Ce travail interroge la nature multidimensionnelle du processus mémoriel qui fait suite au conflit armé interne du Pérou (1980-2000). Il met en évidence la fluidité du statut de victime qui varie selon le contexte social d’énonciation et le type de discours auquel il correspond. Le regard que portent les militants de défense des droits de l’Homme sur les paysans des Andes, principales victimes de la guerre, est confronté aux regards que portent ces derniers sur eux-mêmes et sur leur place dans la société nationale. L’analyse des modalités et des enjeux politiques, sociaux et économiques des commémorations collectives autour de El Ojo que Llora (L’Œil qui pleure), un monument aux morts érigé à Lima puis reproduit dans une communauté paysanne des Andes, constituent un premier axe de ce travail. L’attention portée aux conceptions de la personne amène, dans un second temps, à aborder la complexité des expériences individuelles de la guerre et du rapport au monde des survivants. Le passage de la sphère publique à l’ethnographie de l’entre soi permet de mettre au jour l’importance que jouent, dans la construction mémorielle de ces communautés paysannes de l’Apurímac, les relations quotidiennes entre voisins et celles qui sont nouées avec les proches décédés durant le conflit. L’étiologie de certaines maladies, notamment, constitue un langage alternatif qui permet de parler de la guerre et de ses protagonistes autrement qu’à travers leur évocation explicite. Ainsi, vivants, morts et souffrants apparaissent comme autant de figures structurantes de cette recherche qui oscille entre dits et non-dits. / This work examines the multidimensional nature of the memory process that took place following Peru's internal armed conflict (1980-2000). It highlights the fluidity of the status of victimhood, which varies according to the social context of enunciation and the type of discourse to which it corresponds. The perspective of human right activists regarding Andean peasants, the main victims of the war, is compared with the manners in which these people see themselves and their place in national society. The first axis of this work is an analysis of the modalities and the political, social and economic stakes involved in the collective commemorations around El Ojo que Llora (The Eye that Cries), a monument to the dead erected in Lima, and then reproduced in an Andean peasant community. The attention placed on conceptions of the individual then leads to the second section that addresses the complexity of individual experiences’ of the war and the relationship to the world of those who survived. The shift from the public sphere to an ethnography of people among themselves allows for an emphasis on the important role of everyday relationships between neighbors, and other people linked to those who died during the conflict, in the construction of memory in Apurimac peasant communities. The etiology of some illnesses, noticeably, constitutes an alternative language that allows for talk about the war and its protagonists without explicit reference to them. Thus, the living, the dead and the suffering appear as other structuring figures of this research that shifts between what is said and left unsaid.

In 2002, Colombia had the highest homicide rate of any Latin American country(Berkman, 2007). The origins of this violence, however, are complex and difficult to identify. It would be sensible to argue that it cannot be explained by any one particular factor, but rather an assortment of many factors that wholly represent the social, economic, and political conditions of Colombia. By better understanding the origins of Colombian violence, policy makers can more effectively address and alleviate this prolonged issue. This study examines the geographic nature of municipal homicide rates for Colombia in 2005. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are any discernible patterns in the geographic distribution of homicide rates across Colombia at the municipal level. It also aims to determine what combination of statistically significant predictors, if any, generates acceptable regression models for predicting the distribution of homicide rates. Spatial autocorrelation methods, particularly Global and Local Moran’s I statistics, were used to identify the clusters of high-value homicide rates. Regression models, specifically OLS and GWR, were utilized to examine the relationships between homicide rates and an assortment of geographic factors, including Coca Cultivation Density, Presidential Election Participation Rate, Displaced Persons Rate, Standard of Living Index, Terrain Ruggedness Index, FARC Armed Actions Rate, andPublic Force Armed Actions Rate. The results of this study indicate that clusters of high-value homicide rates were indeed located in the northern, southern, western, and central regions of Colombia. Among the aforementioned geographic factors, Coca Cultivation Density, Displaced Persons Rate, Standard of Living Index, Terrain Ruggedness Index, FARC Armed Actions Rate, and Public Force Armed Actions Rate all exhibited positive correlations. The variable exhibiting a negative correlation was the Presidential Election Participation Rate.

The main aim of this study was to investigate which factors are likely to affect the probability that events of violent collective action are reported by the press in KwaZulu-Natal. The study hypothesised that the likelihood of violent conflict events being reported by the press is affected by certain characteristics of the events themselves, such as their intensity and size, and by the environment in which events occur, such as their physicai location and the prevailing political context. The study was limited to the KwaZulu-Natal province where levels of violent collective action have been the highest in the country over the past decade. This province is also home to many violence monitoring agencies, which constituted an important alternative source of information against which the reporting trends of the newspapers in the province could be compared. The main source of information used in this study was the Conflict Trends in KwaZulu-Natal project's database of collective action events, which comprises events reported by both the press and the monitoring agencies. Data on a total of 3990 violent conflict events was analysed during 1987, 1990 and 1994, in the form of comparisons between the reporting tendencies of the press and the monitors. Interviews were also conducted with reporters and editors of the daily newspapers in KwaZulu-Natal, as well as with selected monitoring agency staff members. These interviews provided valuable information about how these media operate, and the factors which constrain their violence reporting activities. The most support was found for the argument that the political context influences violence reporting by the press. Analyses suggested that in all three years studied, the press contribution to the database decreased as monthly levels of violent conflict increased. This was explained in relation to the prevailing political context. The results also showed that reporting trends changed over time. In the earlier years, the press did not appear to be more inclined to report events of larger size and intensity, or events which were close to the newspapers' base. In 1994, however, this trend was reversed. There also was no clear evidence that the States of Emergency impacted negatively on press reporting of violence in terms of the variables studied. In addition, the study concluded that both the press and the monitOring agencies had made important separate contributions to the database on violent collective action. It is, therefore, vital that systematic studies of violent conflict in KwaZulu-Natal make use of multiple sources of data. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.

Les « années de plomb » en Italie demeurent un passé qui est souvent mobilisé dans des contextes très divers et dont l’interprétation divise et oppose de nombreux acteurs. Cette thèse analyse les usages de ce passé, des années 1970 jusqu’à nos jours, et montre comment s’est élaboré et imposé en Italie un cadre interprétatif dominant des événements de la période. A partir de matériaux empiriques variés (entretiens, autobiographies, archives, débats parlementaires), elle étudie les multiples arènes où s’élaborent les mises en récit des événements passés et les controverses qui marquent leur interprétation. A la différence des travaux qui mettent en avant le caractère « exceptionnel » ou « traumatisant » d’un passé pour rendre compte de sa récurrence dans les débats postérieurs, ce travail déplace la focale du passé au présent. Il porte l’attention sur les acteurs qui interviennent dans les débats sur le passé et sur les enjeux qui leur sont propres : magistrats, victimes, anciens militants, hommes politiques. Il montre comment le passé est construit et reconstruit sans cesse dans et par ces différentes mobilisations et controverses qui se déroulent dans des conjonctures éloignées. C’est donc dans la rencontre entre trajectoire d’acteurs (et groupes d’acteurs) et contextes sociopolitiques que l’on peut saisir et expliquer les vies ultérieures des années 1970 en Italie. / In Italy, the « years of lead » represent a controversial past: this period of recent history is often mobilized in various contexts and its interpretations divide and oppose different actors. This thesis analyses the public uses of history, from the 1970s until today, and shows how a dominant frame of interpretation of past events has been set. Various empirical materials (interviews, autobiographies, archives, parliamentary debates) allowed to study different areas where narrations of past events have been constructed and controversies are taking place. Differently from works that are explaining recurrent controversies about the past by its “exceptional” or “traumatic” character, this research is focusing on the present. It analyses the actors that are intervening in public debates about the past and on their specific issues: judges, victims, former activists, politicians. It sheds light on how the past is continuously constructed and reconstructed in and by contemporary mobilizations and controversies. Thus, this work associates the study of actors’ trajectories and sociopolitical contexts to explain the posterior lives of the 1970s in Italy

A shortcoming in the literature is the lack of information and research into how refugee children from Africa experience life in South Africa and what their degree of exposure to xenophobia is, from South Africans. This motivated the researcher to investigate the extent of xenophobia towards refugee children living in Shelters in Cape Town. A survey of refugee children was done by means of a questionnaire that assessed the forms of xenophobia and who it was that discriminated against refugee children because of their foreignness. The results of the study showed that refugee children do experience xenophobia, in various forms from different sectors of South African society. Although some of it is violent in nature, it is mostly prejudice and xenophobic comments that the children are exposed to. This research provided a baseline for more extensive research into this phenomenon. / Social Work / M.A. Diac.(Play Therapy)

xi, 246 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This dissertation focuses on Latin American survivors of political violence and the staff members involved with one of the few torture treatment centers in the US. Relying primarily on life histories and semi-structured interviews, my research focuses on the social construction of suffering (Kleinman et al. 1997) created by the staff and participants over the course of three different eras of the center. While the clients of this center lead lives that are tremendously impacted by the violent histories of their home countries, they do so while living in a country where this history is almost completely invisible. As exiles, they are removed from the arena of collective memory reflected in debates in postwar transitional Latin American societies about the meaning of the past, the reasons for their suffering, and the need for historical truth. Consequently, I examine the torture treatment center as one arena where this history and the suffering of survivors is acknowledged. As such, I argue that the staff serves as a critical social network--indeed, perhaps the only one--that influences the individual interpretations, narratives, and actions of survivors about the meaning of trauma, the importance of the past, and how one best heals from violence. First, I illustrate how the biographies of staff shape their involvement with the center and the meaning the center has for them, which, in turn, leads to both the promise and predicaments of their work for social change. Second, this research illustrates the diverse forms that trauma can take and argues for a connection among structural, transitional, and political violence. Third, I explore how the meaning attributed to trauma and the past shapes notions held by the center's staff and participants regarding how one best heals from trauma. Throughout the exploration of these themes, my work identifies the presence of certain discourses and the absence of others--the frictions and fragments occurring in engagements between social service networks and those they serve (Tsing 2005)--that reflect the possibilities for and limitations of individual healing and collective change and that make this center a "fragile community." / Advisers: Dr. Lynn Stephen, Co-Chair; Dr. Philip Young, Co-Chair

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / This is a study of Zimbabwe's National Peace and Reconciliation Commission Bill (hereafter NPRC Bill). The NPRC Bill seeks to bring the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter NPRC) of Zimbabwe into operation. The NPRC is a truth commission set to promote post-conflict justice, national peace and reconciliation in Zimbabwe. The study discusses the prospects of establishing an effective NPRC in Zimbabwe by examining the provisions of the NPRC Bill. The view of the paper is that, without proper guidance from a comprehensive law, the NPRC is bound to be a victim of its own failure.

Nous avons choisi de nous intéresser aux premières œuvres d’Alicia Kozameh ( Pasos bajo el agua), Sara Rosenberg (Un hilo rojo) et Nora Strejilevich ( Una sola muerte numerosa). Ces trois écrivaines ont subi la violence politique argentine des années 1970. Elles ont toutes été emprisonnées et ont voulu témoigner de cette expérience dans leurs ouvrages. Nous proposons donc de donner un aperçu de l’histoire violente de l’Argentine qui a conduit à la dictature de 1976. L’un de nos objectifs sera de montrer que la fiction facilite l’expression d’une expérience traumatique telle que l’enfermement, la torture ou la disparition. Les signes autobiographiques sont présents dans ces trois œuvres et nous tenterons tout d’abord de déterminer à quel genre de l’écriture du soi elles appartiennent : roman autobiographique, roman témoignage, témoignage fictionnel ou bien une figure hybride ? Nous travaillerons aussi les caractéristiques du témoignage que nous mettrons à l’épreuve des textes de notre corpus. Nous nous proposons de travailler les textes depuis l’angle de la résistance ou des résistances. En effet, ce concept que nous tenterons de définir est très présent dans les textes choisis. Notre travail prendra ensuite une autre direction, celle de la mémoire, indissociable de l’évocation du passé. En somme, nos axes convergerons vers un même objectif : la création artistique est une forme de résistance qui permet de transformer une expérience traumatique et de quitter le lieu de victime. Elle participe aussi à la construction de la mémoire collective qui est la somme de toutes les histoires et de toutes les identités ayant subi le terrorisme d’Etat argentin. Toutes ces raisons font que les textes que nous nous proposons d’analyser permettent de révéler la vérité de l’Histoire et de ce fait, de participer au travail de justice entamé depuis de nombreuses années par les organisations populaires argentines, tâche qui est maintenant soutenue par le gouvernement argentin. / We will analyse the first book of three argentine writers: Alicia Kozameh (Pasos bajo el agua), Sara Rosenberg (Un hilo rojo) et Nora Strejilevich ( Una sola muerte numerosa). They all suffer the political violence during the 70’s in Argentina. They all suffer prison and they wanted to testify about this experience. We first propose to speak about violent history of Argentina that conduced to the 1976 dictatorship. One of our goals is to show that fiction is a good way to write a traumatic experience like prison, torture or disappearance. However, autobiographical signs are present in these three books and we will try to determinate the literary genre of each one. We will also work on the characteristics of testimony and compare them with our writer’s works.We also want to analyse these texts from the angle of resistance and memory because we will demonstrate that artistic creation is a form of resistance that allow to transform a traumatic experience and not to be a victim. Creation also participates to the construction of collective memory that is the sum of all histories and identities that suffered state terrorism. We will show that these texts are enabling to give away the truth of history and to participate to the work began a long time ago by a lot of Argentinean organisations that claim for justice.

Cette thèse se situe à la croisée de trois champs historiographiques : les études de genre, l’histoire des mobilisations collectives et l’histoire de la guerre d’indépendance algérienne en France. Elle questionne la manière dont certain∙e∙s hommes et femmes, Français∙e∙s et Européen∙ne∙s, ont été amené∙e∙s à prendre position contre la politique française en Algérie, jusqu’à rejoindre le soutien clandestin au Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), et qui sont surnommé∙e∙s les « porteur∙e∙s de valises ». L’approche prosopographique adoptée permet de retracer les processus qui entraînent certain∙e∙s hommes et femmes à entrer dans l’illégalité du soutien aux nationalistes algérien∙ne∙s, tout en soulignant la diversité des modes de socialisation, des matrices de l’engagement et d’entrée en militantisme. Elle permet également de réinterroger les modalités de ce soutien en guerre d’indépendance et, partant, de mettre au jour la variété des formes de soutien, souvent gommée par l’usage de l’expression générique « porteur∙e de valises ». Elle interroge, enfin, les conséquences biographiques et militantes de l’engagement dans le soutien. Questionner le genre de l’engagement des militant∙e∙s du soutien dans le contexte spécifique de la guerre d’indépendance algérienne permet d’enrichir et de nuancer l’analyse traditionnelle du soutien. Cette recherche fait apparaître la construction sociale et historique du féminin et du masculin, dont découle une bicatégorisation sexuée et hiérarchisée qui conditionne, structure ou exerce une influence sur l’entrée en militantisme, mais aussi sur les modes de militance ou encore sur l’analyse des mobilisations collectives. / At the crossroads of three historical fields (gender studies, history of collective actions and history of the Algerian war of Independence), this PhD thesis questions the way men and women, whether French or European, have been urged to position themselves against the French politics in Algeria and then to join the clandestine support to the National front of Liberation (FLN), becoming “porteur∙e∙s de valises”.The prosopographical approach adopted allows to retrace the many processes that led some men and women to clandestinely give support to the Algerian nationalists, while highlighting the diversity of the socialisation processes, the matrix of commitment and of entering in militant activities. Such an approach also allows to re-examine the forms and modalities of the clandestine support to the FLN, and thus, to underline their variety, which has often been undermined by the generic term “porteur∙e∙s de valises”. This prosopographical approach finally questions the consequences of this clandestine support, be them biographical or militant.Questioning the gender of such a commitment, in support to the clandestine FLN and in the very context of the Algerian war allows to both enrich and qualify the traditional analysis of this kind of support. This research reveals the social and historical construction of femininity and masculinity, from which comes out a hierarchised and gendered bi-categorisation that conditions, structures or influences the process on entering into militantism, but also the ways of militancy and, finally, the analysis of collective actions.

Le statut du témoignage au sein du savoir est devenu un objet de questionnements, occasionnant des affrontements entre différentes disciplines à travers l’usage de paradigmes distincts. À partir du constat de l’«émergence» récente de la catégorie de «témoignage» dans le champ littéraire, cette thèse essaie de décrire son expansion et son extension au sein de plusieurs disciplines (droit, histoire, philosophie, critique et théorie littéraires) et d’examiner l’hypothèse selon laquelle son développement dans le champ des sciences humaines et sociales correspondrait en réalité à sa profonde mise en crise. Pour définir la notion de «témoignage» en littérature au XXe siècle, elle entreprend de poser les jalons d’une «histoire culturelle» des gestes testimoniaux et des notions de «témoignage», en vue de définir un objet théorique pertinent pour la théorie et la critique littéraires. Son but est de comprendre la manière dont le «témoignage» est devenu une catégorie à la fois nébuleuse et centrale de la vie culturelle en Occident, et de mettre en évidence la spécificité des formes testimoniales au XXe siècle. En introduisant les notions de «littérature testimoniale», d’«œuvre testimoniale» et de «création testimoniale» elle veut préciser la notion de «témoignage» et lui rendre sa complexité. Il s’agit donc de retrouver l’intelligence historique de la notion, afin d’en faire une catégorie pleinement opératoire pour le discours critique et de construire les fondements d’une «histoire culturelle du testimonial» qui retrace la rencontre entre l’art et le témoignage et explique l’émergence, au sein de la littérature, de cette forme nouvelle appelée «création testimoniale». / The status of testimony in knowledge has become a subject of questions, causing clashes between different disciplines through the use of distinct paradigms. From the observation of the recent "emergence" of the category of "testimony" in the literary field, this thesis attempts to describe its expansion and extension in several disciplines (law, history, philosophy, and critical literary theory), and examines the hypothesis that the progressive flooding of this concept in humanities and social sciences corresponds to a deep "crisis of witnessing". In an attempt to define the concept of "testimony" in literature as it appears during the twentieth century, this work aims at laying the foundations for a "cultural history" of testimonial gestures and notions of "testimony" in order to define an appropriate category for literary theory and criticism. Its goal is to understand how "testimony" became both a nebulous and central category in cultural life in the West, and highlights the specificity of testimonial forms in the twentieth century in the aftermath of the Holocaust, which must ultimately help clarify the concept of "testimony" and re-establish its complexity by introducing the notions of "testimonial literature", "testimonial work of art" and "testimonial creation". This thesis aims therefore primarily to recover the historical understanding of the concept, in order to make a fully operational category out of it for critical discourse, and to build the foundations of a "cultural history of testimonial gestures" which traces the encounter between art and testimony and explains the emergence, in literature, of a new form called "testimonial creation".