Em aproveitamentos hídricos, onde podem estar envolvidas elevadas alturas de água armazenada, o vertedouro é a estrutura hidráulica responsável por conduzir com segurança o escoamento que excede a capacidade de armazenamento do reservatório. Neste aspecto, é necessário considerar o processo de dissipação de energia a fim de proteger o pé da barragem e a própria estrutura do vertedouro contra a ação erosiva da água. Este fluxo que é descarregado é usualmente amortecido por um colchão d’água, o qual é delimitado em uma bacia de dissipação projetada com intuito de resistir aos esforços impostos pelo escoamento. Em grandes barramentos, a utilização de um vertedouro tipo salto esqui, que é caracterizado por um defletor de fluxo no final de sua calha, possibilita que não haja necessidade de revestir o leito próximo do pé da barragem, pois a incidência do jato lançado ocorre distante deste local. Desta maneira, a dissipação da energia é efetuada sobre o próprio leito do rio, sendo formada uma fossa de erosão, contudo, dependendo da resistência do leito e de suas características anisotrópicas, os padrões de recirculação do fluxo podem fazer a fossa evoluir para uma situação nociva. Por isso, desde a fase de projeto desse tipo de vertedouro, monitoramento e previsões da progressão da fossa são essenciais. Então, conforme proposta deste trabalho, abordou-se cada fenômeno que influencia no potencial erosivo do jato, como a turbulência em sua emissão e o grau de difusão do mesmo no colchão d’água. Assim, com ensaios sobre modelo físico, foi possível desenvolver duas metodologias, aplicáveis tanto para a verificação da erosão de material granular na superfície de leitos, quanto para o interior de leitos rochosos fissurados, cujas forças atuantes em um bloco de rocha isolado, podem vencer seu peso submerso e o destacar da matriz. / In hydroelectric plants, which may be involved elevated heights of stored water, the dam spillway is responsible for safely flow the water that exceeds the storage capacity of the reservoir. In this respect, it is necessary to consider the process of energy dissipation in order to protect the base of the dam and the spillway structure itself against the erosive action of the water. This stream discharged is usually cushioned by a waterbed, which is bounded into a stilling basin designed with the purpose of resist the efforts imposed by the flow. In large dams, the use of a ski jump spillway type, which is characterized by a flow deflector at the end of its chute, allows no need lining the bed near the foot of the dam, since the impact of the jet is launched away this location. Thus, the energy dissipation is performed on the riverbed itself, generating a scour hole, however, depending on the resistance of the bed and its anisotropic features, patterns of flow recirculation can evolve the pit into a harmful state. For this reason, since the design phase of this type of spillway, monitoring and predicting the progression of the pit are essential. Then, according to the proposal of this work, it was dealt with each phenomenon that influences the erosive potential of the jet, as the turbulence at its issue on the air, and the level of its diffusion of on waterbed. Based on physical model tests, it was possible to develop two methodologies, applicable both for verifying erosion of granular material from the surface of the bottom, as for analyze the interior of a fissured bedrock, which the forces acting on an isolated block of rock can overcome its submerged weight and uplift it off the matrix.

Em aproveitamentos hídricos, onde podem estar envolvidas elevadas alturas de água armazenada, o vertedouro é a estrutura hidráulica responsável por conduzir com segurança o escoamento que excede a capacidade de armazenamento do reservatório. Neste aspecto, é necessário considerar o processo de dissipação de energia a fim de proteger o pé da barragem e a própria estrutura do vertedouro contra a ação erosiva da água. Este fluxo que é descarregado é usualmente amortecido por um colchão d’água, o qual é delimitado em uma bacia de dissipação projetada com intuito de resistir aos esforços impostos pelo escoamento. Em grandes barramentos, a utilização de um vertedouro tipo salto esqui, que é caracterizado por um defletor de fluxo no final de sua calha, possibilita que não haja necessidade de revestir o leito próximo do pé da barragem, pois a incidência do jato lançado ocorre distante deste local. Desta maneira, a dissipação da energia é efetuada sobre o próprio leito do rio, sendo formada uma fossa de erosão, contudo, dependendo da resistência do leito e de suas características anisotrópicas, os padrões de recirculação do fluxo podem fazer a fossa evoluir para uma situação nociva. Por isso, desde a fase de projeto desse tipo de vertedouro, monitoramento e previsões da progressão da fossa são essenciais. Então, conforme proposta deste trabalho, abordou-se cada fenômeno que influencia no potencial erosivo do jato, como a turbulência em sua emissão e o grau de difusão do mesmo no colchão d’água. Assim, com ensaios sobre modelo físico, foi possível desenvolver duas metodologias, aplicáveis tanto para a verificação da erosão de material granular na superfície de leitos, quanto para o interior de leitos rochosos fissurados, cujas forças atuantes em um bloco de rocha isolado, podem vencer seu peso submerso e o destacar da matriz. / In hydroelectric plants, which may be involved elevated heights of stored water, the dam spillway is responsible for safely flow the water that exceeds the storage capacity of the reservoir. In this respect, it is necessary to consider the process of energy dissipation in order to protect the base of the dam and the spillway structure itself against the erosive action of the water. This stream discharged is usually cushioned by a waterbed, which is bounded into a stilling basin designed with the purpose of resist the efforts imposed by the flow. In large dams, the use of a ski jump spillway type, which is characterized by a flow deflector at the end of its chute, allows no need lining the bed near the foot of the dam, since the impact of the jet is launched away this location. Thus, the energy dissipation is performed on the riverbed itself, generating a scour hole, however, depending on the resistance of the bed and its anisotropic features, patterns of flow recirculation can evolve the pit into a harmful state. For this reason, since the design phase of this type of spillway, monitoring and predicting the progression of the pit are essential. Then, according to the proposal of this work, it was dealt with each phenomenon that influences the erosive potential of the jet, as the turbulence at its issue on the air, and the level of its diffusion of on waterbed. Based on physical model tests, it was possible to develop two methodologies, applicable both for verifying erosion of granular material from the surface of the bottom, as for analyze the interior of a fissured bedrock, which the forces acting on an isolated block of rock can overcome its submerged weight and uplift it off the matrix.

Les applications utilisant les procédés de fabrication directe par laser et projection de poudre sont en pleine expansion, en particulier, dans l'aéronautique. Néanmoins, cette technologie prometteuse fait état de quelques points durs et est confrontée aux problèmes d'instabilités du procédé. Lorsque ces phénomènes ne sont pas maîtrisés, cela conduit à des défauts (résistances mécaniques insuffisantes, porosités trop importantes, mauvais états de surface,….etc), qui, selon leur répartition et leur taille, risquent d'engendrer des non conformités, de détériorer les caractéristiques mécaniques des pièces et qui peuvent représenter un coût de post-traitement non négligeable. Par conséquent, il est primordial de maîtriser le procédé d'élaboration, afin de rendre le procédé de fabrication robuste et préserver l'intégrité structurelle de la pièce. Cela requiert la mise en place de système d'instrumentation du procède de projection laser, et par l'intermédiaire du contrôle procédé, d'avoir un système de commande temps réel permettant d'adapter les paramètres procédés en cours d'élaboration, afin de de maintenir une haute qualité de la pièce fabriquée. Dans cette perspective, nous avons développé une solution technologique (matérielle et algorithmique) à base de caméras (vision) permettant de suivre des paramètres clefs lors de la fabrication. L'application de ce système de vision a permis la mise en œuvre de méthodes innovantes, utilisant des outils de l'automatique moderne, pour surveiller l'état de pièces projetées, voire même corriger leurs défauts lors de la fabrication, en ayant un suivi et un contrôle du procédé en temps réel. De plus ce système de vision a permis à partir de mesures effectuées sur les entrées et les sorties du procédé, d'identifié un modèle dynamique qui ont conduit à la réalisation du système de contrôle procédé. / Applications using the direct metal deposition laser process have been expanded rapidly, particularly in aeronautics. However, this promising technology reported some difficult points and faced several problems, mainly the process instability. When these phenomena are not controlled, several defects was obtained (lack of mechanical strength, excessive porosity, poor surface, ... etc.). According to their distribution and size, non-conformity, deteriorate the mechanical characteristics of the parts was recorded and result in a significant cost of post-processing. Therefore, it is important to control the process, to make the process both robust and preserve the structural integrity of the piece. This requires the development of instrumentation through the control process, in order to have a real-time system able to adjust the process parameters to keep a high quality of the manufactured part. In this perspective, the studied thesis developed a technological solution (hardware and algorithms) based on cameras (vision) to monitor key parameters during manufacture. The application of this vision system has been allowed for the implementation of innovative methods by using modern automatic tools to monitor the status of the built part or even correct their defects during the manufacture parts, having a monitoring and process control in real time. Furthermore this vision system performed measurements for the inputs and outputs of the process, matched to a dynamic model that lead to the realization of the process control system.

本研究由個人參與社區發展行動的動機與選擇決策作為研究的重心，以理性選擇行為模式為理論基礎，探討社區發展上如何才能克服集體行動的困境，建立永續性的自主治理機制。由於社區事務具有小規模共用資源（Common-Pool Resources；CPRs）的特性，在功能上及產權上無法分割，在使用上無排他性（non- exclusive）但具有某種程度的敵對性（rivalry），過度取用將產生資源耗竭的現象。因此本研究援引共用資源分析方法（Common-Pool Resources Approach）作為分析架構，從個人選擇與互動形式、外部環境與技術的變量以及組織與執行機制三方面，探討社區居民是否形成自主治理的集體行動及其影響變量。 本研究採用多重個案研究的複現方法，選取了三處遭遇特定事件觸發了社群共同議題，而由外力團隊協助建立治理組織之社區，作為實證研究之個案。包括：（1）南投縣中寮鄉的農村社區在歷經九二一大地震後，面對土地資源永續利用與產業轉型的議題；（2）桃園縣龍潭鄉百年大鎮大型住宅社區因社區組織不健全，導致社區環境出現安全問題；（3）台北縣鶯歌鎮陶瓷老街因政策獲選為形象商圈，店家面臨商圈環境管理與商圈行銷議題。 / Base on the theory of reasonable choice behavior mode, the study focus on the resident’s individual motive and decision making process trying to identify the solutions of breaking the bottlenecks of collective actions and build up the sustainable self-government mechanism. The community affairs are small scale common-pool resources CPRs) therefore we cannot clearly dive up their ownerships and functions. In the aspects of usage, the community affairs are non-exclusive but kind of rivalry. It will be decreased if being over-deprived. Thus, this study adopted the common-pool resources approach as the analytical structure to explore if the community residents have organized the collective actions of self-government and the influence variables form 3 major aspects of “individual choice vs. interactive form”, “external environment vs. technical variables” and “organization vs. enforcement mechanism ”. The study took 3 occasional events which touched off some common agenda in the community and have the residents established the organizations of governance by the assistance of external teams as the impractical cases. The three cases included: (1)The agenda faced by rural villages on the aspects of land sustainable usage and industrial transformation in Jhingliao Township of Nantou County, (2) The safety problems brought by the poor community organization of the big scale residential community—Netown in Longtan Township of Taoyuan County.(3) The marketing and business district environment management issues brought by being selected as the official model business district in the Yingge Township of Taipei County.

No description available.

Ce travail a été consacré à l'étude des sous-produits de désinfection formés lors de la chloration des eaux de piscine publiques. En effet, parallèlement à son action désinfectante, le chlore réagit sur les composés organiques et minéraux introduits dans l'eau des bassins par les baigneurs (urine, sueur, ...) pour former des sous-produits indésirables (chloramines et composés organohalogénés).Des analyses d'urée, principal composé précurseur de chloramines inorganiques, ont été effectuées dans une cinquantaine d'eaux de piscine. Les concentrations mesurées ont été comprises entre 0,14 et 3,67 mg/L (valeur moyenne : 1,08 mg/L ; écart-type : 0,70 mg/L). L'étude de la réactivité du chlore sur l'urée (cinétique et consommation de chlore) effectuée sous différentes conditions expérimentales a mis en évidence une très grande stabilité de l'urée en présence de chlore libre dans les eaux de piscines.Les analyses de sous-produits de chloration ont démontré que l'hydrate de chloral représente l'un des sous-produits de chloration majoritaire avec les acides dichloroacétique et trichloroacétique. Cette étude a aussi permis de déterminer la constante cinétique d'hydrolyse de l'hydrate de chloral dans l'eau, l'influence du pH et de la température sur la vitesse d'hydrolyse, ainsi que les potentiels de formation d'hydrate de chloral à partir de quelques constituants de l'urine.La dernière partie de ce travail a porté sur l'étude de la réactivité de l'ozone sur le chlore et sur des sous-produits de chloration ainsi que sur l'étude de l'incidence d'une préozonation des eaux de piscines (en absence et en présence de chlore libre) sur la formation des sous-produits organohalogénés lors d'une post-chloration. / The aim of this work was to study of the formation of disinfection by-products during the chlorination of public swimming pools water. In parallel to its disinfecting action, chlorine reacts with organic and inorganic compounds introduced into the swimming pool water by bathers (urine, sweat, ...) to form undesirable by-products (chloramines and organohalogenated matters).A statistical study of the presence of urea, the major component of urine and sweat, and the main precursor compound of inorganic chloramines, in public swimming poolwater has been made. Measured concentrations were between 0.14 and 3.67 mg/L (mean value: 1.08 mg/L, s.d: 0.70 mg/L). The study of the reactivity of chlorine with urea (kinetic and chlorine consumption) made under different experimental conditions, showed a very high stability of urea in the presence of free chlorine in the pools water.Analysis of chlorination by-products showed that chloral hydrate, with the dichloro and the trichloroacetic acids, is one of the major chlorination by-products found. This study also determined the kinetic rate constant of hydrolysis of chloral hydrate in water, the influence of the pH and the temperature on the rate of hydrolysis and the potential of chloral hydrate formation from some constituents of the urine.The last part of this work was focused on the study of the reactivity of ozone on chlorine and some disinfection by-products, as well as the study of the impact of preozonation of swimming pools water (in absence and presence of free chlorine) on the formation of organohalogenated by-products during a post-chlorination.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15315号 / 工博第3194号 / 新制||工||1481(附属図書館) / 27793 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 角 哲也, 准教授 竹門 康弘, 准教授 武藤 裕則 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

La piscine fait partie des établissements publics les plus fréquentés dans notre société. En effet, il ne s’agit pas uniquement d’un lieu de pratique d'activités physiques, mais également un espace de détente, de jeu, d’éducation et de lien familial. Il est de toute évidence essentiel, de fournir un environnement intérieur confortable et sain pour ses occupants. Cependant, en raison de sa dimension, son besoin excessif en énergie et la complexité des phénomènes physiques évoluant à l’intérieur, il est difficile de parvenir à un équilibre optimum entre : qualité de l’air intérieur, confort thermique des occupants et efficacité énergique du bâtiment. Il faut pour cela, parvenir à une description des mécanismes qui façonnent la structure de l’écoulement de l’air par une analyse profonde de ces phénomènes qui sont à l'origine des transferts de chaleur et de masse mis en jeu à l’intérieur. Ainsi, l’objectif visé de cette thèse est de présenter une étude numérique thermo aéraulique, par CFD en régime stationnaire et transitoire, qui permet d’évaluer le comportement dynamique, thermique et thermodynamique des différents phénomènes physiques qui évoluent à l’intérieur de la piscine intérieure semi-olympique de l’université Bishop’s (Sherbrooke, Canada) afin d’améliorer la qualité de l’air intérieur et le confort thermique ainsi que son rendement énergétique. Les simulations sont réalisées avec le logiciel libre OpenFOAM en utilisant une approche RANS. Une étude thermo-aéraulique par CFD a d’abord été réalisée sur une cavité rectangulaire avec plancher chauffé, afin d’appréhender les simulations thermo aérauliques. Cela a abouti à la détermination de la meilleure configuration d’aération pour une qualité de l’air et un confort thermique optimum. Plusieurs simulations CFD du flux d'air tridimensionnel avec transfert de chaleur et de masse ont été aussi effectuées ultérieurement pour la piscine, afin d’évaluer les effets des conditions climatiques extérieures et ceux des nageurs sur l'atmosphère intérieure. En adoptant plusieurs modèles de turbulence de type RANS, la comparaison des résultats obtenus avec les données expérimentales de référence a permis de valider le code OpenFOAM. Les données expérimentales ont été recueillies au préalable au sein de la piscine de l’Université Bishop’s à l’aide d’un dispositif conçu et adapté aux conditions internes propre à la piscine et qui est équipé de plusieurs capteurs pour la mesure de : température, humidité relative et vitesse. Enfin, une étude thermo-aéraulique de la piscine en régime turbulent transitoire pour une durée de 24 heures pour les jours typiques d'été et d'hiver a été réalisée afin de prédire l’évolution de la distribution des paramètres tels que la vitesse, la température et l'humidité relative. Une analyse statistique a permis de montrer que les conditions climatiques extérieures n'ont pas d'effet sur l'environnement interne de celle-ci. D’ailleurs, sa très bonne isolation thermique démontrée par un calcul détaillé des pertes thermiques à travers son enveloppe confirme ce constat. D’autre part, l’évaluation de la qualité de l'air intérieur et le confort thermique des occupants a révélé que ces derniers sont inacceptables. Suite auxquels, un ajustement des paramètres de conditionnement de l’air a été apporté pour fin d’amélioration. / Abstract : The swimming pool is one of the most popular public establishments in our society and is not just a place for physical activities but also a space for relaxation, play, education and family ties. It is therefore important to ensure a healthy and comfortable indoor environment for the occupants. However, given the size, energy requirement and complexity of the physical phenomena that take place within such space, it is difficult to achieve an optimum balance between interior air quality, thermal comfort of occupants and energy efficiency of the building. This requires a description of the mechanisms, which determine the structure of the airflow by a profound analysis of these phenomena, which are the origin of the heat and mass transfers involved inside such spaces. The objective of this thesis is to present a numerical thermo-ventilation study using CFD (computational fluid dynamic) in stationary and transient regime that allows to evaluate the dynamic, thermal and thermodynamic behaviors of the various phenomena that take place inside the semi-Olympic closed swimming pool at Bishop's University (Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada). The aim is to improve the indoor air quality and thermal comfort of occupants as well as its energy efficiency. The simulations are carried out using OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. To do this, a CFD thermo-ventilation study was first carried out on a rectangular cavity with heated floor in order to understand the thermo-ventilation simulations. This has led to the determination of the best ventilation configuration for optimum air quality and thermal comfort. Several CFD simulations of the three-dimensional airflow with heat and mass transfer were also carried out later for the indoor swimming pool to evaluate the effects of outdoor climatic conditions and swimmers on the indoor atmosphere of the pool. By adopting several RANS turbulence models, the comparison of the results obtained with the experimental data allowed to validate the OpenFOAM code. The experimental data were collected in the pool at Bishop's University using a device designed and adapted to the pool’s internal conditions. The devise is equipped with several sensors to measure temperature, relative humidity and velocity. Finally, a thermo-ventilation study of the swimming pool in transient turbulent regime for a duration of 24 hours for typical days of summer and winter was conducted in order to predict the distribution of the various parameters such as velocity, temperature and relative humidity. A statistical analysis showed that the external climatic conditions have no effect on the internal environment of the swimming pool. Moreover, its good thermal insulation demonstrated by a detailed calculation of the thermal losses through building envelope confirms this observation. On the other hand, the evaluation of the indoor air quality and the thermal comfort of occupants revealed that the conditions inside the pool are unacceptable. After which, an adjustment of the air conditioning parameters was made for improvements.

Thesis summarizes globally the issue of the accounting depreciation and the tax depreciation of tangible and intangible fixed assets in the Czech Republic. The different meaning of the accounting depreciation or the tax depreciation for the accounting entity is pointed out, the impact of the selected method of depreciation on the profit/tax base is discussed as well as the following issue of the deferred tax. Additionally, the different interpretation of some area of the accounting depreciation of the International Financial Reporting Standards is compared with the point of view of the Czech legislation. In the area of the tax depreciation the different concept called investment pool used in the economies of other countries is stated. Finally, the intended changes in the accounting legislation and the tax legislation in the following years are mentioned.

In developing countries, farmers are dealing with climatic changes by adapting their agricultural practices. Little work has investigated the direct impact of structural variables (e.g., central vs. local management of irrigation water, location of village), psychological variables (e.g., risk perceptions, self-efficacy), and adaptation on crop yield. We tested a psychology-based model that focused on risk perceptions and efficacy beliefs by longitudinally surveying 278 Sri Lankan rice farmers. We assessed risk perceptions and efficacy beliefs before the major paddy-growing season and measured whether farmers performed adaptations as well as their paddy yield/acre after the season. The model significantly predicted more than 25% of the variance in crop yield, with increased yields associated with centrally managed irrigation resources and with farmers low in perceived climate risk at the start of the growing season. Findings support the notion that while psychological factors are important, structural variables are the most important predictors of farm productivity in times of uncertain water supply.