrekvenser hos föräldrar och barn. Den sökte också svar på om barnets ätvanor liknar förälderns och om föräldrars påverkan på barnets matintag har någon betydelse för detsamma. Dessutom efterfrågades vilka hinder som kunde tänkas finnas för hälsosamma matvanor i familjen. 56 föräldrar med minst ett barn i åldern 1-6 år valde att besvara det frågeformulär som distribuerades via fem förskolor i Hagfors kommun. Resultatet visar att barns och föräldrars kostvanor kan förbättras. Majoriteten av föräldrar och barn når inte upp till Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer. Sockerintaget är ett undantag som är i sin ordning hos föräldrarna. Bullar, kex, kakor och saft/läsk intas dock för ofta hos barnen. I jämförelse med tidigare svenska kostundersökningar kan man se att konsumtionsfrekvenserna för de ”onyttiga” livsmedlen är signifikant lägre i denna undersökning.</p><p>En granskning av konsumtionsfrekvenserna hos paren förälder – barn visar tydligt att föräldrars ätvanor har betydelse för hur barnet äter. Studien finner inga tydliga samband mellan konsumtionsfrekvens av utrymmesmat och förälders påverkan på hur mycket/lite barnet ska äta. Ett undantag finns dock och det är de föräldrar som mutar sina barn med efterrätt för att få barnet att äta mer. De barnen hade en hög konsumtionsfrekvens av glass. De barn som inte påverkas har en tydligt högre konsumtionsfrekvens av frukt och grönt och ost än de barn som inte påverkas vilket kan tyda på bättre mellanmålsvanor och en större preferens för frukt och grönt. Därför kan sägas att förälders påverkan på barnets matintag inte leder till något positivt.</p><p>Flera av föräldrarna anser att det inte finns några hinder för att äta hälsosamt, ändå konsumerar många för mycket av ohälsosamma livsmedel. Tidsbrist anges som det största hindret för hälsosamma matvanor.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att om ätvanorna hos den framtida vuxna befolkningen dvs barnen ska bli bättre måste förebyggande satsningar riktas till föräldrar. Varje förälder måste förstå sitt eget ansvar när det gäller vilka kostvanor barnet får. Dels genom vad som görs tillgängligt men framförallt vilken förebild man ger sitt barn.</p> / <p>People have trouble establishing good eating habits in spite of a constant flow of information about the negative effects of unhealthy food. Young children depend on the present adults, which implies that food habits of parents become the food habits of their children. The adults have control over the food available and what meals are served.</p><p>This quantitative study has carried out a dietary survey in families with young children. It is based on the National Food Administration (NFA) dietary recommendations about less saturated fat, less added sugar (sucrose), more dietary fibre and more fruit and vegetables.</p><p>Validated questions were used to estimate consumption frequencies in food intake of the participating parents and children. This study also investigates whether eating habits of children reflects the eating habits of their parents. Furthermore questions were asked about what difficulties there might be to gain healthy eating habits in the family.</p><p>Fifty-six parents with at least one child in the age of 1-6 chose to reply to the questionnaire distributed by five pre-schools in the district of Hagfors.</p><p>The results indicate that the eating habits of both parents and children could change for the better. The majority of parents and children do not achieve the dietary recommendations. The recommended less sugar intake is an exception, which the parents achieve. The children consume buns, biscuits and syrups and soft drinks too often. Consumption frequencies of the unhealthy in-between meals are lower in this survey compared to earlier nation-wide Swedish dietary surveys.</p><p>An examination of the parent/child pairs indicates that parent’s eating habits closely correspond to those of their children. There is no evidence of effect of parental control over the child’s food intake on consumption frequency of in-between meals. However those parents who use dessert as a bribe to encourage their child to eat more, have children who consume ice cream very often. Children who were not controlled in food intake consumed fruit and vegetables and cheese more often compared to children with parental control over food intake. This may imply that the children who are not controlled have better snack food intake and a greater preference for fruit and vegetables. Therefore it is possible to state that parental control has no positive effects on children’s food intake.</p><p>Many parents consider that healthy eating habits are no problem, yet many of them consume unhealthy food too often. Lack of time is the most reported difficulty.</p><p>Conclusions are that if eating habits in the future adult population is to be better, parent’s diet should be focus of change. Each parent needs to recognize the responsibility of him/her in the development of the child’s eating habits, partly by what is made available but most of all by the parental role model.</p>

Många människor har svårt att etablera goda matvanor trots ett ständigt informationsflöde om hur ohälsosam kost påverkar hälsan negativt. Små barn befinner sig i en beroendeställning till de vuxna som finns runt dem. Det innebär att föräldrarnas kostvanor även blir barnens. De vuxna bestämmer vad som finns hemma och vad som serveras. Denna kvantitativa studie har undersökt småbarnsfamiljers kostvanor med utgångspunkt i Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer om mindre mättat fett, mindre socker, mer kostfiber, frukt, grönt och fisk i kosten. Med hjälp av validerade frågor bedömdes uppgifter om konsumtionsfrekvenser hos föräldrar och barn. Den sökte också svar på om barnets ätvanor liknar förälderns och om föräldrars påverkan på barnets matintag har någon betydelse för detsamma. Dessutom efterfrågades vilka hinder som kunde tänkas finnas för hälsosamma matvanor i familjen. 56 föräldrar med minst ett barn i åldern 1-6 år valde att besvara det frågeformulär som distribuerades via fem förskolor i Hagfors kommun. Resultatet visar att barns och föräldrars kostvanor kan förbättras. Majoriteten av föräldrar och barn når inte upp till Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer. Sockerintaget är ett undantag som är i sin ordning hos föräldrarna. Bullar, kex, kakor och saft/läsk intas dock för ofta hos barnen. I jämförelse med tidigare svenska kostundersökningar kan man se att konsumtionsfrekvenserna för de ”onyttiga” livsmedlen är signifikant lägre i denna undersökning. En granskning av konsumtionsfrekvenserna hos paren förälder – barn visar tydligt att föräldrars ätvanor har betydelse för hur barnet äter. Studien finner inga tydliga samband mellan konsumtionsfrekvens av utrymmesmat och förälders påverkan på hur mycket/lite barnet ska äta. Ett undantag finns dock och det är de föräldrar som mutar sina barn med efterrätt för att få barnet att äta mer. De barnen hade en hög konsumtionsfrekvens av glass. De barn som inte påverkas har en tydligt högre konsumtionsfrekvens av frukt och grönt och ost än de barn som inte påverkas vilket kan tyda på bättre mellanmålsvanor och en större preferens för frukt och grönt. Därför kan sägas att förälders påverkan på barnets matintag inte leder till något positivt. Flera av föräldrarna anser att det inte finns några hinder för att äta hälsosamt, ändå konsumerar många för mycket av ohälsosamma livsmedel. Tidsbrist anges som det största hindret för hälsosamma matvanor. Slutsatsen är att om ätvanorna hos den framtida vuxna befolkningen dvs barnen ska bli bättre måste förebyggande satsningar riktas till föräldrar. Varje förälder måste förstå sitt eget ansvar när det gäller vilka kostvanor barnet får. Dels genom vad som görs tillgängligt men framförallt vilken förebild man ger sitt barn. / People have trouble establishing good eating habits in spite of a constant flow of information about the negative effects of unhealthy food. Young children depend on the present adults, which implies that food habits of parents become the food habits of their children. The adults have control over the food available and what meals are served. This quantitative study has carried out a dietary survey in families with young children. It is based on the National Food Administration (NFA) dietary recommendations about less saturated fat, less added sugar (sucrose), more dietary fibre and more fruit and vegetables. Validated questions were used to estimate consumption frequencies in food intake of the participating parents and children. This study also investigates whether eating habits of children reflects the eating habits of their parents. Furthermore questions were asked about what difficulties there might be to gain healthy eating habits in the family. Fifty-six parents with at least one child in the age of 1-6 chose to reply to the questionnaire distributed by five pre-schools in the district of Hagfors. The results indicate that the eating habits of both parents and children could change for the better. The majority of parents and children do not achieve the dietary recommendations. The recommended less sugar intake is an exception, which the parents achieve. The children consume buns, biscuits and syrups and soft drinks too often. Consumption frequencies of the unhealthy in-between meals are lower in this survey compared to earlier nation-wide Swedish dietary surveys. An examination of the parent/child pairs indicates that parent’s eating habits closely correspond to those of their children. There is no evidence of effect of parental control over the child’s food intake on consumption frequency of in-between meals. However those parents who use dessert as a bribe to encourage their child to eat more, have children who consume ice cream very often. Children who were not controlled in food intake consumed fruit and vegetables and cheese more often compared to children with parental control over food intake. This may imply that the children who are not controlled have better snack food intake and a greater preference for fruit and vegetables. Therefore it is possible to state that parental control has no positive effects on children’s food intake. Many parents consider that healthy eating habits are no problem, yet many of them consume unhealthy food too often. Lack of time is the most reported difficulty. Conclusions are that if eating habits in the future adult population is to be better, parent’s diet should be focus of change. Each parent needs to recognize the responsibility of him/her in the development of the child’s eating habits, partly by what is made available but most of all by the parental role model.

English title: Parents’ expectations of municipal school of music and of arts. Thesis in Music Education by Jonathan Lilliedahl. Part of the work for the master´s degree. Studies from School of Music, University of Örebro, 2007. Available from School of Music, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden. Original in Swedish. Keywords: parents’ expectations, municipal school of music and of arts, music education, childrens’ development, creative activity, parental influence, municipal activity. The essay concerns parents’ expectations within municipal school of music and of arts. The main aim is to elucidate and understand parents’ expectations of the school and purposes about their childrens activity, and then, discuss the results towards the concept and the didactic of the school. The method has been Grounded Theory. The results are grounded on qualitative interviews with twelve parents from different municipalities and the empirical material has been encoded into categories of various kinds. The results, which have been encoded for a several times and on different levels, indicate that parents have different purposes to each other, but also that each parent has different purposes in various contexts. A joint comprehensive aim and expectation is that the school and their teachers should enable an all-embracing development. Underlying, there are musical targets and objectives towards music as means. The parents take both individual- and group perspectives. The results can also illustrate that parents in many cases adapt their expectations to the existing structure of the school and that many of the parents are satisfied as long as everything works. Many of the parents consider that a municipal school should be responsible for a broad education of arts, characterized by democracy and availability. As a conclusion it may be said, while the parents’ exceptions focus on the childs’ interest and development, the municipal school of music and of arts has even more interests to satisfy and comply with.

The aim of the current study was to determine the occurrence and effects of corporal punishment in the South African environment. Special attention was paid to themes that were derived from the literature. These themes were immediate compliance, aggression and the parental influence of corporal punishment. This was a quantitative study which utilised a survey developed by the researcher using previous literature on the topic of corporal punishment. The sample was taken from four different schools in the Johannesburg area. The sample consisted of one hundred and twenty one children within middle childhood (N=121). It was found that corporal punishment is occurring in South African homes. It was also found that children do not feel indifferent about the use of corporal punishment. When it came to the use of corporal punishment and socio-economic status, it was found that there is a significant correlation between the two. / Social Work / M.Diac (Play therapy)

Föräldrainflytande är ett komplext begrepp och en viktig del i förskolans värdegrundsarbete och demokratiuppdrag. Det är föräldrarna som har det yttersta ansvaret för barnet samt känner sitt barn allra bäst. En god samverkan mellan föräldrar och förskolan som möjliggör föräldrainflytande är därför viktigt för att kunna skapa de bästa förutsättningarna för barnet. Syftet med den här studien är därför att undersöka föräldrars upplevelser av föräldrainflytande i förskolans verksamhet med specifikt fokus på vilan. För att få svar på studiens frågeställningar har enkäter samlats in från sex föräldrar med barn i ett till treårsåldern som går i förskolan. Begreppet inflytande problematiseras med hjälp av inflytandetrappan, vilken synliggör olika nivåer av inflytande som alla är viktiga för att kunna tala om ett reellt föräldrainflytande. Vid första anblick tyder resultatet på att föräldrarnas syn på sina möjligheter till inflytande är övervägande goda. Men vid en närmare granskning av föräldrarnas beskrivningar och exempel synliggörs att det finns begränsningar i föräldrainflytandet, vilket leder till att föräldrarna inte får, eller inte utnyttjar sina möjligheter till att utöva ett reellt föräldrainflytande. / Parental influence is a complex concept and an important part of the preschool's value-based work and democracy mission. It is the parents who have the ultimate responsibility for the child and know their child best. A good collaboration between parents and the preschool that enables parental influence is therefore important in order to be able to create the best conditions for the child. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate parents' experiences of parental influence in the preschool's activities with a specific focus on the childs rest. To get answers to the study's questions, questionnaires were collected from six parents with children aged one to three years who go to preschool. The concept of influence is problematised with the help of the influence ladder, which makes different levels of influence visible, all of which are important in order to be able to talk about a real parental influence. At first glance, the results indicate that the parents' views on their opportunities for influence are predominantly good. However, a closer examination of the parents' descriptions and examples reveals that there are limitations in the parental influence, which leads to the parents not being able to, or not using, their opportunities to exercise a real parental influence.

This study aimed to examine the external and internal factors which influence Swedish upper secondary school students’ choices regarding their educational path. These factors included parental influence, peer influence, expectations, and internal motivations which may influence the students’ choices. The set hypotheses for the study were: parental occupation does not influence the child’s choice of school program, a correlation exists between the parents’ highest educational level and the students’ ambitions to pursue higher education, and lastly, factors including family, friends and internal motivations have some influence on students’ choices regarding education and occupation. The data was collected by the use of a questionnaire specifically made for this study and the participants included Swedish students (n=108) who studied in the counties of Uppsala and Stockholm. The results showed no correlations between the parents’ highest educational level and the students’ choices. However, the results showed correlations between ambitions regarding higher education and three variables regarding current studies, school assignments and positive parental expectations. Therefore, conclusions were drawn that both internal motivation and external factors, such as parents, influence the students’ choices regarding education to different extents. / Syftet för denna studie var att undersöka de externa och interna faktorer som kan påverka svenska gymnasieelevers utbildningsval. Dessa faktorer inkluderade påverkan från föräldrar och vänner, förväntningar samt interna motivationer som kan påverka elevers val. De uppsatta hypoteserna för studien var: föräldrars val av yrke har inte någon påverkan på vad deras barn väljer för program, det finns ett samband mellan föräldrarnas val att genomföra en eftergymnasial utbildning och barnets strävan att göra detsamma och slutligen har faktorer som vänner och familj, förväntningar på eleven samt individens inre motivationer en påverkan på elevers utbildningsval. Datainsamlingen gjordes med hjälp av ett frågeformulär som skapades specifikt för denna studie. Deltagandet bestod av svenska gymnasieelever (n=108) som studerade i Uppsala och Stockholms län. Resultaten visade inga korrelationer mellan föräldrarnas högsta utbildningsnivå och elevernas utbildningsval. Resultaten visade dock korrelationer mellan elevernas ställningstagande gällande framtida studier och tre variabler som innefattade anledningar till nuvarande studier, syfte med skoluppgifter och positiva förväntningar samt att dessa förväntning påverkade eleverna på olika sätt. Slutsatserna drogs därför att både intern och extern motivation påverkade elevernas utbildningsval till olika grad.

No description available.

From the moment children are born, they begin a lifetime journey of learning about themselves and their surroundings. With the establishment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, it mandates that all children receive a high-quality education in a positive school climate. Regardless of the school the child attends or the neighborhood in which the child lives, proper and quality education and resources must be provided and made available in order for the child to be academically successful. The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate the relationship between the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County, Florida and the concentrations of a school’s racial and ethnic make-up (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), English for Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) population, socio-economic status (SES), and school climate. The research question of this study was: Is there a significant relationship between the FCAT 2.0 Mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County when controlling SES, ESOL student population, and school climate for the 2010-2011 school year? The instruments used to collect the data were the FCAT 2.0 and Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) School Climate Survey. The study found that Economically Disadvantaged (SES) students socio-economic status had the strongest correlation with the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores (r = -.830). The next strongest correlation was with the number of students who agreed that their school climate was positive and helped them learn (r = .741) and the third strongest correlation was a school percentage of White students (r = .668). The study concluded that the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of M-DCPS middle school students have a significant relationship with socio-economic status, school climate, and racial concentration.