Idag är föräldrars reglering av små barns medieanvändning ett ämne som omdebatteras mellan forskare, politiker och lekmän och meningarna skiljer sig åt. Denna studie är baserad på empiri ifrån semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer och syftar till att bidra med ökad förståelse för hur och varför småbarnsföräldrar reglerar sina barns (1–5 åringar) användning av mobila digitala medier. Studiens resultat identifierades med hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av medieekologi, praktikteori och föräldramedlingsteori. Resultatet visar att varje familjs medieekologi är unik och komplex men att det även finns vissa likheter mellan dem gällande tillgång till och användning av mobila digitala medier. Föräldrarna använder sig av flera olika praktiker och medlingsstrategier på ett dynamisktsätt där flera medlingsstrategier ibland kan kopplas till samma praktiker. Med dessa praktiker och medlingsstrategier vill föräldrarna åstadkomma avlastning, beskyddande, inlärning och hjälp i barnens vardagliga praktiker. Få av föräldrarna upplever att deras egen användning av mobila digitala medier påverkar deras reglering men är samtidigt oroligaför att det ska hända. Därför använder föräldrarna olika praktiker för att undvika att deras egna mediepraktiker ska påverka hur de reglerar barnens.

Bakgrund och problem:         Målstyrning, som utvecklades inom den privata sektorn, blev som en följd av New Public Management (NPM) ett vanligt styrsätt inom svenska kommunorganisationer redan i början av 1990-talet. Skillnader i förutsättningarna mellan privata och offentliga organisationer har sedan dess gjort att det funnits svårigheter att tillämpa styrsättet. Tidigare forskning har identifierat problem i form av målträngsel, målformulering, mätbarhet och uppföljning. Studier som fokuserat på beslut i kommunorganisationer har bland annat tittat på tjänstemanna- kontra politikerrollen och individernas egenskaper. I den här studien dockas de båda områdena samman då beslut under kommunala organisationers målprocesser studeras med särskilt fokus på individers påverkan på besluten. Forskningsfråga:                        Hur påverkar individer i en kommunorganisation, i praktiken, de beslut om mål och delmål som förekommer under målstyrda arbeten? Och varför ser påverkan ut som den gör? Syfte:                                              Syftet med studien är att förklara individers påverkan på beslut om mål och delmål under ett målstyrt arbete i en kommunorganisation, detta för att skapa en helhetsbild som ökar den totala förståelsen för målarbeten i dessa organisationer. Teoretisk referensram:           Studien koncentreras kring individers påverkan på beslut, genom att ta utgångspunkt i den vidareutvecklade Garbage-Can-teorins begrepp; problem, lösningar, tid, engagemang och möjligheternas fönster. Samtliga delar inriktas på målstyrda kommunorganisationers förutsättningar, genom att de beskrivs med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning kring NPM, målstyrning samt individers roller och egenskaper. Ett praktikteoretiskt perspektiv används för att länka samman delarna till en förklarande helhet. Metod:                                           Arbetet har genomförts som en kvalitativ fallstudie och empiriinsamlingen har i första hand gjorts genom direkta observationer under mötestillfällen i en kommunal målprocess. Slutsatser:                                    Studien har visat att individer i målstyrda kommunorganisationer påverkar beslut om mål och delmål genom att argumentera för olika problem och lösningar och agera med skiftande tidsinsats och engagemang. Detta i sin påverkan av målförslagen, arbetsfördelningen och beslutsprocessen. Att påverkan ser ut på detta sätt beror enligt vår studie på att den, tillsammans med den sociala värld där den ägt rum, är en del av en ömsesidigt grundläggande helhet. Den sociala verkligheten är formad av flera strukturella och politiska förutsättningar som både påverkas av individerna och som påverkar dem. / Background and problems:   Management by objectives was developed in the private sector and became, with the help of New Public Management (NPM), a commonly used mode of control in Swedish municipalities in the early 1990s. Different prerequisites between private and public organizations have made the implementation problematic all from the beginning. Previous research has identified problems with goal inflation, goal writing, measurability and monitoring. Studies of decision making in municipal organizations has focused on the roles of officials and politicians and the characteristics of these individuals. This study brings the two areas together by focusing on decisions during municipal goal processes and the impact of the individuals on the decisions made in these processes. Research question:                   How do the individuals in a municipal organization, in practice, affect the decisions of objectives that occur during work managed by objectives? And why does the affect appear this way? Purpose:                                        The purpose of this study is to explain the individual’s impact on objectives set for a municipal work managed by objectives; this will help to create an overall picture that increases the understanding of goal processes in this kind of organizations. Frame of reference:                 The study concentrates on individual’s impact on decisions by starting off from the concepts of the extended Garbage Can theory; problems, solutions, time, dedication and windows of opportunity. By being described in relation to previous research of NPM, MBO and the roles and characteristics of individuals, these components where oriented towards the conditions of a municipal organization managed by objectives. Practice Theory has been used to link the concepts together to a holistic explanation. Method:                                        This study was made as a qualitative case study where the empirical data collection where made primarily through direct observations during meetings in a municipal goal process. Conclusions    The study has shown that individuals in municipal organizations managed by objectives affect decisions of objectives by arguing in favor of different problems and solutions and acting with shifting time effort and dedication. This in their effect on the suggested objectives, the division of labor and the decision process. According to this study, the affect appears this way because it is, together with the social world that surrounds it, a part of a mutual constitution. The social world is formed by both structural and political conditions that are being affected by the individuals as well as they affect them.

Syftet med denna studie är att studera och analysera hur konsumenter hanterar shopping av vegetariska livsmedel i praktiken. För att svara på detta används en kvalitativ metod i form av12 individuella intervjuer. Studien har använt sig av ett urval på nio kvinnor och tre män i åldrarna 19-25, alla konsumenter av vegetariska livsmedel. Resultatet visar på att konsumentens kompetens, motivation och material påverkar och styr hur aktiviteten utförs. Vilken kompetens en person besitter påverkar attityden mot vegetariska substitut vilket i sin tur påverkar val av produkter. Det materiella landskapet spelar också en viktig roll när det kommer till vilka möjligheter en konsument har. Utbudet ökar ständigt vilket bidrar tillmöjlighet av flexiblare matmetoder samtidigt som samhället öppnas upp för en merväxtbaserad kost. Sociala medier har även kommit att bli ett viktigt hjälpmedel i det vegetariska samhället och bidrar med både information av produkter, recept men även kunskap om hur maten ska tillagas på rätt sätt. Avslutningsvis visar studien på att motiv spelaren allt större roll vid shopping än vad man tidigare pratat om. / The aim of this study is to study and analyze how consumers handle vegetarian shopping in practice. To answer this, a qualitative method in the form of 12 individual interviews is used. The study used a sample of nine women and three men age 19-25, all consumers of vegetarian foods. The results show that the consumer's competence, motivation and materials affect and control how the activity is carried out. What competence a person has affects the attitude towards vegetarian foods, which in turn affects the choice of products. The material landscape also plays an important role when it comes to what opportunities a consumer has. The growing range of plant-based food products contributes to the possibility of more flexible food methods, while society opens up for a more plant-based diet. Social media has also become an important tool in the vegetarian society and contributes with both information of products, recipes but also knowledge of how food should be prepared in the right way. The study also shows that motivation plays an increasingly important role in shopping than previously discussed.

Introduction: This thesis examines skills and competencies among librarians staffing the service points (reference desks) at Uppsala university library. It analyzes and compares different ways to achieve knowledge and skills, such as education and experience. Focus is placed on a wiki that is used both as a team workspace and as a database containing work practice, instructions and information that is considered useful in information services. Method: Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with librarians. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Recurring themes in the transcripts that were considered of particular importance were highlighted with codes to simplify analysis. Analysis: A qualitative analysis was made, inspired by practice theory. Some themes in the interviews were confirmed by practice theory, while others were interpreted as contradictive. Some contradictions in the librarian’s narratives could be explained by theory as being common constructions about the nature of knowledge. Results and conclusion: While education in library- and information science may be important in other parts of the profession, the librarians did not find it very relevant when working in information services, which could be considered a particularly practical part of the profession. However, while the theoretical content of the education was considered of low relevance, the experience of being a student was considered more important, as it helps in understanding the needs of the students who seek help at the reference desk. The wiki was found to be an appreciated tool, but arguments are made that it can’t replace the importance of having practical experience, and that it can’t record so called ”tacit knowledge”. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

This paper aims to identify and bring light to librarians different educational practices in their work to fight digital inequality in society. The study uses methods such as observations and interviews to identify which practices the librarians most commonly use when providing digital aid and how these can be understood, how the librarians themselves reflect on these practices, and what differs in their reflections and their actions. After collecting our empirical data we conducted a qualitative content analysis using concepts from Säljös theory of sociocultural perspective on learning, where we identified concepts such as  awareness, tools, and communication as the most central aspects of these educational practices. By doing this we identified three different sub-practices which together make up what we define as an educational practice. These  were approaching practices, conveying practices and outreach practices. These practices were heavily influenced by the concepts of awareness and communication, and as such we could also see how the librarians showed a great deal of awareness concerning the different existing inequalities in society, and thus emphasised the democratic importance of their work. We also found that there were no greater differences in the way they reflected about their practices, and the way in which they actually conducted their work. However, we did find that the main differences instead were in regard to the amount of reflection that they did. Finally we could also see how the librarians mostly had to make do with what they had in terms of their own competencies due to this educational role being relatively new to the librarian. It is therefore our hope that this essay can help inspire future research and endeavours in this field to help develop these practices, and strengthen the role of librarians to better combat digital inequality.

Swedish public libraries have a clear mission to offer services which aim to increase the digital literacy among its users. This mission raises questions about how librarians describe the social practices of digital literacy training. This study is specifically focused on digital literacy training for seniors at Swedish public libraries. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with eight librarians and library associates and assistants were conducted and analyzed using direct content analysis, with a theoretical perspective of practice theory and digital care work. In a digitized society, unaccustomed senior users risk being shut out of social institutions and rely on the guidance of the public library. An important aspect of this is the ability to approach the problem from the user’s point of view and understand what they wish to learn. By helping the senior users to make an informed choice about digital technologies place in their lives, librarians help create an understanding for the digitized society. Librarians furthermore must handle the users emotions around digital technologies, since being unable to use them generates a negative self-image. Librarians can counteract negative stereotypes about seniors by encouraging seniors to become more engaged with digital technologies. Libraries and librarians can thereby be viewed as digital ambassadors. By acting as digital ambassadors for the digitized society, librarians can help seniors to increase their digital literacy.

This thesis analyzes the relationship between Swedish video game companies and the institutions for Archive, Libraries and Museums (ALM). The aim is to further the discussion regarding preservation of digital games. The thesis is based on semi-structured interviews with four video game companies and three institutions; an archive, a library and a museum. The theoretical foundation resides within practice theory, with the assumption that a practice is a combination of what people do and what they say. By analyzing what video game companies say they do the authors ascertain which methods of preservation is currently. The analysis is a cross-examination of the seven interviews with the result indicating that while video game companies are interested in the preservation of digital games they do not participate actively in the discussion on the best method of doing so. Communica- tion between video game companies and ALM institutions has room for improvement, as it is virtually non- existent. Furthermore, the findings indicate different motivations for preserving games and it is unclear which perspective the preservation should have; a technical perspective, cultural perspective or for the company’s bene- fit. In conclusion the current situation is that ALM institutions preserve games with a cultural and/or a technical perspective while game companies preserve their games for the company’s benefit.

This thesis analyzes how the Swedish National Archives manages its presence in social media by examining five local sections use of Instagram. By studying different forms of practices in relation to Instagram, the aim of the thesis is to define in what way the Swedish National Archives work with outreach activities on new forms of media platforms, here exemplified with Instagram. The thesis is based on semi-structured interviews with five archivists responsible for handling Instagram, analysis of the National Archives policy documents as well as an analysis of a selection of posts made by local sections of the National Archives on Instagram. The theoretical foundation of the thesis lies in practice theory and is based on an understanding of practice that focuses on statements, actions and rules that together constructs different forms of practices in regard to their context. The analysis of the three sources is a cross-examination of how these different forms of actions contribute to form practices which defines the National Archives use of Instagram. The results of the thesis indicate that the National Archives of Sweden, in line with many other archive institutions, mainly uses social media as a one-way communication form where primarily text-based information is distributed to interested followers. The interactive practices typical of social media is only used to a lesser extent. This is mainly due to the institution’s workload, a view on social media as a lesser form of outreach and several practices related to the national archives public mission as a provider of infor-mation. The findings also indicate that organizations use of social media is based on practices of trial-and-error that creates individual practices of posting material online within the organization.

This research explores games as cultural heritage. The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about how games as cultural heritage is made. The study seeks answers to which principal museum practices that are being carried out in the work with games as cultural heritage and what constitutes them. Furthermore this study explains how these practices influences the making of games as cultural heritage. The analysis has been carried out on Play Beyond Play, a game exhibition made at Tekniska museet in Stockholm 2018, where practices is being understood and analyzed from a practice theory perspective with the use of games as boundary objects. The empiric data was collected through semi-structured qualitative interviews with people working with the content of the exhibition and an place-based observation of the exhibition itself. The concept of ”anchoring practices” has been used as an analythic method to find and sort which principal practices that were carried out. The analysis resulted in six principal practices in the work of knowledge and mediation of games as techinchal development, the role of playablity, the matter of thinking ctitically, the effect of practical limitations and possibilities, the implementation and use of research, and the certification of games as cultural heritage. These practices influence the making of games as cultural heritage by defining games, how knowledge about games should be carried out and why games is important as cultural heritage through the location, role and area of focus at Tekniska museet. The study contributes with explanations and reinforces the connection between practices and the use of objects to create and mediate knowledge about games, where the knowledge carried out is affected by the context where it is being created through a longer period of time. This is a two years master’s thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.

Bakgrund: Digitaliseringen har lett till en utveckling av redovisningsbranschen där de idag har mycket hjälp av datorer vid utförandet av sin praktik. Det innebär att arbetssättet förändras och redovisningskonsulternas praktik påverkas. Det finns tidigare studier som behandlar digitalisering och redovisning men utvecklingen inom IT går snabbt och kunskapen förbättras ständigt, ytterligare studier på området blir därför relevanta. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ge en inblick i redovisningskonsulternas praktik och hur digitaliseringen är institutionaliserad i denna. I studien kommer redovisningskonsulternas praktik ses som en arbetsprocess. För att möta upp syftet kommer de olika delarna i arbetsprocessen att identifieras - vad som görs, hur det görs, varför det går till på detta sätt. En analys av hur digitalisering har institutionaliserats i processen kommer att göras samt en djupare analys av digitaliseringens påverkan på redovisningskonsulternas praktik. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod för att få en fördjupad bild över redovisningskonsulters praktik och hur den har påverkats av digitalisering. Detta gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex olika redovisningsbyråer, varav två var stora och de andra fyra var små eller medelstora. Slutsats: Digitalisering har institutionaliserats främst av imiterande och normativ isomorfism. Stora redovisningsbyråer har i högre grad institutionaliserat digitalisering i sin arbetsprocess än vad mindre redovisningsbyråer gjort. De digitaliserade programmen för redovisningsbyråer är i ett tidigt stadie att det ännu inte fungerar felfritt vilket gör att de ännu inte sparar någon nämnvärd tid i arbetsprocessen samt att kostnadsfrågan för implementering ska vägas in. Trots digitaliserade förändringar har redovisningskonsulterna en sammantagen god praktisk och generell förståelse för deras praktik. / Background: The digitalization has developed the accounting profession to where it today has a lot help from computers when performing their practice. It means that the way of working changes and the accountants’ practice is affected. There are previous studies that cover digitalization and accounting but the development within IT goes fast and the knowledge is constantly improved, further studies in the field are therefore relevant. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to give an insight to the accountants practice and how digitalization is institutionalized in this. In the study the accountants’ practice will be seen as a working process. To meet the purpose the different parts of the working process will be identified - what is performed, how is it performed and why is it performed that way. An analyzis of how digitalization has been institutionalized in the process and a deeper analyzis of the digitalizations impact on the accountants’ practice. Method: The study was accomplished with a qualitative method to get a deeper picture of the accountant's practice and how it has been affected by digitalization. This was done through semi-structured interviews with six different accounting firms, where two of them were large firms and the other four were small or medium-sized firms. Conclusion: The digitalization has been institutionalized primarily by imitative and normative isomorphism. Large accounting firms has institutionalized digitalization in their working process to a greater degree than smaller accounting firms. The digitalizated programmes for accounting firms are at an early stage not making it work perfectly, and yet not saving any significant time in the working process and the cost issue to implement should be considered. Despite the digitalized changes the accountants have an overall good practical and general understanding of their practice.