Mina is a young girl in a rural village called Tobay in Pakistan when her only friend Dhaaga, a family servant around her age, suddenly leaves. After a betrayal by her father’s second, much younger wife, Mina starts her long journey. She becomes a prostitute in Heera Mandi, the famed red light district of Lahore, and unexpectedly finds friends in a nearby transvestite brothel. Mina suddenly ends up with her life in danger when she tries to take revenge on the man who ruined Dhaaga’s life. She gets help from a human rights lawyer and escapes to safety in America with a New Orleans cabbie, who she met during her Heera Mandi days. She is eventually forced to come back to Pakistan and finally returns to her home in Tobay, where she finds that everything has changed as much as she has. The novel is set in 1980s Pakistan, when the country faced increasing religious pressure from its military government, and girls like Mina got caught up in stricter standards of honor. It is a coming-of-age novel that takes the protagonist around the world before she is able to finally face her djinns and demons.

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Esta dissertação parte de experiências de travestis que são também profissionais do sexo para focar nas relações que estabelecem com donas de casas de prostituição. Há uma atenção para o fazer antropológico, percorrendo as construções das vivências das travestis que se prostituem, perpassando marcadores sociais da diferença a saber, gênero, sexualidade, classe, raça e geração. Em um primeiro momento, surgem as diversas construções identitárias das que circulam pelo bairro Jardim Itatinga (Campinas SP), para depois percorrer a especificidade deste. Estruturado por uma variedade de casas de prostituição, sua dinâmica engendra determinadas vivências do trabalho sexual ali realizado, que permite repensar relações com as donas de casas de prostituição, especificamente das experiências de travestis em casas de prostituição. A hipótese percorrida é a de que donas e suas casas de prostituição podem ser um suporte econômico-afetivo para construções identitárias do universo trans, assim como representam um apoio seguro diante de violências policiais e de clientes que acometem suas vivências na prostituição. / This dissertation is based on the experiences of transvestites who are also sex workers in order to focus on the relationships they establish with madams, brothels owners. Attention is paid to the anthropological doing, covering the experiences buildings of transvestite prostitutes, passing through social markers of difference - namely, gender, sexuality, class, race and generation. In a first moment, the various identity constructions of those who circulate around Jardim Itatinga (Campinas SP) are brought to discussion, and then the specificity of this neighborhood is handled. Structured by a variety of brothels, its dynamic engenders certain experiences of the sexual work performed there, allowing the rethinking of the relations with the brothels owners, specifically the experiences of transvestites in such establishments. The hypothesis sustained is that madams and their brothels can be an economic and emotional support for the identity constructions of the trans universe, at the same time that they represent a secure support in the face of police and customers violence that affect their experiences in prostitution.

O presente estudo tem por objeto a possibilidade de reconhecimento do vínculo laboral para o trabalho da prostituta, sendo sufragada a tese de que o objeto contratual, na prestação de serviços sexuais, é lícito e, por conseguinte, há a possibilidade, se presentes a onerosidade, permanência, pessoalidade e subordinação, de reconhecimento do vínculo empregatício para o trabalho da prostituta. A tese, portanto, é de que a prostituta faz jus ao pagamento de todas as verbas trabalhistas previstas na legislação laboral, tais como décimo terceiro salário, férias acrescidas de um terço, horas extraordinárias, adicional noturno, Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço, dentre tantos outros direitos, como qualquer outro trabalhador subordinado. Além disto, será ainda destinatária de políticas públicas que visem assegurar um meio ambiente de trabalho hígido e seguro, devendo ser observadas as Normas Regulamentadoras expedidas pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, bem como outras normas de medicina, saúde e segurança do trabalho que vierem a ser editadas. Conquanto o presente trabalho se refira em inúmeras oportunidades apenas às prostitutas, utilizando o substantivo no feminino, em verdade são abrangidos os exercentes da atividade de ambos os sexos, sem qualquer distinção, desde que exerçam a profissão voluntariamente e sejam maiores de dezoito anos. As metodologias utilizadas, precipuamente, foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa documental. A pesquisa bibliográfica envolveu a busca de livros, monografias, teses, dissertações, artigos pulicados em revistas especializadas, jornais e revistas, e teve a precaução de incluir os fundamentos das vertentes contrárias, em busca dos alicerces para firmar o novo entendimento sobre o tema, especialmente quanto à possibilidade de reconhecimento do vínculo empregatício para o trabalho da prostituta. / This research is about the possibility of recognizing the employment bond for prostitutes labor, after covering the theory that defends the contractual object, on provision of sexual services, is lawful and if exists burden, permanence, personality and subordination, the employment bond of prostitutes can be recognized. This theory says that prostitute is entitled to be paid for all the payroll amounts provided on labor legislation as extra month salary, holiday plus a third, overtime, additional nightly working time, Time of Service Guarantee Fund (FGTS), between other rights that any other subordinate employee has. Furthermore, public policies aimed at ensuring a working environment healthy and with insurance (Regulatory Standards issued by the Ministry of Labor and Employment should be observed, as well as other rules of medicine, health and safety that may be published) will be addressed to this employment bond. Although this work refers the word prostitute in a female way, in fact it refers both sexes without distinction, as far as they are engaged in that occupation voluntarily and are over 18 (eighteen) years. The methodologies used on this paper are literature and documentary research. The literature review involved a search of books, monographs, theses, dissertations, articles published in professional journals, newspapers and magazines. This work has been made with care and including the fundamentals of contrary theories, looking for the foundations to start a new view of the subject, especially regarding recognition of the mentioned employment bond of prostitutes.

Thesis advisor: Lisa Dodson / In the United States, the majority of youth who become victims of sex trafficking are U.S. citizens. Most "at-risk" are those involved in the foster care system, the sexually abused and/or those surviving without stable housing- otherwise known as the homeless. Through in depth interviews with homeless teenage mothers, this study analyzed the connection between housing vulnerability and sex trafficking. The major finding of this study suggests that young girls are pushed into homelessness and sexually exploitative situations when they experience a loss of familial support. Without familial support, young, homeless girls are forced into a patriarchal street economy that limits their options for economic opportunity: men sell drugs, women sell their body. Participants also discussed the perceived effectiveness of structural interventions, including welfare, housing shelters and educational programs. By exploring the intersection of homeless teenage mothers and domestic sex trafficking, this study adds to a stronger dialogue between the homeless and human trafficking fields. Additionally, this study brings attention to the fact that young, American girls are just as vulnerable to sex trafficking as the international victims highlighted in most of the popular media and literary scholarship. Lastly, several interventions are proposed for working at the intersection of homeless youth and sex trafficking. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

Thesis advisor: David L. Blustein / This study focused on the assessment of counselor perceptions of prostitution and the examination of how perceptions influence counselors' clinical judgments. The preliminary study involved the development of Counselor Perceptions of Prostitution Scale (CPPS) designed to assess counselors' attitudes towards prostitution. The items developed based on the debate in the literature between those who view prostitution as social oppression and inherently traumatizing, and those who believe that prostitution is a self-determined career path were administered to seventy-two counselors-in-training. The measure demonstrated high internal consistency reliability (α = 0.87), had a significant negative correlation (r = -.68) with the Attitudes towards Prostitution Scale (ATPS) and exploratory factor analysis yielded a unidimensional scale. In the final study, three brief clinical vignettes were used to manipulate the variable of client's engagement in prostitution. Each vignette comprised of a client seeking services for depression while engaging in prostitution, selling marijuana, or working in a department store. One hundred and ninety-eight mental health providers rated their empathy, attribution of responsibility for the cause of and solution to the problem, assessment of client's functioning, and willingness to work with the client in response to the vignette assigned. They also completed CPPS and ATPS. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Overall, results of the MANOVA revealed that empathy was the most significant contributor to the difference between conditions. Contrary to prediction, there was no difference in empathy for the client engaging in prostitution versus the client working overtime at the department store. However, counselors' demonstrated lower levels of empathy for the client selling marijuana. The CCA revealed that in response to the prostitution vignette, counselors who viewed prostitution as inherently traumatizing and also held accurate beliefs about prostitution were likely to be more empathic and attribute less personal responsibility to the client for solving her own problems. Limitations of this study and implications for counselor practice, education, and future research are discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

Este estudo foi realizado devido ao exercício da prática de intervenção que vem sendo realizado junto às profissionais do sexo, constatando um grande contingente de adultas jovens que haviam se inserido na prostituição desde a adolescência, considerada como um agravo à saúde e uma forma de violência que interferem no pleno processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento das adolescentes. O estudo teve, como recorte, a prostituição feminina de adolescentes, com o objetivo de conhecer e analisar o seu contexto e o seu significado, por meio da experiência da prostituição na adolescência. Como referencial teórico e conceitual, foram adotadas a adolescência com ênfase no risco, vulnerabilidade e resiliência; a gênese da prostituição e as interfaces da instituição familiar com o fenômeno. Foi utilizada a metodologia com abordagem qualitativa, por se tratar de uma investigação social, permitindo penetrar num mundo polêmico repleto de adversidades que se revelam sob várias dimensões: histórica, cultural, social, política e econômica. Considerou-se a modalidade de Pesquisa Estratégica que orienta para os problemas que surgem na sociedade, lançando luz sobre os aspectos da realidade, permitindo construir um conhecimento amplo, reflexivo e profundo. O estudo foi realizado com adultas jovens, profissionais do sexo, que exerceram ou exercem a prática da prostituição em três bairros da área norte de Ribeirão Preto. Para a coleta de dados no trabalho de campo, foi utilizada a técnica de História de Vida Tópica e o método para o tratamento e análise dos dados foi realizado através da análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Pelos relatos obtidos das entrevistas com os atores sociais, foi possível relacionar três núcleos temáticos de alta complexidade, identificados como o contexto familiar com suas relações conflituosas e a presença de diversas formas de violência; o cotidiano perverso da prostituição e as expectativas de futuro. / This study was accomplished due to the exercise of the intervention practice that has been accomplished the professionals of the sex close to, verifying a great contingent of adult young that had inserted in the prostitution from the adolescence, considered as an offence to the health and a violence form that interfere in the full growth process the adolescents’ development. The study had, as cutting, the adolescents’ feminine prostitution, with the objective of to know and to analyze your context and your meaning, through the experience of the prostitution in the adolescence. As theoretical and conceptual referencial, were adopted the adolescence with emphasis in the risk, vulnerability and resilience; the genesis of the prostitution and the interfaces of the family institution with the phenomenon. The methodology was used with qualitative approach, for treating of a social investigation, allowing to penetrate in a replete controversial world of adversities that are revealed under several dimensions: historical, cultural, social, politics and economical. Was considered the modality of Strategic Research that it guides for the problems that appear in the society, throwing light on the aspects of the reality, allowing to build a knowledge wide, reflexive and deep. The study was accomplished with adult youths, professionals of the sex, that exercised or exercise the practice of the prostitution in three neighborhoods of the north area of Ribeirão Preto. For the collection of data in the field work, it was used the technique of History of Topical Life and the method for the treatment and analysis of the data was accomplished through the content analysis proposed by Bardin. For the obtained reports of the interviews with the social actors, it was possible to relate three thematic nuclei of high complexity, identified as the family context with your conflicting relationships and the presence in several violence ways; the daily perverse of the prostitution and the future expectations.

O presente estudo teve como tema a saúde sexual da mulher. O objetivo desse estudo foi saber o que é e como se dá o cuidado para mulheres que são prostitutas. Quis lidar com esta população, considerando que assim como outras mulheres de outras profissões, estas estão suscetíveis a qualquer infecção sexualmente transmissível. Além disso, quis saber se há diferença no tratamento dado a elas em suas consultas ginecológicas, se elas recebem mais orientações quanto aos métodos preventivos de ISTs do que outras mulheres que não são prostitutas. Para tanto realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa com a utilização de entrevistas face a face, com o emprego de um roteiro semiestruturado junto a prostitutas do baixo meretrício na região central da cidade de Santos/SP. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e os depoimentos de acordo com a análise temática. Foram entrevistadas 11 mulheres com 19 a 59 anos de idade. O cuidado para essas mulheres de forma geral diz respeito ao uso do preservativo masculino com seus clientes, à realização de exames, higiene corporal, ao falar de suas profissões aos profissionais de saúde e também de suas identidades de gênero. Foi observado que as mulheres abordadas nessa pesquisa não receberam orientações específicas referentes a medidas preventivas em saúde, a maioria disse não ter recebido nenhuma informação de seus pais, escola ou serviços de saúde quanto à prevenção de gravidez e ISTs antes da primeira relação sexual. É importante ressaltar que a primeira relação sexual de três das onze entrevistadas foi fruto de estupro na infância, o que contribuiu com a falta de cuidado para com elas mesmas, desde sua infâncias. A grande maioria delas não utiliza o preservativo feminino. No entanto, foi observado que o cuidado para elas, não inclui somente o cuidado com o corpo, com o biológico. Elas em suas falas citam o cuidado com os filhos, com os pais e até presenciei uma situação de cuidado voltada a mim por uma das participantes. Além disto, também identifiquei o meu cuidado para com elas, quando as dei minha atenção e olhar. / The present study had as its theme the sexual health of women. The purpose of this study was to know what care is and how to care for women who are prostitutes. I wanted to deal with this population, considering that like other women in other professions, they are susceptible to any sexually transmitted infections. She also wanted to know if there is a difference in the treatment given to them in their gynecological consultations if they receive more guidance on STI preventive methods than other women who are not prostitutes. Qualitative research was carried out using face-to-face interviews, using a semi-structured script with low-income prostitutes in the central region of the city of Santos / SP. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and the statements according to the thematic analysis. We interviewed 11 women aged 19 to 59 years. The care for these women in general refers to the use of male condoms with their clients, to perform examinations, body hygiene, talking about their professions to health professionals and also their gender identities. It was observed that the women addressed in this research did not receive specific guidelines regarding preventive health measures, most of them said they had not received any information from their parents, school or health services regarding pregnancy prevention and STIs before the first sexual intercourse. It is important to emphasize that the first sexual relation of three of the eleven interviewees was the result of rape in childhood, which contributed to their lack of care for themselves since their infancy. The vast majority of them do not use the female condom. However, it was observed that the care for them does not only include care with the body, with the biological. They in their statements cite the care with the children, with the parents and even witnessed a situation of care directed to me by one of the participants. In addition, I also identified my care for them when I gave them my attention and look.

A prostituição feminina é um tema que tem gerado diversas pesquisas científicas. Desde pesquisas relacionadas ao turismo sexual, AIDS/DSTs, prostituição e internet, prostituição e migração. Dentre esses temas, o trabalho mesmo das protitutas como objeto de pesquisas, seu cotidiano e práticas, estrategias de negociação e cobrança são pouco pesquisados. Abordando esses temas, e pela via da formação e desenvolvimento da carreiras das prostitutas e da relação com sua vida pessoal é onde se insere o presente trabalho. Temos como colaboradoras duas prostitutas que trabalham no centro de Salvador-BA (Mariana e Graziela ) e enfocando suas histórias de vida e carreira através de entrevistas realizadas com as mesmas, devidamente gravadas e transcritas. A partir da fala mesma delas, procedemos uma reconstrução de suas carreiras, de todos os percalços e questões importantes ao longo de sua vida profissional. Dentre eles destacamos o início na prostituição, prostituição e escolha, violência nas relações de trabalho, família e maternidade, prostituição de rua e prostituição dentro de locais especializados, questões de gênero: ciúme e (não)aceitação dos companheiros, liberdade de gênero e poder, sexualidade, prazer e o trabalho como prostituta, a recusa do papel de vítima da vida ou das circunstâncias, prostituição e vida pessoal e competências necessárias para ser uma prostituta. Terminamos fazendo apontamentos sobre a carreira de nossas depoentes, o estigma social a que estão sujeitas, liberdades a que estão sujeitas nesse trabalho, a questão da remuneração, a implicação da escolha profissional na vida pessoal e o que mais poderia ser pesquisado em Salvador em termos de prostituição / Female prostitution is a theme that has generates several scientific papers. From the sexual tourism to AIDS/STD researches throw papers that focus prostitution and internet and prostitution and migration. Among all this themes, prostitutes works itself lacks as been the object of researches, their every-day work and practices, negotiation and payment strategies have been very little studied. Covering this themes and through the studies of the career and career development of the prostitutes, and the relation between their work and personal life is where this paper can be placed. Having 2 prostitutes from Salvador-BA as collaborates (Mariana and Graziela) and focusing on their life histories and career through the use of recorded interviews and transcribed. Proceeding from their own speeches we reconstruct their career with all the problems and important issues related to their professional lives. Among them we can state the beginning in prostitution work, prostitution and choice, violence in the sex work relations, family and maternity, indoor and outdoor prostitution, gender issues: the jealousy and (non)acceptance from their mates, gender freedom and power, sexuality, pleasure and work as a prostitute, refuse of being a victim of their life or history so end up as a prostitute, prostitute and personal life, competences needed to be a prostitute. We finish making pointing out issues as: our interviewed careers, social stigma that they are subject, freedoms that they are subject as prostitutes, the payment, implications of the professional choice in personal life and what else could be researched in the prostitution of Salvador

Forced Labour in the Czech Republic Abstract The submitted dissertation thesis examines so far neglected issue of forced labour in the Czech Republic in its complexity, i.e. both its lawful (e.g. work performed by imprisoned persons) and unlawful forms. It seeks to discover whether the present law (and extra-legal regulation) on this topic is sufficient. For this purpose it examines not only the corresponding law across individual branches of law, but also its place in the historical and moral- philosophical context. In the first parts, the submitted thesis deals with the existence of free will as a precondition of considering a work freely chosen and with the existence and content of objective morality as a precondition of considering anything morally right. Special attention is dedicated to forced labour during Protectorate and communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The core parts of the submitted thesis consist of an analysis of corresponding international, European and national law. The attention shifts from first international conventions dealing with this issue adopted by International Labour Organisation to rich case law of the European Court of Human Rights and finally to Czech legal order where e.g. transfer of an employee to alternative work without his or her consent, transfer of employees' rights,...