Nosso estudo aborda a comparação entre Vidas Secas (Graciliano Ramos) e algumas pinturas de Cândido Portinari. Em nossa opinião, há algo em comum nessas obras: o estabelecimento duma relação íntima entre o ambiente e as figuras humanas retratadas. Seria dizermos que os personagens estão impregnados da essência de seu entorno: no caso de Vidas secas, o uso reiterado de animalizações e coisificações; no caso de Portinari, a presença plástica do ambiente nos corpos das figuras, gerando algo que dá a ver seres amarrados ao entorno. Com isso, podemos notar que a diluição do homem por conta dessa relação com o ambiente encontra correspondências com sua própria diluição na sociedade. O que mais interessa nesse caso é o fato de como o homem resiste a tais diluições, ou melhor, o modo como ambos os artistas (de maneira semelhante) expõem essa resistência. / Our study is based on the comparison between a Graciliano Ramoss novel (Vidas secas Droughty lives) and Candido Portinaris paintings. For us, there is something in common between them: the establishing of a deep relation between the ambient and the human figures featured in the referred artistic productions. We say the characters are full of the surrounding essence: with regard to Vidas secas, the reiterated use of the animalization and reification; with regard to Portinari, the plastic presence of the ambient in the figures bodies, producing something that demonstrates beings fastened to what surround them. Then we can observe the human diluting by reason of that relation with the ambient corresponds to a social diluting of the man. In this case the most interesting is the fact of how the man resists to this diluting, that is, the way how both artists expose that man resistance.

Nesta dissertação apresenta-se uma biografia de Gonzaga Duque, comentários de suas obras, uma fortuna crítica, cujo conteúdo expressa os comentários e estudos feitos por importantes críticos, reconhecendo a importância literária de Gonzaga Duque, sua produção textual, suas tentativas como um artista preocupado com a propagação da arte e suas evoluções, ou mesmo constatando sua existência entre os consagrados pelo paideuma (Machado de Assis, Cruz e Souza, entre outros nomes), sem estar oficialmente presente nesta seleção. Analisou-se o romance de Mocidade morta: sua estrutura textual, seu aspecto simbolista e sua estética, sua crítica à arte e à política da época e suas personagens. Procurou-se demonstrar a importância deste observador da sociedade brasileira, que o menosprezou por não pertencer aos grupos políticos em destaque, sendo um autor corajosamente diferencial e boêmio. / In this paper its been presented a biography of Gonzaga Duque, comments about his works, a fortunate criticism which contents express the comments and studies done by important critics, recognizing the literary importance of Gonzaga Duque, as well as, his textual production, his attempts as an artist worried about the spread of arts e its evolution or even finding out his existence among the prestigious writers by paideuma (Machado de Assis, Cruz e Souza among other names) even without being included in that list. Its been analysed the novel Mocidade morta: its textual structure, its symbolist aspect and aesthetics, its criticism to arts and politics at that time and its characters. Its been demonstrated the importance of this watcher of brazilian society, that despised him because he didnt belong to the most prestigious political groups, being a brave and Bohemian author.

La sublimación es definida como un proceso de transformación de la fuerza pulsional, no reprimida, hacia una fuerza creativa. En esta investigación, se describe el proceso de sublimación en personas dedicadas a las artes plásticas. Para ello, empleando una metodología de estudio de casos múltiples y los sistemas conversacionales de González Rey, se exploró la historia personal y vivencia artística de 4 artistas limeños entre 24 y 32 años, con formación superior en Artes Plásticas para describir cómo se transforma la pulsión a ser sublimada. Para analizar los resultados obtenidos se parte de la noción teórica de sublimación freudiana (Freud, 1940) para luego complementar con investigaciones empíricas propias del ámbito artístico (Ferre Fernández, 2002). Dicho análisis, permite afirmar que el proceso de sublimación es observable en artistas plásticos y que es propio de cada artista, ya que está enmarcado en sus experiencias pasadas, emociones y vínculos, que generan una manera particular de percibir su entorno y enfrentarse a la realidad a través del arte y la transformación. / Sublimation is defined as a process of transformation of the instinctual force, not repressed, towards a creative force. In this research, the sublimation process is described in people dedicated to the plastic arts. To do this, using a multiple case study methodology and the conversational systems of González Rey. The personal history and artistic experience of 4 Lima artists between 24 and 32 years old, with superior training in Plastic Arts, was explored to describe how the drive to be sublimated is transformed. To analyze the results obtained, we start from the theoretical notion of Freudian sublimation (Freud, 1940) and then complement it with empirical investigations typical of the artistic field (Ferre Fernandez, 2002). This analysis allows us to affirm that the sublimation process is observable in plastic artists and that it is specific to each artist, since it is framed in their past experiences, emotions and links, which generate a particular way of perceiving their environment and facing reality. through art and transformation. / Tesis

En el presente proyecto, se ha desarrollado una idea de negocio escalable y competitivo en el mercado y que se pueda mantener en el largo plazo. Este proyecto se basa en la comercialización de talleres a través de una plataforma digital, de nombre Minicrea, que ofrece una diversidad de especialidades en talleres recreativos enfocados principalmente en las artes plásticas, considerando dentro de ello, especialidades como pintura al óleo, dibujo, reciclaje artístico, entre otros. Minicrea es un proyecto basado en talleres de aprendizaje en línea, está dirigido a niños entre las edades de 6 a 11 años pertenecientes al nivel socioeconómico A y B. Este proyecto se inició a través de un proceso creativo en el que se presentaron ideas nuevas e innovadoras, las que dieron lugar a Minicrea. Esta fue validada por un método muy utilizado de recopilación de datos informativos, es decir entrevistas tanto a usuarios que cumplan los requerimientos para calificar como parte de nuestro público objetivo, así como también a expertos cuya información obtenida por parte de estos fue fundamental para la realización del presente proyecto. Asimismo, el modelo de negocio compuesto por elementos claves para el funcionamiento del presente emprendimiento debe ser validado. Para llevar a cabo esta validación de los supuestos del modelo de negocio, el equipo desarrolló un producto mínimo viable, el cual se presentó a los dos segmentos al que nos dirigimos. Los aprendizajes obtenidos de ello fueron muy importantes para realizar los ajustes correspondientes de acuerdo a las necesidades de los usuarios. Tras ello, se realizaron cuatro Concierge a lo largo de este proyecto, concluyendo que los talleres de artes plásticas ofrecidos por Minicrea, representan, para los padres de familia un servicio de alto valor debido a la calidad del mismo, por lo que tuvo gran acogida y muy buena aceptación. Consideramos que esta es una idea sumamente viable debido a las circunstancias que se viven en la actualidad, que a causa del confinamiento, muchos niños presentaron dificultades como afrontar el estrés por permanecer tanto tiempo en casa y las limitaciones que ello trae consigo, como el no poder tomar actividades recreativas al aire libre, sumado a ello, el aprendizaje a distancia y la falta de interacción con otros niños, nos ha llevado a plantear esta idea de negocio escalable y que se ajusta a la nueva normalidad y a las nuevas tendencias del mercado. / In this project, a scalable and competitive business idea has been developed in the market that can be maintained in the long term. This project is based on the commercialization of workshops through a digital platform, called Minicrea, which offers a diversity of specialties in recreational workshops focused mainly on the plastic arts, considering within it, specialties such as oil painting, drawing, recycling artistic, among others. Minicrea is a project based on online learning workshops, it is aimed at children between the ages of 6 to 11 years belonging to socioeconomic level A and B. This project began through a creative process in which new and innovative ideas were presented, which gave rise to Minicrea. This was validated by a widely used method of compiling informative data, that is, interviews both with users who meet the requirements to qualify as part of our target audience, as well as with experts whose information obtained from them was essential for the realization of this project. Likewise, the business model made up of key elements for the operation of this undertaking must be validated. To carry out this validation of the assumptions of the business model, the team developed a minimum viable product, which was presented to the two segments we are targeting. The lessons learned from this were very important to make the corresponding adjustments according to the needs of the users. After that, four concierges were held throughout this project, concluding that the plastic arts workshops offered by Minicrea represent, for parents, a high value service due to its quality, which is why it was very well received and very good acceptance. We consider that this is an extremely viable idea due to the circumstances that are lived today, that because of the confinement, many children presented difficulties such as coping with the stress of staying so long at home and the limitations that this brings, such as not Being able to take recreational activities outdoors, added to this, distance learning and the lack of interaction with other children, has led us to propose this scalable business idea that adjusts to the new normal and new market trends. / Trabajo de investigación

Scholarly attention to late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century French art has focused on the importance that Johann Joachim Winckelmann attributed to the male nude figure in his definition of ideal beauty, and the impact of his work on debates over the 'beau idéal' in French art and art criticism. In contrast, Winckelmann's extensive interest in the detail of ancient costume, the folds of drapery, and the teleological and aesthetic significance that he ascribed to them, has been underplayed. The role played by costume and drapery as components of the 'beau idéal' in French art and aesthetics has also not been fully explored. This thesis examines the way in which costume and drapery formed an important component and embodiment of ideal beauty in the work of Winckelmann and in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century French artistic circles, providing new insights into the arguments over the meanings of Truth, Beauty and Nature in this period. The thesis proposes that ideal beauty in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth- century France was conveyed in works of art through the accurate rendering of costume and the expressive qualities of drapery in combination with the perfect form and contour of the nude body. The first part of the thesis sets up a proposition that costume and drapery formed part of the definition of ideal beauty in the work of Winckelmann. Highlighting the significance of Winckelmann's work on costume and drapery in French art theory, it demonstrates how the definition of ideal beauty in France also incorporated the accurate rendering of costume and the aesthetic impact of drapery. In demonstrating the significance of costume and drapery to both Winckelmann and French theorists it is proposed that the application of a meta-historical approach of costume and drapery to French art theory can provide new understandings and readings of the definition of ideal beauty, the hierarchy of the genres and the broader aesthetic concerns of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth- century French art. The second part of the thesis applies the proposed hermeneutic of costume and drapery to a small selection of theoretical work on the nature of ideal beauty and on a significant collection of Salon criticism. With this approach to the primary material this thesis demonstrates how French artists were able to express the 'beau idéal' within the traditional academic conventions and hierarchies, and negotiate the sense of public unease over the use of nudity in contemporary art.

Notre thèse présente et analyse la vie et l’œuvre de Ceri Richards (1903-1971), artiste peintre britannique d’origine galloise, dont l’art est profondément influencé par la musique. Mélomane et pianiste amateur, Richards développe son art de façon très indépendante et marque l’art britannique par une originalité commentée et appréciée des critiques d’art londoniens de son temps, « ce qui le [classe] comme l’un des plus grands parmi les peintres britanniques du milieu du XXe siècle » (Bénézit). C’est après la Seconde Guerre mondiale que les références musicales apparaissent avec plus d’importance dans son travail artistique dont la série des Cathédrales englouties (v. 1957-1967), inspirée du prélude éponyme de Claude Debussy, est unanimement reconnue.La première partie de la thèse est une biographie revue et augmentée de Ceri Richards en suivant le fil conducteur de la musique. Elle s’appuie sur des sources, notamment épistolaires, jamais dévoilées jusqu’à présent et des articles sur l’artiste non encore exploités.La troisième partie est un catalogue raisonné de l’œuvre de Ceri Richards en rapport avec la musique. Notre classement, aussi exhaustif que possible à ce jour, établit huit grandes thématiques : le piano et les pianistes, Claude Debussy, Ludwig van Beethoven, les décors et les costumes d’opéras, la musique dans la poésie, les illustrations réalisées pour une Histoire de la musique écrite par Benjamin Britten et Imogen Holst, les illustrations d’ouvrages non musicaux et enfin d’autres thématiques musicales diverses. Ce travail de recensement et de catalogage, le premier jamais réalisé, souligne l’étendue et la diversité de l’inspiration musicale de Ceri Richards. / My thesis dissertation presents and analyses the life and work of Ceri Richards (1903-1971), a British painter originally from Wales. His art is profoundly influenced by music. As a music lover and pianist, Richards was particularly appreciated by London critics of his time who “placed him as one of the highest ranking, mid-20th-century British Painter” (E. Bénézit, Dictionary of Artists, Paris, Gründ, 2006). After the Second World War, the musical references are much more visible and important in his painting. His Cathédrale engloutie series, which was inspired by the eponymous Prelude by Debussy, is unanimously praised.The first part of my thesis is a biography of Ceri Richards, based on the importance of the music in his life. It relies on sources, letters unknown until now and articles about the artist never before explored.The second part investigates two corpus: the first one inspired by Debussy’s Cathédrale engloutie and the second by Beethoven in a comparative analysis.The third part is a catalogue raisonné of the work in relation with music. The organisation is in eight thematics: piano and pianists, Claude Debussy, Ludwig van Beethoven, opera stage decor and costumes, music in the poetry, illustrations realised for The Story of Music written by Benjamin Britten and Imogen Holst, illustrations for books which are not musical and other diverse musical themes. This catalogue raisonné is the first one and shows the extent and diversity of Ceri Richards’s musical inspiration.

Notre thèse aborde la question de la beauté dans les arts plastiques d'aujourd'hui. Celle-ci en effet ne va pas de soi, si l'on en croit notamment les multiples publications manifestant un rejet de l'art contemporain. Peut-on parler, actuellement, d'une esthétique de l'œuvre renvoyant à une science du beauté à une satisfaction d'ordre essentiellement intellectuel? Soit de beauté intrinsèque qui, comme dans l'art de la Renaissance, relève tant de l'harmonie et de la justesse de ses formes que de la légitimité de son contenu, grâce à la mise en évidence du bien-fondé de la mimêsis, de la perspective ou des motifs religieux ? Ou bien faut-il plutôt, pour pouvoir juger de la valeur esthétique de l'art contemporain, accorder une place de choix à la singularité de ses causes et effets, en opérant notamment un inévitable glissement vers une science du sensible ? Or notre parallélisme entre "esthétique de l'œuvre" et "continuité" dans l'histoire de l'art d'une part, puis "esthétique des effets" et éventuelle "rupture" d'autre part, nous a conduits à interroger d'abord ces éléments de rupture tels que le refus de la profondeur ou de la représentation figurative, mais aussi celui de la réalisation ouvragée et de la matière noble. Mais il nous a aussi amenés, malgré des conditions politiques ou techniques spécifiques de réalisation, à nous pencher sur une véritable poiêsis contemporaine. Car avec les œuvres plastiques de notre époque, il s'agit bien, toujours et incontestablement, d'art et même "d'épiphanie", dès lors que l'on s'en réfère à la vision ontologique et apologétique du philosophe François Dagognet / Our thesisconcerns the question of beauty in the contemporaries plastic arts. But this one does not without saying, if we consider the simple fact of the numerous publications concerning the rejection of contemporary art. May we speak, today, of a "work's esthetic" which refers to a "science of beauty" and to an essentially intellectual satisfaction? We mean an intrinsic beauty, like the one of the Renaissance's art, concerning as much the harmony as the exactness of the forms or the legitimacy of its contents. We mean an art which puts in a prominent position the mimêsis, the perspective's method or the religious motifs. Or would not it be better, in the intention to become able to judge of the esthetic value of contemporary art, to give a first place to the singularity of his causes and effects, at the same time we slide towards a "science of the sensibility" ? In fact, our parallelism between "work's esthetic" and "continuity", then between "effect's esthetic" and a possible "breaking" makes us think about reasons of this breaking, such as the refusal of profundity or as the figurative representation, as well asthe rejection of construction works or noble material. However, we have succeded to consider contemporary art as a real and new poiêsis, in spite of his specific political and technical ways of realisation. And we may assert that, today, undeniably, it is the matter of real art, and even of "epiphany", as soon as we refer to the ontological and laudatory point of view of the philosophe François Dagognet

(in English): This thesis is devoted to the time of the Brazilian military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985 and effects of artists during these years. The first chapter outlines the historical development leading to the onset of military dictatorship and the subsequent period of military rule until its fall in 1985 and the return to democracy. The second chapter is a brief overview of the development of Brazilian art in the 20th century until the military coup. Then this thesis is focused on the visual arts from 1964 to 1985 and the text describes each part of the military dictatorship and the rate of censorship and restrictions. Further text describes the front anti-regime artists and their work at major exhibitions and demonstrations. For better illustration of the effects of artists during the military dictatorship there are two separate chapters devoted Artur Barrio and Cildo Meireles, two significant anti-regime artists. The conclusion summarizes the findings.

Las relaciones existentes entre el cinematógrafo y las artes plásticas durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX son una de las señas de identidad de un período artístico protagonizado por los movimientos vanguardistas. En efecto, fotografía y cine se unen a pintura y escultura en el maremagno de creatividad y experimentación que vivió el arte al calor de las vanguardias históricas. Pese a ser numerosas y evidentes las influencias que el cine recibió de las artes plásticas en esas primeras décadas del siglo, lo que se quiere abordar en esta investigación no es esta vinculación sino, precisamente, su inversa. De lo que se trata, pues, es de investigar, evidenciar y explicar las influencias del medio cinematográfico en las artes plásticas, a nivel formal, expresivo o iconográfico, influencias que, como es lógico, resultan especialmente significativas en la pintura. / The existing relations between the cinematograph and the plastic arts during the first decades of the 20th century are one of the identity signs of an artistic period led by the avant-garde movements. In fact, photography and cinema join painting and sculpture in the maremagnum of creativity and experimentation that art lived with the historical avant-garde. In spite of the fact that the influences that cinema received from plastic arts in these first decades of the century are numerous and evident, what must be faced in this investigation is not this link but, precisely, his opposite. What we are dealing with, thus, is investigating, demonstrating and explaining the influences of the cinematographic means in the plastic arts, at a formal, expressive or iconographic level, influences that, naturally, turn out to be specially significant on painting.

Cette thèse de doctorat examine comment la mobilité peut devenir la base d’un processus de création dans le champ de l’image en mouvement. Je propose un cadre de travail dans lequel l’ouverture d’esprit caractéristique de la mobilité volontaire est associée à une ouverture du langage artistique. En tant qu’ensemble de déplacements physiques et mentaux entre différentes géographies et entre différentes cultures, langues et traditions, la mobilité peut déterminer à la fois une expérience personnelle et une production artistique directement liées à l’improvisation et au hasard. Cette forme de pensée nomade, ouverte à l’improvisation, à l’imprévisibilité et au risque affecte aussi les formes des œuvres, également ouvertes à divers modes d’exposition et différentes interprétations. L’étude nous révèle comment les frontières géopolitiques et artistiques se stimulent et s’affectent mutuellement et dialectiquement. Elle nous incite à réfléchir sur la question de la mobilité en même temps qu’elle participe à l’élargissement des frontières de l’image en mouvement. Autour des notions de mobilité et de création en contexte, j’examine dans cette recherche basée sur ma pratique et celle d’autres artistes quels sont les enjeux des différentes étapes du travail, depuis la conception jusqu’à la présentation finale des œuvres, qu’il s’agisse de films, de vidéos et d’installations. En articulant les dispositifs de création et de diffusion dans le but de combiner simultanément le processus de réalisation de l’œuvre et l’expérience du déplacement, une esthétique particulière émerge, basée sur la mobilité et l’expérience directe du monde. / This doctoral dissertation examines how mobility can become the basis for creative process in the field of moving image. I propose a framework where the open-mindedness characteristic of voluntary mobility is associated with an openness of artistic language. As a set of physical and psychic displacements among different geographies as well as among different cultures, languages and traditions, mobility can shape both personal experience and artistic production directly related to improvisation and chance. This nomadic form of thinking, open to improvisation, unpredictability and risk, also affects the forms of artworks that are in turn open to several ways of display as well as different interpretations. This study reveals how geopolitical and artistic borders stimulate and affect each other reciprocally and dialectically. It encourages us to reflect on the issue of mobility while simultaneously participating in the expansion of the moving image’s boundaries. Through a practice-based research around notions of mobility and creation in context, I examine embedded elements of different stages of film, video and installation production, using personal artworks and a body of references. By articulating certain devices for creation and display in order to simultaneously combine the process of the artwork’s production with the experience of the displacement, a particular aesthetic emerges, based on mobility and a direct experience of the world. / Esta tese de doutorado examina como a mobilidade pode se tornar a base para um processo criativo no campo da imagem em movimento. Eu proponho um contexto de trabalho em que a abertura de espírito característica da mobilidade voluntária é associada a uma abertura da linguagem artística. Como um conjunto de deslocamentos físicos e mentais entre diferentes geografias, bem como entre diferentes culturas, línguas e tradições, a mobilidade pode determinar tanto uma experiência pessoal quanto uma produção artística diretamente relacionadas à improvisação e ao acaso. Esta forma de pensar nômade, aberta à improvisação, à imprevisibilidade e ao risco também afeta as formas das obras, igualmente abertas a vários modos de exposição e diferentes interpretações. O estudo revela como as fronteiras geopolíticas e artísticas se estimulam e se afetam reciprocamente e dialeticamente. Ele nos encoraja a refletir sobre a questão da mobilidade, ao mesmo tempo em que colabora para expandir os limites da imagem em movimento. Em torno das noções de mobilidade et de criação em contexto, nessa pesquisa prático-teórica, eu examino quais são os elementos incorporados nas diferentes fases de produção de filmes, vídeos e instalações a partir de obras pessoais e de um conjunto de referências. Ao articular os dispositivos criação e de difusão com o objetivo de combinar simultaneamente o processo de realização da obra e a experiência do deslocamento, uma estética particular emerge, baseada na mobilidade e na experiência direta do mundo.