Introduction: Primary care in Flanders is undergoing reform. Researchers are looking at ways to understand the context in order to be able to implement person-centred and goal-oriented care approaches such as reablement. Aim: The aim was to illuminate the lived experiences of older people with chronic conditions and what it means to receive paid care at home. Method: Using an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach, this study aimed to understand the lived experience of someone living at home receiving paid care. Results: Six in depth interviews were analysed generating nine themes and related subthemes. Conclusions: The study illuminated the experiences of six people who received care at home and generated themes around autonomy, adaptability, respect, identity, flexibility, self determination, power, acceptance, and control that reflected the literature and concepts around person-centred and goal-oriented care as well as the importance of the role of occupational therapy. Significance: In the Flemish context, this was the first study looking at the experiences of people living at home with paid care and the chances and barriers to reablement and occupational therapy in the community setting.

Background: Diabetes type 2 is a growing public disease worldwide that is primarily acquired through lifestyle habits, which is why self-care plays a large role in treatment. Untreated type 2 diabetes can lead to serious complications for the patient, which is why the nurse's work is focused on a person-centered approach in education, treatment and communication to support the patient in performing self-care.Aim: To describe how nurses can promote health in patients with type 2 diabetes.Method: General literature review based on a thematic analysis based on nine scientific articles, six quantitative and three qualitative studies.Results: Categories identified in the analysis included person-centered approach, increased self-efficacy and reduced risk of complications.Conclusion: Diabetes type 2 is an already widespread public disease where incidence estimates show a continuous and alarming increase worldwide. In addition, type 2 diabetes poses enormous costs to society. The authors therefore recommend that all nurses, already during basic education, should acquire broader competence in lifestyle and MI in order to more easily meet the growing population of patients with type 2 diabetes. However, research is needed into whether an implementation would be possible.

Bakgrund: Njurdonation är en omfattande process där en individ, efter eget beslut eller i samråd med andra, donerar en av sina friska njurar till en mottagare i behov av den för att förbättra sin överlevnad och hälsa. Som grundutbildad sjuksköterska har man tillgång till flera olika arbetsplatser, vilket innebär att man kommer möta olika patientgrupper i sitt yrke. I omvårdnaden av en njurdonator är den personcentrerade vården en viktig grundsten. Utöver denna princip är sjuksköterskans övriga kärnkompetenser avgörande. Det är nödvändigt att kunna samarbeta i team eftersom patienten inte bara behöver sjuksköterskans stöd utan även hjälp och kontakt med andra vårdpersonal såsom läkare, specialistsjuksköterska samt psykolog och kurator. Den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan spelar rollen som navet i samarbetet, med ansvar för att säkerställa att all samverkan fungerar samtidigt och ingen aspekt av vården försummas. Därför är det av vikt att den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan har kunskap om njurdonatorers upplevelser både pre- och postoperativt. Syfte: litteraturstudiens syfte var att belysa pre- och postoperativa donationsupplevelse för donatorer som frivilligt donerar en njure. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturgenomgång med en kvalitativ metod på en grund av tio vetenskapliga peer-reviewed artiklar. Analysen av artiklarna följde en specifik modell för innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier definierar donatorernas upplevelser av den pre-och postoperativa donationsprocessen; ”Donatorernas anledningar till att donera”, ”Betydelsefullt med emotionellt stöd och förståelse” och ”Stress och komplikationer”. Konklusion: Njurdonatorers erfarenheter är övervägande positiva men präglas av intensiva känslor såsom glädje och stolthet, samtidigt som de upplever nervositet och stress inför godkännandet som donator. Tillräckligt stöd och förståelse från vårdpersonal och närstående underlättar hanteringen av den emotionella påfrestningen. För sjuksköterskor är insikten om donatorers upplevelser avgörande för att erbjuda personcentrerad vård och förbereda både vårdpersonal och donator för potentiella konsekvenser, vilket främjar högre vård- och livskvalitet för donatorn. Nyckelord: Grundutbildad sjuksköterska, Njurdonation, Njurtransplantation, upplevelser, Personcentrerad vård / Background: Kidney donation is a medical process where an individual, by their own decision or in consultation with others, donates one of their healthy kidneys to a recipient in need, aiming to improve their survival and health. As a registered nurse, one has access to various workplaces and opportunities, meaning they will encounter different types of patients in their profession. In the care of kidney donors, person-centered care stands as a crucial cornerstone. Beyond this principle, the nurse´s other core competencies are paramount. Collaborating within a team is essential since the patient requires not only the nurse´s support but also assistance and interaction with other healthcare professionals such as physicians, specialized nurses, psychologists, and counselors. The bachelor's degree nurse plays a pivotal role in this collaboration, being responsible for ensuring seamless cooperation while no aspect of care is neglected. Therefore, it is crucial for the bachelor's degree nurse to have knowledge of kidney donors´experiences both pre- and post-operatively. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to illustrate the pre-and postoperative donation experience of donors who voluntarily donate a kidney. Method: The research was conducted as an approach to a qualitative systematic literature review, drawing from ten peer-reviewed original articles. The Articles underwent analysis following a specific model for content analysis. Result: Three main categories define the donors' experiences of the pre- and post-operative donation process; “Donors’ reasons for donating”, “Meaningful with emotional support and understanding” and “Stress and complications”. Conclusion: Kidney donors` experiences are predominantly positive but are characterized by intense emotions such as joy and pride, while at the same time they experience nervousness and stress before being accepted as a donor. Sufficient support and understanding from healthcare staff and relatives facilitates the handling of the emotional strain. For nurses, the insight into donors´experiences is essential to provide person-centered care and prepare both health care professionals and donors for potential consequences, promoting higher quality of care and quality of life for the donor. Keywords: Registered nurse, experiences. kidney donation, kidney transplantation, person-centred care.

Aim: As the ageing population in China increases, support required from family caregivers for older relatives living with long-term health conditions also increases. This being so, this thesis explored the experiences and perceptions of current and prospective family caregivers, under the culture of Xiao (孝; filial piety). Design and Methods: Phase 1 was conducted with 19 Chinese students using 3 focus groups to gain greater familiarity with the culture and inform the main study (Phase 2). Adopting a social constructivist philosophical position, data for Phase 2 were obtained from three generational sub-samples: only-children affected by the One-Child Policy (OCP), parents affected by OCP, and family caregivers in the workforce, totaling 23 participants through virtual in-depth interviews with participants in mainland China. Interviews were translated, transcribed, and analysed using reflective thematic analysis. Findings and Conclusion: Phase 1 confirmed the centrality of the concept of Xiao to attitudes and beliefs around future caregiving for parents. Phase 2 findings’ overarching theme was ‘Competing pressures’, which comprised of three inextricably linked themes: (i) Caregiving beliefs, (ii) Contextual factors, and (iii) Caregiving conditions. Participants expressed meaningful desires to fulfil obligations, reflecting value-based convictions, stemming from their socio-cultural environment. Stressors experienced reveals structural and personal barriers to seeking support. Ultimately, extensive demands and limited coping strategies could diminish meaning in caregiving. This thesis makes a novel contribution on perceptions and experiences of family caregivers of older relatives within China as a collectivist society. Findings have implications for research, policy, and practice, highlighting the need for culturally attuned services to build resilience.

Bakgrund: Etiken inom vården går mot en personcentrering där varje patient ska ses som en unik person med resurser och behov. Samtidigt saknas det vårdpersonal. För att möta rekryteringsbehovet som finns har förändringar varit nödvändiga. Förändringar av kompetensmixen kan medföra att vården blir fragmenterad och helhetsbilden över patienten går förlorad. Det finns en kunskapslucka angående personcentrerad vård på vårdavdelningar som genomfört kompetens-mix.Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av personcentrerad vård på medicinska vårdavdelningar som genomfört kompetensmix.Metod: En kvalitativ metod med datainsamling genom tolv enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer användes. Materialet analyserades med en induktiv ansats. En innehållsanalys av det manifesta innehållet genomfördes.Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier “Att etablera relationer”, “Att utforma vården i partnerskap” och “Att vårdkontexten påverkar” och tio underkategorier. Relationen mellan patient och sjuksköterska sågs som viktig för att kunna anpassa vården efter person. Flera utmaningar för personcentrerad vård lyftes där det framkom att såväl organisationen som vårdpersonal behöver skapa förutsättningar för att möjliggöra personcentrerad vård.Slutsats: Det upplevs positivt att bli avlastad av farmaceut och servicepersonal men sjuksköterskorna har helhetsansvaret över patienterna och har erfarenheter av att det främst är antalet patienter per sjuksköterska som behöver minska för att möjliggöra personcentrerad vård. / Background: Ethics in healthcare is moving towards a person-centred approach where each patient is to be seen as a unique person with resources and needs. At the same time, there is a lack of nursing staff. In order to meet the recruitment needs, changes have been necessary. Changes to the skill mix can mean that care becomes fragmented, and the overall picture of the patient is lost. There is a knowledge gap regarding person-centred care in medical wards that have imple-mented skill mix.Aim: The aim was to illustrate nurses' experiences of person-centred care in medical wards that have implemented skill mix.Methods: A qualitative method with data collection through twelve individual semistructured interviews was used. The material was analyzed with an inductive approach. A content analysis of the manifest content was carried out.Results: The analysis resulted in three main categories "To establish a relationship", "To design care in partnership" and "That the care context has influence" and ten subcategories. The relationship between patient and nurse was seen as important in being able to adapt care to the individual. Several challenges for person-centred care were raised, where it emerged that both the organization and health care professionals  need to create conditions to enable person-centred care.Conclusion: It is perceived positively to be relieved by the pharmacist and service staff, but the nurses have overall responsibility for the patients and have experience that it is mainly the number of patients per nurse that needs to be reduced to enable person-centred care.

Bakgrund: Orsaken till diabetes typ 1 är i dagsläget okänt, vilket innebär att sjukdomen är obotlig och kan medföra allvarliga komplikationer. Patientens egenansvar är därav nödvändigt i egenvården med stöd från hälso-och sjukvården. Sjuksköterskans roll är betydelsefull för att ge patienten stöd och kunskap som kan främja patientens egenvård samt hälsa. För att patienten ska få makt och kontroll över hälsan utgör begreppet empowerment en betydande del i egenvården. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vuxna patienters erfarenheter av egenvård vid diabetes typ 1 i vardagen. Metod: Litteraturöversiktens design var kvalitativ med en induktiv ansats, där 13 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades som publicerades mellan 2015–2022. Använda databaser var CINAHL och MEDLINE. Analys utfördes enligt Fribergs fem steg. Resultat: Första huvudkategorin blev strategier med underkategorierna; hanteringsstrategier i egenvården, rutinernas betydelse i vardagen, den mentala inställningens påverkan på egenvården samt teknikens betydelse i egenvården. Andra huvudkategorin blev utmaningar med underkategorierna; svårigheter att hitta balans i vardagen samt faktorer som kan påverka egenvården negativt. Tredje huvudkategorin blev stöd med underkategorierna; påverkan från familj och vänner samt påverkan från vårdpersonal.  Slutsats: Genom strategier och stöd kan egenvårdens utmaningar hanteras, vilket kan främja en god egenvård.

Bakgrund: Informellt tvång innebär att patienten pressas att acceptera vården genom hot och inskränkningar i beslutsfattandet. Detta strider mot svenska lagar som betonar delaktighet och respektfullt bemötande. Specialistsjuksköterskan som arbetar där informellt tvång används tenderar att undervärdera det. Genom att undersöka patienters upplevelse av informellt tvång inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård kan förståelsen för det informella tvångets effekter öka och möjligheterna till att främja god omvårdnad och återhämtning för patienten. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av informellt tvång inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie där data extraherats från 10 kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Litteraturstudien genererade tre kategorier; maktlöshet och underlägsenhet, förändrad relation till personalen och negativ syn på psykiatrisk vård. Konklusion: Litteraturstudien beskriver patienters upplevelse av informellt tvång i den psykiatriska vården och implicerar behovet av ökad öppenhet och personcentrerad vård från specialistsjuksköterskan för att minska negativa effekter och främja återhämtning. / Background: Informal coercion means that the patient is pressured to accept care through threats and restrictions in decision-making. This goes against Swedish laws that emphasize participation and respectful treatment. The specialist nurse who works where informal coercion is used tends to underestimate it. By investigating patients' experience of informal coercion in psychiatric inpatient care, the understanding of the effects of informal coercion can increase and the opportunities to promote good care and recovery for the patient. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe patients' experiences of informal coercion within inpatient psychiatric care. Method: The study was conducted as a systematic literature study where data was extracted from 10 qualitative articles. Results: The literature study generated three categories; powerlessness and inferiority, changed relationship with the staff and negative view of psychiatric care. Conclusion: The literature study describes patients' experience of informal coercion in psychiatric care and implies the need for increased openness and person-centered care from the Specialist Nurse to reduce negative effects and promote recovery.

Bakgrund: Med en ökande prevalens av diabetes typ 2 globalt, är behovet av effektiv omvårdnad och stöd för livsstilsförändringar viktigt. Distriktssköterskor spelar en nyckelroll i att främja hälsosamma beteenden hos dessa patienter. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur distriktssköterskor motiverar patienter med diabetes typ 2 till att genomföra livsstilsförändringar. Metod: Studien baseras på en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning med induktiv ansats. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med distriktssköterskor inom primärvården, i studiens fall vårdcentraler. Data analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där det reflekterades över innehåll och eventuella mönster i distriktssköterskornas upplevelser och praxis identifierades. Resultat: Studien visar att personcentrerad vård, aktivt lyssnande och empati är avgörande för att motivera patienter med diabetes typ 2 till livsstilsförändringar. Distriktssköterskorna betonar anpassning av stödet till varje patients unika behov och vikten av patientinvolvering i vårdbeslut. Teamarbete och samarbete över professionella gränser är också centrala för att erbjuda koordinerad vård. Diabetesskolan och anhörigas involvering framhålls som viktiga resurser för att stödja och motivera patienterna. Konklusion: Studien understryker distriktssköterskors centrala roll i att främja livsstilsförändringar hos patienter med diabetes typ 2 och föreslår ytterligare forskning för att utveckla riktlinjer och utbildningsprogram som stärker denna aspekt av diabetesvården. / Background: With an increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes globally, the need for effective care and support for lifestyle changes is important. District nurses play a key role in promoting healthy behaviors in these patients.  Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate how district nurses motivate patients with type 2 diabetes to implement lifestyle changes.  Method: The study is based on a qualitative interview survey with an inductive approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with district nurses in primary care, in this study health care centers. Data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis by reflecting on the content and identifying any patterns in the district nurses' experiences and practices.  Findings: The study shows that person-centered care, active listening and empathy are essential to motivate patients with type 2 diabetes to make lifestyle changes. The district nurses emphasize the adaptation of support to each patient's unique needs and the importance of patient involvement in care decisions. Teamwork and collaboration across professional boundaries are also central to offering coordinated care. The diabetes school and the involvement of relatives are emphasized as important resources for supporting and motivating the patients.  Conclusion: The study highlights the central role of district nurses in promoting lifestyle changes in patients with type 2 diabetes and suggests further research to develop guidelines and educational programs that strengthen this aspect of diabetes care.

Aims: The aim of this study was to understand the eating and drinking experiences of people living with dementia and dysphagia in care homes from their perspective and those of their family members, formal care staff and Speech and Language Therapists (SLT). Design and methods: In this multi-method qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 14 care home residents, seven family members of people living with dementia and dysphagia, and 13 care home staff with a variety of roles. Structured observations, using Dementia Care Mapping, were carried out with eight people living with dementia and dysphagia. Additionally, focus groups were carried out with a total of 31 SLTs. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: The findings of this study highlighted the changes experienced by people living in care homes, and those living with dementia and dysphagia, in relation to eating and drinking. In particular an impact on identity was found. This study highlighted the challenges of multiple people being involved in dysphagia care, with unclear roles and responsibilities and ineffective channels of communication. Despite the challenges identified, there were also examples of positive eating and drinking experiences through connections with others and the celebration of meaningful events. Conclusion: This was the first study that sought to explore and understand the eating and drinking experiences of people living with dementia and dysphagia from multiple perspectives. The findings highlight the challenges involved and possible solutions to promote a more person-centred approach to eating and drinking for people living with dementia and dysphagia. / Alzheimer’s Society; Compass Group

How African individuals perceive the family life cycle, is the topic of this research. This qualitative study was facilitated with two individuals. Constructivism was used to explore how individuals create their reality. The Person-Centred Approach was studied to understand the importance of the Self- concept in the individual, and the role played by perceptions created in an ever-changing environment. Systems theory helped understand the interaction of family members as a system (family), especially the creation of stability after a state of disequilibrium – in this case, transitions between stages of the life cycle. Only with one respondent were some differences identified compared to the Western view of the life cycle. It was thus concluded that the family life cycle can be used as a guideline during therapy, regarding difficult transitions people (including African people) have to make, for therapists working from both the Person-Centred Approach and the systems perspective. / Social Work / (M.A. (Social Work (Mental Health))