Tucídides, ateniense, pensador político do quinto século antes de Cristo, narrou, em sua única obra, grande parte da história da Guerra do Peloponeso. Convicto de que ela seria grande e mais importante que todas as anteriores (TUCÍDIDES, I.1), o historiador antigo, seguindo o critério da própria razão, reuniu relatos, dados e informações gerais sobre a contenda e as nações envolvidas, selecionou personagens, acontecimentos e discursos para compor sua obra de criação (ROMILLY, 1998). O resultado disso é a impressão, por parte dos leitores, de que acompanharam a guerra, compreenderam suas motivações e entenderam o impacto das ações de seus personagens no desenrolar da contenda. Tal papel foi criteriosamente analisado por Tucídides, que buscou indicar ao longo de sua narrativa histórica a força da physis anthropon na condução da polis. Explorar a natureza humana como causadora da crise e da derrota de Atenas é a resposta de Tucídides para compreender o fim do Império Ateniense e marca o rompimento com a justificativa fantasiosa ou divina que constava, até então, nos registros do passado. Para mostrar isso, fizemos uso do personagem Alcibíades no contexto do debate siciliano (TUCÍDIDES, VI.9-23). Ambientado na assembleia que buscava definir os passos seguintes da Expedição à Sicília, esse debate se originou da negativa de Nícias, um dos comandantes da expedição, de os atenienses partirem em auxílio aos aliados, empregando as forças atenienses contra a Sicília; e se consumou com a resposta de Alcibíades, que ao subir à tribuna, fez a sua grande defesa diante da ekklesia. Deste debate depreende-se a figura de Alcibíades: a do orador que reúne as habilidades para conquistar a confiança de seus ouvintes e para convencê-los sobre o que é benéfico ou não à polis, incitando o medo e inflamando os ânimos dentro de uma lógica argumentativa que atravessou os impulsos e os desejos dos atenienses. As palavras que Tucídides selecionou para o discurso de Alcibíades formam a imagem de um homem intemperante, dominado pela hybris, que se propôs a governar os outros sem antes ter governado a si mesmo. Aliado a esta reflexão, tornou-se possível alargar o quadro proporcionado pelo historiador antigo, tendo em vista as conexões observadas ao longo da pesquisa entre a narrativa histórica tucidideana e as leis de Sólon e a formação do cidadão, proposta pelo Sócrates platônico. A preocupação de Sócrates é a mesma que Sólon explorou em seus versos e na elaboração das leis e é a mesma que Tucídides retratou em sua obra. Enquanto Sólon versou sobre as leis da comunidade social e política (JAEGER, 2010), Sócrates empreendeu uma missão de formar o verdadeiro cidadão para evitar que a mais justa forma de governo se degenerasse. / Thucydides, an Athenian, political thinker of the fifth century before Christ, narrated, in his only work, much of The Peloponnesian War history. Convinced that it would be great and more important than all the previous ones (THUCYDIDES, I. 1), the ancient historian, according to the criteria of his own reason, collected reports, data and general information about the strife and the nations involved, selected characters, events and speeches to compose his work of creation (ROMILLY, 1998). The result of this is the impression on the part of the readers, who accompanied the war, understood its motivations and perceived the impact of the actions of his characters in the unfolding of the strife. This role has been carefully analyzed by Thucydides, who sought to demonstrate over the course of its historical narrative the strength of the physis anthropon leading the polis. Exploring the human nature as the cause of the crisis and Athenss defeat is the response from Thucydides to understand the end of the Athenian Empire, and marks a break with the unrealistic or divine justification that was, until then, in records of the past. To demonstrate this, we have made use of the character Alcibíades in the context of the Sicilian debate (THUCYDIDES, VI.9 -23). Set up in the assembly that sought setting the following steps to the Sicilian Expedition, this debate is originated from the negative of Nícias, a commander of the expedition, from the Athenians breaking in aid to allies, undertaking the Athenian forces against the Sicily; and was consummated with Alcibíadess answer, who climbing up the tribune, made his great defense before the ekklesia. This debate makes it clear that the figure of Alcibíades: the speaker that brings together the skills to win the trust and confidence of his listeners and to convince them of what is beneficial or not to the polis, inciting fear and by exaggerating within a logical argument that crossed the impulses and the desires of the Athenians. The words that Thucydides selected for the Alcibíadess speech constituted the image of an intemperate man, dominated by hybris, who proposed governing others without having governed himself first. Allied to this reflection, it has become possible to extend the framework provided by the ancient historian, having in mind the connections observed along the research between the Thucydidess historical narrative and the Solons laws and the formation of the citizen, proposed by the platonic Socrates. Socratess concern is the same that Solon explored in his lyrics and in the drafting of laws and it is the same as Thucydides portrayed in his work. While Solon focused on the community\'s laws and social policy (JAEGER, 2010), Socrates embarked on a mission to form the true citizen to prevent the most fair form of government of degenerating.

Pour les Grecs de l’antiquité, la religion était indiscernable du reste de la vie quotidienne – au point que dans la polis, le concept d’une « division de la religion et de l’État », comme il est connu aujourd’hui, n’existe pas. La musique, ou l’idée grecque de μουσική, fonctionne de même, comme faisant partie intégrale de leurs rites et, par extension, de leur façon de vie; c’est-à-dire la musique et la religion deviennent une idée centrale à leur identité culturelle. Plusieurs de cultes civiques, comme par exemple le culte dionysiaque, utilisaient toujours la musique dans leurs rites – beaucoup d’exemples existent en antiquité qui montrent le rôle de la musique dans la pratique du culte, comme les images sur les vases et les murales, les hymnes, etc. L’orphisme, ou le culte qui utilisaient les écritures qui venaient prétendument du musicien légendaire Orphée, diffèrent des autres rites civiques dans la façon qu’il y en a des aspects plus ou moins obscurés. Il n’y a pas beaucoup d’information sur leurs rites hormis des écritures comme le papyrus de Derveni, un poème orphique qui détaille une théogonie pareille à celui d’Hésiode et les hymnes orphiques, qui changent la façon qui l’orphisme était vu dans le deuxième moitié du 20ème siècle. Ce mémoire va donc utiliser ces sources pour découvrir le rôle de la musique dans les rites orphiques en antiquité tout en faisant des comparaisons entre l’orphisme et les traditions établies des autres cultes civiques. En regardant aussi l’utilisation des instruments et les autres conventions ritualistes, ce mémoire va découvrir le rôle d’orphisme dans la polis grecque. / For the Greeks in Antiquity, religion was indiscernible from the rest of their daily lives – so much so that within the polis, the concept of a “separation between church and state”, in the way it is known today, did not exist. In this same realm of thought, music also functioned in a much similar way, an integral part of their religious ceremonies and, by extension, their way of life; through this, their music and religion became central to their idea of cultural identity. Many civic cults, such as the cult to Dionysus, utilized music to its fullest effect – many examples that detail the role that music played in their cult worship survive from antiquity, which vary from images found on vases and murals to hymns and other ritual texts. Orphism, or the cult which utilized writings said to have been passed down by the legendary musician Orpheus, differs from many other religious groups around Greece in that many aspects of it remain wrapped in an enigma. Not much is known about the specific cult practices outside of a few writings and inscriptions, including the Derveni papyrus, an analysis of an Orphic poem outlining a theogony similar to that of Hesiod, and the Orphic Hymns, both of which which are changing the way scholarship on these practices has been viewed through the years. This thesis will, therefore, use these sources in order to discover the role that music played in the cult rituals of Orphism during this period while also making comparisons between Orphism and the established traditions of other civic cults. Taking into account the utilization of instruments and other ritualistic conventions, this thesis hopes then to uncover Orphism’s overall role in the Greek polis.

This study aims to investigate the didactic potential inherent in Sophocles' Antigone and Euripides' Medea within the framework of the Swedish school curriculum, coupled with its value-based assignment viewed through a gender theoretical perspective. The primary inquiries guiding this study are as follows: What pedagogical possibilities reside in the tragedies of Antigone and Medea concerning gender dynamics and their alignment with the educational objectives of the Swedish curriculum? In what ways do Antigone and Medea diverge in their treatment of gender-related themes? Additionally, what pedagogical considerations must educators bear in mind when addressing the teaching of Antigone and Medea across various instructional contexts? The theoretical foundations underpinning this investigation encompass gender theory and the theory delineating didactic potential in fiction, positing that literature possesses the capacity to foster critical thinking concerning foundational values. The principal methodological approach employed in this study is close reading, a method that entails a meticulous analysis of the text to discern subtle nuances and complexities inherent in the representation of gender in Antigone and Medea. The preeminent findings underscore the pervasive presence of the male-female dichotomy within the two works. Existing scholarship indicates a male association with the public sphere (polis) and a female association with the domestic sphere (oikos). However, both Antigone and Medea navigate between these spheres, reflecting their complexity and norm-defying nature. Notably, these characters exhibit traits traditionally ascribed to males, such as strong will, courage, and a propensity to question authority, offering intriguing implications from a gender theoretical standpoint. Consequently, the didactic potential of both tragedies is deemed substantial.  The tragedies serve as an auspicious foundation for aligning with the school's core values and the objectives of the Swedish curriculum. However, pedagogical deliberations are imperative, extending beyond individual reading. Integrating literature discussions and diverse tasks is advisable to broaden students' perspectives and enhance their repertoire. Teachers should also be cognizant of the inherent problematic aspects within the tragedies, necessitating a nuanced approach in instructional planning.

Internationell forskning har visat att poliser har mer negativa attityder än andra grupper mot romer, dock är svensk forskning inom området begränsad. Föreliggande studie syftade att undersöka om attityder till etniska grupper (särskilt romer) skiljer sig mellan polisstudenter och en kontrollgrupp samt mellan kvinnor och män. Därefter testades faktorerna social dominansorientering (SDO), intern och extern motivation till att uttrycka sig fördomsfritt (IM & EM) och gruppidentifikation (GI) som prediktorer för negativa attityder till romer bland polisstudenter. I studien deltog 166 personer som besvarade en enkät som mätte attityder till romer, SDO, IM, EM och GI. Resultaten visade att det inte fanns någon skillnad mellan polisstudenter och kontrollgrupp. Däremot uttryckte kvinnor mindre negativa attityder mot romer än män. En regressionsanalys baserat på polisstudenternas svar visade att SDO och IM predicerade negativa attityder mot romer. Bakomliggande variabler, begränsningar med urval och social önskvärdhet diskuterades som möjliga förklaringar till resultaten.

Abstract   The aim of this study was to reach a deeper understanding of how social workers and police officers collaborate and what perceptions they have of young victims of crime and their needs. The study is based on a qualitative approach consisting of three group interviews and four individual interviews with police officers and social workers from the social service’s victim support center, Stödcentrum. The study's empirical data has been analyzed by using Danermark’s collaboration theory and social constructivism and has been discussed in relation to previous research. The results showed that social workers and police officers generally have a positive attitude towards collaboration with each other. The respondents felt that engaged managers, co-location and personal relationships had a positive impact on collaboration. Insufficient routines, employee turnover, privacy laws and limited insight contribute to negative experiences. It also emerged that, while both groups had shared perceptions of victims of crime, the police chosed in their response to distinguish between the roles of victims and perpetrator in their contact.

Hög tillit till samhällets institutioner är viktigt för ett välfungerande samhälle, både ekonomiskt och socialt. I Sverige har vi generellt sett hög tillit till samhällets institutioner, men den höga tilliten kan utsättas för en negativ spiral om det finns grupper i samhället med låg tillit. Hög tillit till polisen medför bland annat ett mer effektivt polisarbete. Tidigare forskning visar att människors tillit till polis i Sverige skiljer sig åt beroende på härkomst. Således verkar det vara så att tillitsnivån till polisen ser olika ut beroende på om du tillhör gruppen infödd svensk, invandrare eller andragenerationens invandrare. Syftet med denna studie är att studera vilka härkomstskillnader det finns i Sverige gällande tillit till polis samt vilka faktorer som kan förklara dessa skillnader. Denna studie är en kvantitativ studie som baseras på ett datamaterial med 1497 respondenter från European Social Survey. Den bivariata analysen mellan härkomst och tillit till polisen visar att andragenerationens invandrare har lägre tillit till polisen i jämförelse med infödda svenskar och invandrare har en högre tillit till polisen i jämförelse med infödda svenskar. Baserat på tidigare forskning studerar vi olika faktorers påverkan på härkomstskillnader i tillit till polisen. Resultatet visar att faktorer som socioekonomi, trygghet i närområdet, synen på i vilken omfattning polisen diskriminerar, synen på polisens bemötande i allmänhet och social tillit inte kan förklara härkomstskillnaderna. Det var endast uppfattningen kring polisens arbetssätt som till en viss del kunde förklara skillnaderna i tillit till polisen mellan infödda svenskar och andragenerationens invandrare.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the social services and the police co-operate with each other when they come into contact with an individual within their realms of influence. It has been shown in a report by Fridolf (2008) that co-operation is not the aim itself but used as a mean to reach for better processes and better results. We have used qualitative interviews in the study, where three social workers and three policemen have participated from the same municipality to answer our questions. To analyze our result we have used system theory and organization theory. The result of our study shows that within this specific municipality the two agencies co-operate very well. The main reasons why are that co-operation has been going on for a long time and that because of this they have been able to build up a good strategy that works well. Another reason is the fact that this very municipality is relatively small, which in its turn leads to closeness to each other which makes it easy to get in contact and to be aware of who the others involved are. However, this very co-operation can sometimes cause friction, because of the fact that the police and the social services do not always get the same picture of the youth that they are working with. This is because both agencies get to see the youth in different circumstances. The police see the youth from the perspective of being a perpetrator and the social services see the youth from the perspective of needing help. This is something that from both sides can be looked upon as being unfavorable in certain circumstances which could also in other words cause a friction in the co-operation. / Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur organisationerna socialtjänsten och polisen samarbetar. Det har visat sig, precis som Fridolf (2001) påstår i sin rapport, att samarbete inte är målet i sig utan en resurs för att skapa en bättre process och ett bättre resultat. Vi använde oss av kvalitativ metod för att utföra vår studie. Vi utförde därmed kvalitativa intervjuer där tre socialtjänstarbetare och tre poliser har deltagit från samma kommun för att svara på våra frågor. För att analysera vårt resultat har vi använt oss av systemteori och organisationsteori. Fungerar inte arbetet mellan de båda organisationerna kan detta bli förödande för individen. Resultatet av vår studie visar att inom denna specifika kommun fungerar samarbetet mycket bra. De skäl som nämns är att samarbetet har pågått under en lång tid och att man därför har lyckats bygga upp en god strategi som fungerar väl. Andra skäl som nämns är att just denna kommun är förhållandevis liten, vilket i sin tur leder till att närheten till varandra gör att man lätt kan få kontakt och att man vet vilka alla de som är involverade är. Det som kan ses som negativt i samarbetet och som ibland kan skapa friktion mellan dem, är det faktum att polisen och socialtjänsten inte alltid får samma bild av ungdomen de arbetar gemensamt med. Detta eftersom de båda aktörerna oftast får se ungdomen i olika sammanhang. Polisen ser ungdomen från perspektivet förövare och socialtjänst ser ungdomen från perspektivet hjälpbehövande. I och med detta bemöter de olika aktörerna ungdomen på olika sätt. Detta är något som från båda håll kan ses som ofördelaktigt i vissa tillfällen vilket med andra ord kan skapa friktion i samarbetet.

This thesis examines the Greek institution of proxenia and uses it to explore how inter-polis institutions functioned in shaping the behaviour of both individuals and communities in the ancient world. In response to continuing debate concerning the nature of proxenia, I demonstrate that, throughout the Classical and Hellenistic periods, it was defined as an honorific status by the practical intermediary role which it performed in facilitating interactions between different poleis. As such proxenia was a central element of a broader system of inter-polis institutions which constituted the dominant interstate discourse in the ancient Mediterranean. This thesis shows that Proxenia with its particularly rich epigraphic record allows us to explore how poleis made use of this institutional language of status and legitimacy to assert membership of an interstate system which was conceived of as a society of poleis. In Chapter 1 I propose a new model for reconstructing how proxenia was understood based on the expectations – of what proxenoi should be and do – which poleis communicated in their stereotypical descriptions of honorands in proxeny decrees. Chapter 2 then explores how this abstract understanding of proxenia worked in practice in the political realities of elite competition in the Greek poleis. In Chapter 3 I use proxeny lists to reconstruct the perspective of the polis on proxenia – in the networks of hundreds of proxenoi which even small poleis amassed as a result of constant interaction. Chapter 4 explores the role of proxenia, within a broader system of institutions, in the construction of communal identity within an anarchic interstate system. In Chapter 5 I develop quantitative methods to explore the epigraphic record for proxeny’s decline, arguing that proxenia, along with the other inter-polis institutions, disappeared because the Roman authorities at the centre replaced inter-polis connections as the source of communal identity and prestige.

Bakgrund: Att vara fysisk aktiv är av stor vikt för att klara av polisyrkets olika påfrestningar. Det ligger även i samhällets och allmänhetens intresse att veta att poliserna klarar att utföra sitt arbete. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga polisens fysiska aktivitet samt deras kostmönster i region syd. Metod: Kvantitativ studie som är baserad på livsmedelsverkets enkät om fysisk aktivitet och kostvanor hos vuxna med en svarsfrekvens på 81 %. Resultat: En polis är fysisk aktiv i drygt tretton timmar och sitter stilla i drygt nio timmar i veckan. Fystimmen användes kontinuerligt av drygt 70 % av poliserna men att frekvensen minskade ju fler år en polis hade arbetat. Poliserna åt mer mellanmål på fritiden och åt mer på nattetid under arbetet. Slutsats: Även om majoriteten av poliserna kommer upp i rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet så finns det dock poliser som inte uppnår dessa rekommendationer. Införande av årliga fysiska tester likt de andra blåljusenheterna skulle kunna öka polisens fysiska kapacitet ytterligare. Med mer kunskap om kost och skiftarbete i grundutbildningen skulle det kunna minska problem som kan uppkomma i en karriär som polis.

Sammanfattning Stenkastning mot polis och annan blåljuspersonal är något som förekommer i flera delar av Sverige. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka hur företrädare för olika verksamheter beskriver och förklarar stenkastning mot polis och annan blåljuspersonal, samt huruvida företrädarna för verksamheterna förstår fenomenet ur ett samhälls- eller ett individperspektiv, eller en kombination av dessa. I studien genomfördes sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer från tre olika verksamheter. Verksamheterna som undersöktes var polisen, Verdandi och Träffpunkt, och två individer intervjuades från varje verksamhet. Empirin analyserades sedan utifrån tidigare forskning, samt de teoretiska begreppen figuration, social inlärning och intersektionalitet. Resultatet från studien visar att de tre verksamheterna betraktar fenomenet stenkastning mot polis och annan blåljuspersonal lite olika, exempelvis då en verksamhet lägger vikt vid ett individperspektiv, den andra betonar ett samhällsperspektiv och den tredje kombinerar dessa två perspektiv. Implikationerna av föreliggande studie är en ökad insikt i olika verksamheters perspektiv på stenkastning mot polis och annan blåljuspersonal, vilket kan underlätta framtida samverkan i arbetet med de individer som kastar sten. Diskussion förs angående samhällets möjlighet till att motverka stenkastning mot polis och annan blåljuspersonal.