Introdução: A força muscular periférica e respiratória pode estar reduzida em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). O impacto desta redução sobre a capacidade de realizar atividades e exercícios não é bem conhecida. Objetivos: Comparar a força muscular periférica e respiratória e o desempenho no teste da caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e no teste de senta e levanta de 1 minuto (TSL) em indivíduos com e sem DPOC e estudar o impacto da força muscular nos dois testes. Métodos: Foram estudados 21 pacientes com DPOC (13 homens, idade de 63±7 anos, volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo - VEF1 – 1,14±0,54, 42±18% do previsto) e 21 indivíduos sem DPOC (13 homens, idade 64±7 anos, VEF1 2,64±0,65, 106±21% do previsto). Todos os indivíduos realizaram espirometria, avaliação da pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e expiratória máxima (PEmáx), teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) para avaliar força do quadríceps, TC6 e TSL. Resultados: Quando comparados com controles pacientes com DPOC apresentaram valores inferiores de PImáx (77±23 cm H2O vs 102±18 cm H2O, p=0,0001), PEmáx (100±26 cm H2O vs 127±23 cm H2O, p=0,001), força do quadríceps (17±5 Kg vs 23±4 Kg, p=0,0001), distância no TC6 (405±76 m vs 539±48 m, p=0,0001) e repetições no TSL (25±6 vs 35±6, p=0,0001). No grupo de 42 indivíduos a distância percorrida no TC6 se associou com o VEF1 (r=0,80, p=0,0001), com a PImáx (r=0,59, p=0,0001), com a PEmáx (r=0,63, p=0,0001), com a SpO2 basal (r=0,61, p=0,0001) e com a força do quadríceps (r=0,63, p=0,0001). Num modelo multivariado o VEF1, a PImáx e a dispneia basal explicaram 81% da variabilidade da distância percorrida no TC6. Em relação ao TSL as melhores correlações foram observadas com o VEF1 (r=0,55, p=0,0001) e com a força do quadríceps (r=0,50, p=0,0001) e associação mais fraca foi observada com as pressões respiratórias máximas (r=0,34, p=0,02). A distância percorrida no TC6 se associou com o número de repetições no TSL (r=0,61, p=0,0001). Conclusões: Pacientes com DPOC tem redução da força muscular do quadríceps e das pressões respiratórias e um pior desempenho no TC6 e no TSL em relação aos controles. Tanto a força muscular do quadríceps como as pressões respiratórias influenciam o desempenho nos dois testes. Entretanto, o impacto da força do quadríceps sobre a distância percorrida parece depender do VEF1. Observamos uma relação forte entre a distância percorrida e o número de elevações no TST, sugerindo que o TST possa ter um papel na avaliação funcional de pacientes com DPOC. / Introduction: Peripheral and respiratory muscle strength may be reduced in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The impact of this reduction on the ability to perform activities and exercises is not well known. Aims: To compare the peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and the performance in a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and a sit-to-stand test (STST) in subjects with and without COPD and to study the impact of the muscle strength on both tests. Methods: We studied 21 patients with COPD (13 men, age 63±7 years, forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1 1.14±0.54, 42 ± 18% predicted ) and 21 subjects without COPD (13 men, age 64±7 years, FEV1 2.64±0.65, 106±21% predicted). All subjects underwent spirometry, maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressure (MEP), one-repetition maximum (1RM) to evaluate quadriceps strength, 6MWT and STST. Results: When compared to controls patients with COPD showed lower values of MIP (77±23 cm H2O vs. 102±18 cm H2O, p=0.0001), MEP (100±26 cm H2O vs 127±23 cm H2O, p=0.001), quadriceps strength (17 ± 5 kg vs. 23 ± 4 kg, p=0.0001), distance in 6MWT (405±76 m vs 539±48 m, p = 0.0001) and repetitions in STST (25±6 vs 35±6, p=0.0001). The walked distance was associated with FEV1 (r=0.80, p=0.0001), MIP (r=0.59, p=0.0001), MEP (r=0.63, p=0.0001), baseline SpO2 (r=0.61, p=0.0001) and quadriceps strength (r=0.63, p=0.0001). In a multivariate model FEV1, MIP and baseline dyspnea explained 81% of the walked distance variance in 6MWT. Regarding the TSL, the best correlations were observed with FEV1 (r=0.55, p=0.0001) and quadriceps strength (r=0.495, p = 0.0001) while a weaker association was observed with the maximal respiratory pressures (r=0.34, p=0.02). The distance walked in 6MWT was associated with the number of repetitions in TSL (r=0.61, p=0.0001). Conclusions: Patients with COPD have reduced quadriceps muscle strength and respiratory pressures and a worse performance in the 6MWT and STST in relation to controls. Both the quadriceps muscle strength and respiratory pressure influenced the performance in both tests. However, the impact of quadriceps strength on the walked distance seems to depend on FEV1. We observed a strong relationship between distance and number of elevations in STST, suggesting that STST may have a role in the functional evaluation of patients with COPD.

Os Plutons Palermo (ca. 250 km2) e Rio Negro (ca. 130 km2) afloram na região Alto Rio Negro (PR) e fazem parte da Província Graciosa, uma província Neoproterozóica (ca. 580 Ma) constituída por granitos e sienitos na região S-SE do Brasil. Em ambos os plutons afloram variedades de rochas graníticas, predominantes, e gabro-dioríticas, bem como rochas híbridas, principalmente granodioritos. Estes plutons apresentam zonamento em geral bem marcado, que é tipicamente inverso caso do Pluton Rio Negro. As rochas graníticas principais correspondem a sieno- e monzogranitos predominantes e álcali-feldspato granitos e quartzo monzonitos subordinados de natureza metaluminosa a levemente peraluminosa. São rochas com estruturas maciças e texturas variadas que apresentam como associação mineral máfica típica hb + bi ± all + zr + ap ± ti + mt + ilm); as rochas gabro-dioríticas incluem gabro-dioritos e quartzo monzogabro-dioritos metaluminosos com estruturas maciças e granulações fina a média, caracterizadas pela associação cpx ± opx + hb + bt ± ti ± ap ± zr. A composição dos plagioclásios nestas rochas varia no intervalo de labradorita a andesina. As rochas híbridas são principalmente granodioritos que se caracterizam por uma variedade de estruturas e texturas indicativas de desequilíbrio, compatíveis com processos de coexistência e mistura parcial entre líquidos ácidos e básico-intermediários que formaram os granitos principais e os gabro-dioritos. Estas rochas são mais comuns no Pluton Rio Negro. A associação mineral máfica é similar, mas com abundâncias distintas de fases, à observada para os granitos principais. Nas rochas graníticas os anfibólios são Fe-hornblenda e Fe-edenita, com valores 0,65 < fe# < 0,95, os valores mais elevados ocorrendo nos álcali-feldspato granitos, as biotitas apresentam 0,71 < fe# < 0,99, observando-se que o componente annítico é também maior nestas últimas rochas. No caso das rochas gabro-dioríticas, os valores fe# variam entre 0,48 e 0,59, 0,41 e 0,56, 0,47 e 0,53 e 0,54 a 0,57 para ortopiroxênio, clinopiroxênio, anfibólio e biotita, respectivamente. As composições médias de orto- e clinopiroxênio coexistentes são \'Wo IND.46\'\' En IND.30\'\' Fe IND.24\' e \'Wo IND.3\'\' En IND.42\'\'Fe IND.55\' e a sugerem uma possível afinidade toleítica, ou cálcio-alcalina, para magma original. Os padrões de elementos terras raras revelam fatores de enriquecimento entre 1-10, 50-70, 100-300 em relação à composição condrítica para ortopiroxênio, clinopiroxênio e anfibólio nas rochas estudadas, com fracionamento bem marcado dos elementos leves em relação aos pesados no ortopiroxênio, não observado no caso de clinopiroxênio e anfibólio. Todos os padrões são caracterizados por anomalia negativa bem marcada de Eu. As pressões de cristalização dos magmas foram estimadas entre 1-3,5 kbar, mas os valores acima de ca. 2 kbar possivelmente não tenham significado real, dadas as composições mais ferroanas dos anfibólios. Temperaturas de saturação de zircão e/ou apatita e de equilíbrio entre orto- e clinopiroxênio, anfibólio-plagioclásio indicam intervalos de cristalização entre ca. 1000 e 750° C para as rochas gabro-dioríticas e entre ca. 900 e 670° C para os granitos principais. As paragêneses minerais e os valores obtidos para o número fe# em biotita em equilíbrio com feldspato alcalino e magnetita apontam para condições de cristalização relativamente oxidantes para as rochas félsicas, exceto os álcali-feldspato granitos, e máfico-intermediárias, superiores ao tampão QFM. / The Palermo (ca. 250 km2) and Rio Negro (ca. 130 km2) Plutons crop out in the so called Alto Rio Negro region , Parana state, making part of the Graciosa Province, a NeoProterozoic province (ca. 580 Ma) constituted by granites and syenites in S-SE Brazil. The plutons are made predominant granitic rocks, gabbro-diorites, as well as hybrid rocks constituted mainly by granodiorites. Both plutons show compositional a zoning pattern, which is inversed in the case of the Rio Negro Pluton. The main granitid rocks are mainly metaluminous to slightly peraluminous syeno- and monzogranites with subordinate quartz monzonites and alkcali-feldspar granites. They show a massive structure and a variety of textures, with hb + bi ± all + zr + ap ± ti + mt + ilm as the typical mafic mineral association. Gabbro-dioritic rocks include fine- to medium-grained metaluminous gabro-diorites and quartz monzogabrros and diorites with massive strucure characterized by the mafic mineral associations with cpx ± opx + hb + bt ± ti ± ap ± zr. In these rocks, the plagioclase compositions vary between labradorite and andesine. Hybrid rocks are mainly granodiorites characterized by several strucures and textures indicative of desiquilibrium and mingling/partial mixing between the silicic and basic-intermediate melts that formed the mainn granites and the gabbro-diorites. Such rocks are more abundant in the Rio Negro Pluton. The mafic mineral association is similar, but in contrasted relative abundance, to the ones found in the main granites. In the main granites the amphiboles are Fe-horblende and Fe-edenite, with 0.65 < fe# < 0.95, the higher among these values appearing in the alkali-feldspar granites. Biotite present 0.70 < fe# < 0.99 and the annitic component are also higher in the later rocks. In the case of the gabbro-dioritic rocks, the fe# numbers range between 0.48 and 0.59, 0.41 and 0.56, 0.47 and 0.53 and 0.54 and 0.57 in ortopyroxene, clinopyroxene, amphibole and biotite, respectively. The averaged compositions of coexisting orto- and clinopyroxene are \'Wo IND.46\'\'En IND.30\'\'Fe IND.24\' and \'Wo IND.3\'\'En IND.42\'\'Fe IND.55\' and suggest a tholeiitic or calk-alkaline nature of the original melts. Rare earth element patterns reveal enrichment factors up to 1-10, 50-70, 100-300 relative to the chondritic composition in ortopyroxene, clinopyroxene and amphibole, respectively, with a well marked fractionation of the heavy over the light rare earths in the case of the ortopyroxene, a feature not observed in clinopyroxene and amphibole. All patterns show a notable Eu negative anomaly. Melts crystallization pressures were estimated to be between 1 and 3.5 kbar; however values higher than ca. 2 kbar seems to be unrealistic given the ferroan compositions of some amphiboles. Zircon and apatite saturation temperatures coupled with ortopyroxene-clinopyroxene and amphibole-plagioclase equilibrium temperatures suggest crystallization intervals between ca. 1000 - 750° C in the case of the gabbro-diorites and ca. 900 - 670° C in the case of the main granites. Mineral paragenesis and fe# values in biotite in equilibrium with alkali-feldspar and magnetite suggests relative oxidizing crystallization conditions for the acid and basic-intermediate melts, higher than the QFM buffer, the alkali-feldspat granites being a possible exeption.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho visa estudar as propriedades vibracionais dos cristais dos Ãcidos palmÃtico e esteÃrico via espectroscopia Raman. Inicialmente foi obtida a cristalizaÃÃo dos dois Ãcidos graxos utilizando o mÃtodo por evaporaÃÃo lenta do solvente usando dois solventes com nÃveis diferentes de polaridade (etanol e clorofÃrmio) em duas diferentes temperaturas sendo uma ~16 oC e a outra ~0 oC. Sendo assim, obtiveram-se cristais simples com duas formas polimÃrficas conhecidas na literatura como formas Bm e C, ambas na simetria monoclÃnica com grupo espacial P21/a (C52h) com Z=4, as quais foram confirmadas por meio da tÃcnica de difraÃÃo de raios X. Em seguida, com o intuito de avaliar a estabilidade termodinÃmica dos cristais escolhidos para este estudo, foram realizadas medidas de espectros Raman tanto em condiÃÃes ambiente como em baixas temperaturas e altas pressÃes. Primeiramente, com objetivo de se determinar os modos normais de vibraÃÃo do material, foram feitos experimentos de espectroscopia Raman polarizado nos cristais de Ãcidos esteÃrico e palmÃtico ambos na forma C em duas diferentes geometrias de espalhamento, neste caso, nas polarizaÃÃes Z(YY)Z e Z(XX)Z, na regiÃo espectral 30â3000 cm-1. Para isto, foram feitas as respectivas classificaÃÃes dos modos Raman ativos utilizando-se resultados disponÃveis na literatura especializada de molÃculas de Ãcidos esteÃrico, palmÃtico e olÃico e com auxÃlio de alguns aminoÃcidos. Como segundo propÃsito, estudou-se o comportamento dos espectros Raman (polarizados) do cristal de Ãcido esteÃrico na forma C como funÃÃo da temperatura desde a temperatura ambiente atà 8 K na regiÃo espectral 30â3000 cm-1. A partir das mudanÃas observadas em vÃrias regiÃes espectrais atravÃs do experimento de resfriamento, notou-se pelo menos duas transiÃÃes de fase para o cristal, Ãs quais propomos que sejam a primeira delas do grupo fator C2h para C2 (210â180 K) e a segunda transiÃÃo (30â8 K) deste Ãltimo grupo para outro correspondente a um de maior simetria. Adicionalmente, analisou-se a evoluÃÃo das bandas Raman variando a pressÃo de 0,0 GPa atà cerca de 9,5 GPa tambÃm do cristal de Ãcido esteÃrico na forma C em trÃs regiÃes distintas: 25â200 cm-1, 800â1200 cm-1 e 2800â3100 cm-1. Nesta etapa, verificaram-se modificaÃÃes muito claras nos modos externos (intermoleculares), assim como, nos modos internos da molÃcula (intramoleculares) dentro do intervalo de 0,0 atà ~2,5 GPa, as quais foram associadas à mudanÃas conformacionais; para valores acima atà 3,3 GPa em que o cristal deve sofrer uma transiÃÃo de primeira ordem; e entre 3,3 e 3,8 GPa, onde o mesmo sofre mais uma transiÃÃo de natureza conformacional. Adicionalmente, os estudos de espectroscopia Raman do cristal de Ãcido palmÃtico na forma C em altas pressÃes foram desenvolvidos na regiÃo espectral entre 25 e 3120 cm-1 variando a pressÃo de 0,0 atà 21,0 GPa. Foram observadas modificaÃÃes pronunciadas em todas as regiÃes do espectro medido, notadamente na regiÃo dos modos da rede cristalina. Tais modificaÃÃes, possivelmente estejam associadas à uma sÃrie de transiÃÃes de fase sofridas pelo cristal que podem ser traduzidas como transiÃÃes de primeira ordem e de segunda ordem que acontecem prÃximos (ou dentro) dos seguintes intervalos de pressÃo [0;1,0] GPa, [3,0;5,5] GPa e [5,5;9,7] GPa. AlÃm disso, as anomalias observadas somente nos modos internos ~14,0 GPa foram atribuÃdas à mudanÃas conformacionais e que talvez sejam decorrentes de rotaÃÃes na molÃcula; algumas modificaÃÃes observadas acima de 18,0 GPa foram consideradas como um inÃcio de um processo de perda da cristalinidade do material, mas de modo a permitir que o cristal volte a sua estrutura original à pressÃo atmosfÃrica. / In this work vibrational properties of crystals of palmitic and stearic acids have been studied by Raman spectroscopy. Initially we were able to crystallize the fatty acids using the method of slow evaporation of the solvent. Two solvents with different levels of polarity (ethanol and chloroform) were used at two different controlled temperatures at ~ 16 oC and another at ~ 0 oC. Thus, we obtained single crystals with two polymorphic phases known in the literature as Bm and C forms, both with monoclinic symmetry of space group P21/a (C52h ) with Z=4, which were identified by technique of X-ray diffraction. In order to evaluate the thermodynamic stability of the crystals obtained in this study, we measured Raman spectra at room conditions, low temperatures and high pressures. Firstly, in order to determine the vibration normal modes of the crystals of stearic and palmitic acids both in the C form, experiments were performed using polarized Raman spectroscopy at room conditions in two different scattering geometries, in this case, Z(YY)Z and Z(XX)Z at the spectral range between 30 and 3000 cm-1. The mode assignment of the observed bands associated to the Raman active modes was done based on Raman data correlations already published for compounds such as stearic, palmitic and oleic acids among others. Secondly, the behavior of the polarized Raman spectra of the stearic acid crystal in C form was studied as function of the temperature from room temperature down to 8 K in the 30-3000 cm-1 spectral region. From the changes observed in several spectral regions on cooling, it was noticed at least two phase transitions undergone by the crystal: a first transition is related to change of the point group C2h to C2 (210-180 K); and the second transition (30-8 K) from the latter group to another corresponding to a higher symmetry. Additionally, we analyzed the evolution of the Raman bands of the crystal of stearic acid in the C form by varying the pressure from 0.0 GPa up to about 9.5 GPa in three different spectral regions: 25-200 cm-1, 800-1200 cm-1 and 2800-3100 cm-1. With increase of the pressure, various modifications have been observed in both the external and the internal modes and they were understood as follows: from 0.0 up to ~2.5 GPa, the crystal presents conformational changes; for values above 3.3 GPa the crystal undergoes one first order phase transition; and between 3.3-3.8 GPa, it undergoes another phase transition of conformational nature. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy studies on palmitic acid crystal in the C form at high pressures have been performed in the spectral region between 25 and 3120 cm-1, by varying the pressure from 0.0 up to 21.0 GPa. Pronounced modifications were observed in all regions of the measured spectra, especially in the region of the lattice modes. Such modifications, are possibly associated with a series of phase transitions undergone by the crystal that can be understood as first and second order transitions that occurs near (or within) the following pressure intervals [0;1.0] GPa, [3.0;5.5] GPa and [5.5;9.7] GPa. Furthermore, anomalies are observed in internal modes at about 14.0 GPa; they were associated with conformational changes and possibly are related with rotations of the molecule. Some modifications above of 18.0 GPa were considered as beginning of a process of loss of crystallinity, although the process allows the crystal recovers its original structure at atmospheric pressure.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-10-11T14:01:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tabatha _Santos - 2018.pdf: 4871103 bytes, checksum: dac5eb30acdb621c2e57d529c3381c8c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-11T14:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tabatha _Santos - 2018.pdf: 4871103 bytes, checksum: dac5eb30acdb621c2e57d529c3381c8c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-21 / In the context of the discussion about sustainable development emerges a paradigm based on social and environmental values, derived from the conscious and responsible use of natural resources, whose premise is to reach the satisfaction of the needs of the present generation, in a way that does not compromise the ability to attend the demands of future generations. In this sense, organizations have adopted more sustainable strategies and practices to minimize environmental and social impacts, in addition to achieving economic-financial gains and achieving legitimacy in the face of stakeholders. In view of this, this dissertation aims to analyze how is the sustainability management for organizational legitimacy in front of the pressures of the stakeholders in an agricultural cooperative in western Paraná. A theoretical model based on Stakeholder Theory, Legitimacy Theory and the Triple Bottom Line was developed, which presupposes that organizations are pressured by their stakeholders through the power, legitimacy and / or urgency to adopt sustainability practices economic, environmental and social, in order to gain, maintain and / or regain legitimacy in the face of these pressures. With a qualitative approach, it was aimed to explain these relationships through the case study procedure in an agricultural cooperative, in this way, interviews were conducted with managers and main stakeholders. From the content analysis, the research propositions were confirmed: stakeholders pressure organizations to adopt sustainability practices, through power, legitimacy and / or urgency; sustainability involves the balance of economic, environmental and social dimensions; organizations seek strategies to win, maintain and / or regain legitimacy. Therefore, it was concluded that there are pressures for adoption of sustainable practices by the main stakeholders, nevertheless, the cooperative has a proactive position in adopting economic, environmental and social practices, since it does more than is required by the legislation. This has brought financial benefits, as well as minimizing environmental impacts and demonstrating social responsibility, which is reflected in the image and reputation to its stakeholders and to a greater competitive advantage / No contexto de discussão acerca do desenvolvimento sustentável emerge um paradigma baseado em valores sociais e ambientais, provenientes do uso consciente e responsável dos recursos naturais, cuja premissa consiste em alcançar a satisfação das necessidades da geração presente, de forma que não comprometa a capacidade de atender as demandas das futuras gerações. Neste sentido, as organizações têm adotado estratégias e práticas mais sustentáveis para minimizar os impactos ambientais e sociais, além de obter ganhos econômico-financeiros e alcançar legitimidade perante os stakeholders. Diante disso, essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar como é a gestão da sustentabilidade para legitimidade organizacional frente às pressões dos stakeholders em uma cooperativa agropecuária do oeste do Paraná. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um modelo teórico embasado na Teoria dos Stakeholders, Teoria da Legitimidade e no Triple Bottom Line, o qual pressupõe que as organizações são pressionadas pelos seus stakeholders por meio do poder, legitimidade e/ou urgência, para adotar práticas de sustentabilidade econômica, ambiental e social, a fim de ganhar, manter e/ou recuperar legitimidade frente a estas pressões. Com uma abordagem qualitativa, objetivou explicar estas relações por meio do procedimento de estudo de caso em uma cooperativa agropecuária, dessa maneira, foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores e principais stakeholders. A partir da análise de conteúdo confirmaram-se as proposições da pesquisa: os stakeholders pressionam as organizações para adotar práticas de sustentabilidade, por meio do poder, legitimidade e/ou urgência; a sustentabilidade envolve o equilíbrio das dimensões econômica, ambiental e social; as organizações buscam estratégias para ganhar, manter e/ou recuperar a legitimidade. Portanto, concluiu-se que existem pressões para adoção de práticas sustentáveis pelos principais stakeholders, apesar disso, a cooperativa tem um posicionamento proativo na adoção de práticas econômicas, ambientais e sociais, visto que faz além do que é exigido pela legislação. Isso tem trazido benefícios financeiros, além de minimizar os impactos ambientais e demonstrar a responsabilidade social, o que se reflete na imagem e reputação perante seus stakeholders e em maior vantagem competitiva.

Pore water pressure in a silt slope in Sollefteå, Sweden, was measured from 2009-2016. The results from2009-2012 were presented and evaluated in a publication by Westerberg et al. (2014) and this report is an extension of that project.In a silt slope the pore water pressures are generally negative, contributing to the stability of theslope. In this report the pore water pressure variations are analyzed using basic statistics and a connection between the pore water pressure variations, the geology and parameters such as temperature, precipitation and soil moisture are discussed.The soils in the slope at Nipuddsvägen consists of sandy silt, silt, clayey silt and silty clay. The main findings were that at 2, 4 and 6 m depth there are significant increases and decreases in the pore water pressure that can be linked with the changing of the seasons, for example there is a significant increase in the spring when the ground frost melts. As the seasons change, so do the temperature and amount and type of precipitation. Other factors that vary with the season are the amount of net radiation, wind speed and relative humidity, all of which affect the amount of evapotranspiration. At greater depths the pore water pressue is most likely affected by a factor/factors that varies from year to year, possibly the total amount of rainfall. Therefore, the anticipated increase in precipitation in Scandinavia due to climate change could be an important factor influencing slope stability.What precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration have in common is that they affect the amount of water infiltrating the soil, and thereby the soil moisture content. How the soil moisture is distributed and flows through the soil (sub-surface flow) is governed by the different soil types and their mutual order in the slope, as well as by factors affecting the structure of the soil, e.g. animal burrows and aggregation. The formation of ground frost also affects the way in which the water present in the soil is redistributed.At c. 14 m depth in the slope, there is a saturated layer with positive pore water pressures, which could be one of several such layers. The overall groundwater situation in a silt slope is complex; several different bodies of water can develop, and to get a complete picture of the ground water situation (andthereby also the pore water pressure variations) thorough hydrological surveys are needed. / Under  2009-2016  mättes  porvattentrycket  i  en  siltslänt  i  Sollefteå.  Resultaten  från  2009-2012presenterades och utvärderades i en publikation av Westerberg et al. (2014) och detta examensarbete är en förlängning av det projektet.I en siltslänt är porvattentrycket vanligtvis negativt vilket bidrar till stabiliteten i slänten. I den härrapporten är variationerna av porvattentrycket analyserade med hjälp av enkel statistik och en koppling mellan variationerna och geologin samt parametrar så som temperatur, nederbörd och fukthalt i marken diskuteras.Jordarterna i slänten vid Nipuddsvägen består av sandig silt, silt, lerig silt och siltig lera. Slutsatsen var att på 2, 4 och 6 m djup ökade och minskade porvattentrycket med årstiderna, till exempel ökade porvattentrycket signifikant vid tjällossningen. När årstiderna skiftar ändras även temperaturen och mängden, och typen, av nederbörd. Andra faktorer som varierar över året är netto-instrålningen, vindhastigheten och den relativa fuktigheten och dessa faktorer påverkar i sin tur evapotranspirationen. På större djup beror antagligen portrycksvariationerna på någon eller några faktorer som skiljer sig åt från år till år, möjligtvis den totala mängden nederbörd. Därmed skulle den ökade nederbörd som förväntas i Skandinavien på grund av klimatförändringarna kunna påverka släntstabiliteten.Vad nederbörd, temeperatur och evapotranspiration har gemensamt är att de påverkar mängden vatten som infiltrerar marken, det vill säga de påverkar markens fukthalt. Hur vattnet är födelat i marken beror på de olika jordarterna och deras inbördes ordning i slänten, men också av faktorer som påverkar markens struktur så som aggregation och uppluckring av jorden på grund av marklevande djurs aktivitet. Även formationen av tjäle på vintern har troligtvis en viss inverkan på hur vattnet i marken omfördelas.På 14 m djup finns ett vattenmättat lager med positiva porvattentryck vilket skulle kunna vara ett av flera sådana lager. I en siltslänt är grundvattensituationen mycket komplex, flera magasin av vatten kan bildas. För att få en bra bild av grundvattensituationen (och där med också porvattentrycksvariationerna)behöver noggranna hydrologiska undersökningar genomföras.

Le long des côtes nord-ouest africaines, parmi les plus poissonneuses au monde, les ressources halieutiques sont importantes tant du point de vue socio-économique que culturel. Les petits poissons pélagiques sont suivis au niveau sous régional depuis plus de trois décennies en s’appuyant sur les méthodes hydroacoustiques d’évaluation de stocks. Ces campagnes ont ainsi permis de fournir aux gouvernants une base scientifique en matière de prise de décision à des fins d’aménagement des pêcheries pélagiques. Un défi spécifique est de connaitre leur représentativité par rapport aux stocks ciblés. Nous rassurons sur cette représentativité sur la couverture de Sardinella aurita par ces campagnes. Par contre, pour S. maderensis une partie du stock ne serait pas échantillonnée et la méthode n’est pas adaptée pour Illisha africana et Ethmalosa fimbriata. Nous reportons des déplacements vers le nord dans la répartition de S. aurita et d’autres espèces de pélagique, attribués à la redistribution de l'intensité et de la productivité des upwellings [découpé en 5 sous zones du sud Maroc au sud Sénégal], diminuant ainsi l’abondance de la sardinelle dans la région côtière intertropicale. Pour la première fois en utilisant des séries chronologiques d'observation indépendantes à la méso-échelle, nous montrons un changement vers le nord dans la distribution de S. aurita depuis 1995 et l'attribuons au fort réchauffement de l'océan dans la région. De plus les changements spatiaux observés dans la biomasse de S. aurita au cours des 20 dernières années sont du même ordre de grandeur que ceux enregistrés pour les isothermes de surface. De tels changements auront une incidence sur les considérations politiques dans la gestion de la sécurité alimentaire dans plusieurs pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest. / Along the coast of North-West Africa, among the richest waters over the word, fish supply is important at both socio-economic and cultural levels. In this region, the small pelagic fish are the most abundant marine resources and are monitored using hydroacoustic stock assessment methods since more than three decades. These surveys have allowed providing to local authorities a sound scientific basis for deciding about the management of pelagic fisheries. A specific challenge is to know the representativity of these surveys with respect to the stocks targeted. In this work, we confirm this representativity for Sardinella aurita stock while for S. maderensis, a part of the stock could have not been sampled and for pour Ilisha africana and Ethmalosa fimbriata these surveys are not the best tool. Furthermore, Northward shifts in the distribution of sardinella in the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem are recorded in this work and have been attributed to the redistribution of upwelling intensity and productivity, resulting in the abundance of sardinella decreasing in the inter-tropical coastal region. Here for the first time using independent observational time series, we report a robust northward shift in S. aurita since 1995 and attribute it to the strong ocean warming in the region. The observed spatial shifts in biomass in the last 20 years are of the same order of magnitude as those recorded for surface isotherms. Such changes will impact policy considerations in the management of food security in several West African countries and should be considered with respect to “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions”.

Widespread damage to roofing materials (such as tiles and shingles) for low-rise buildings, even for weaker hurricanes, has raised concerns regarding design load provisions and construction practices. Currently the building codes used for designing low-rise building roofs are mainly based on testing results from building models which generally do not simulate the architectural features of roofing materials that may significantly influence the wind-induced pressures. Full-scale experimentation was conducted under high winds to investigate the effects of architectural details of high profile roof tiles and asphalt shingles on net pressures that are often responsible for damage to these roofing materials. Effects on the vulnerability of roofing materials were also studied. Different roof models with bare, tiled, and shingled roof decks were tested. Pressures acting on both top and bottom surfaces of the roofing materials were measured to understand their effects on the net uplift loading. The area-averaged peak pressure coefficients obtained from bare, tiled, and shingled roof decks were compared. In addition, a set of wind tunnel tests on a tiled roof deck model were conducted to verify the effects of tiles’ cavity internal pressure. Both the full-scale and the wind tunnel test results showed that underside pressure of a roof tile could either aggravate or alleviate wind uplift on the tile based on its orientation on the roof with respect to the wind angle of attack. For shingles, the underside pressure could aggravate wind uplift if the shingle is located near the center of the roof deck. Bare deck modeling to estimate design wind uplift on shingled decks may be acceptable for most locations but not for field locations; it could underestimate the uplift on shingles by 30-60%. In addition, some initial quantification of the effects of roofing materials on wind uplift was performed by studying the wind uplift load ratio for tiled versus bare deck and shingled versus bare deck. Vulnerability curves, with and without considering the effects of tiles’ cavity internal pressure, showed significant differences. Aerodynamic load provisions for low-rise buildings’ roofs and their vulnerability can thus be more accurately evaluated by considering the effects of the roofing materials.

Background- During recent decades, more and more employers of Taiwan especially electronic industry utilise the system of job responsibility to apparently cause working hours of Taiwan has been longer than other developed and developing countries in the world. Thus, more and more employees are aware of they are working in the environment where is surrounding by high pressure. Purpose- This study aims to explore the relation among job pressure, burnout, retention intention, and motivation in electronic industry of Taiwan. Especially, it will focus on seeing whether the motivation can moderate the negative impacts of job pressure and burnout as a feasible solution. Research Design- This research is going to send the questionnaires through Google Forms to all current full-time employees in an Electronic Industries company of Taiwan, Winmate Inc. This research had received over than 500 valid questionnaires. All collected data were analysed by using SPSS22 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to find out the relation among the variables mentioned in this study. Conclusion- Job pressure and burnout both have significant negative consequences causing employees’ low retention intention. However, the employees’ retention intention can be encouraged by motivation practice that is crucial to reach the high level of organisations’ competitiveness. Thus, organisations should continuously revisit, reflect, and improve their existing policies and practices to develop a more brilliant work environment for employees as a long-term goal of retaining.

Cette thèse s’est déroulée dans le cadre du projet FONGEOSEC, qui vise à développer la filière de la géothermie profonde en France avec la conception d’un démonstrateur d’une centrale de production d’énergie géothermique dans le bassin Rhénan. Ce projet est piloté par Fonroche Géothermie, qui gère un consortium de plus de dix acteurs du milieu académique et industriel. Le financement du projet est réalisé avec participation de l’Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Énergie (ADEME). Ainsi, les travaux exposés dans ce document se sont intéressés à la caractérisation thermodynamique des fluides géothermaux (saumures chaudes contenant des gaz dissous) de la région ciblée par le projet. Il est nécessaire de déterminer la solubilité de chacun des gaz dissous dans ces saumures aux conditions de pression, température et salinité de l’exploitation géothermique. Des modèles thermodynamiques de prévision des équilibres entre phases liquide et vapeur peuvent être utilisés pour estimer ces solubilités. Néanmoins, en absence des mesures expérimentales dans les conditions de pression, température et salinité d’intérêt, pour effectuer la régression de paramètres de ces modèles, il sera difficile d’obtenir avec précision ces solubilités à partir de simulations. Ainsi, cette thèse est centrée sur l’étude expérimentale des solubilités des gaz dans des saumures représentatives des fluides du bassin Rhénan. La gamme de pression de FONGEOSEC va de 6.0 MPa à 40.0 MPa pour des températures de 333.15 K et 453.15 K. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé dans cette thèse fonctionne dans ces conditions. Les gaz dissous dans les saumures visées par le projet sont constitués essentiellement de dioxyde de carbone (CO2), puis d’azote (N2) et enfin de méthane (CH4) en plus faibles quantités. Les sels dissous dans ces fluides sont surtout du chlorure de sodium et du chlorure de calcium, à molalité de 1.2 mol NaCl-0.2 mol CaCl2.Kg H2O-1. Dans cette thèse, nous avons effectué la détermination expérimentale de la solubilité du dioxyde de carbone dans des saumures typiques du bassin Rhénan aux conditions de pression et de température du projet FONGEOSEC. Des réflexions sont proposées quant à une méthodologie d’analyse de solubilité du méthane et de l’azote dans des phases aqueuses. Nous observons aussi que dans les conditions de pression et température de fond du puits, la solubilité du dioxyde de carbone dans les saumures typiques du bassin Rhénan est la plus élevée parmi toutes les conditions caractérisées. Une étude du sating-out effect dans ces saumures est également proposée dans cette thèse. Enfin, il est remarqué que le modèle de Pitzer (Pitzer.dat sur PhreeqC) semble prédire de façon correcte nos mesures expérimentales à 333.15 K, mais il perd son efficacité à 453.15 K. Dans cette condition, le modèle E-NRTL (Simulis®) semblerait être plus approprié. / This thesis was part of the FONGEOSEC project, which aims to develop the deep geothermal energy sector in France through the the design of a geothermal power pilot plant on the Upper Rhine Graben. This project is controled by Fonroche Géothermie, which manages a consortitium of more than ten academic and industrial partners. The French Environment & Energy Management Agency (ADEME) participates at the fundings of the project.Therefore, the work exposed in this document concerns the thermodynamic characterisation of geothermal fluids (hot brines containing dissolved gases) from the target region of this project. It is thus necessary to determine the solubility of each gas dissolved in these brines at the pressure, temperature and salinity conditions of geothermal energy exploitation.Thermodynamic models that predict liquid-vapour phase equilibrium can be used to estimate these solubilities. However, if there is a lack of experimental measures on the pressure, temperature and salinity conditions of interest, it will not be possible to regress these models interaction parameters and, therefore, it will be difficult to have precise solubility results from these thermodynamic simulations. Thus, this thesis has focused on the experimental study of gas solubilities in brines representing the Upper Rhine Graben fluids. The pressure range of the FONGEOSEC project goes from 6.0 MPa to 40.0 MPa for temperatures of 333.15 K and 453.15 K. The experimental setup used on this thesis can operate at these conditions. Dissolved gases in the brines concerned by this project are mainly composed by carbon dioxyde (CO2), and then by nitrgen (N2) and methane (CH4) at lower quantitites. Dissolved salts in these fluids are basically chloride sodium and chloride calcium, at molalities of 1.2 mol NaCl-0.2 mol CaCl2.Kg H2O-1.On the scope of this thesis, we have performed the experimental determination of carbon dioxyde solubility in Upper Rhine Graben-type brines at the pressure and temperature conditions of the FONGEOSEC project. We propose a discussion about an analysis methodology for measuring nitrogen and methane solubility in aqueous phases. We also observed that at the pressure and temperature conditions found at the bottom of the production well, carbon dioxyde solubility in the Upper Rhine Graben-type brines reaches its highest value among all the conditions studied in this thesis. A salting-out effect study in these brines is also proposed in this document. Finally, it is noticed that the Pitzer model (Pitzer.dat at PhreeqC) seems to predict properly our experimental data at 333.15 K, but it is less efficient at 453.15 K. In this condition, the E-NRTL model (Simulis®) seems to be more appropriate.

The article addresses the prospective responsibility of states to protect citizens from emigration pressures. After establishing the moral weight of theinterest in staying, the article proceeds to explain why the interest to stay is comparatively more resistant to restrictions than the interest in exercising freedom of movement across borders. On this basis, the argument is then advanced that immigration fees can be charged on (well-off) immigrants as a means to protect economically vulnerable residents in recipient countries from emigration pressures. The argument that I will advance is in at least one sense nonconsequentialist: it accounts for the need for immigration fees without relying on (problematic) assumptions about the consequences of immigration. Furthermore, the argument is also realistic in so far as it accepts that states have the right to restrict immigration.