The present article tries to offer a wide vision of the labor instability as a phenomenon that affects the Peruvian workers in all the labors regimens. Not only from the perspective of the labor law but from a psychological perspective for which the psychoanalytic concepts used by Sigmund Freud will join, as well as to show, from the point of view of the authors, that the labor instability is a phenomenon that concerns the health so much physical as psychological and emotional of the worker. Finally, the authors, try to offer ways to fight. / El presente artículo pretende brindar una visión más amplia acerca de la inestabilidad laboral como fenómeno que afecta a los trabajadores peruanos en los distintos regímenes laborales existentes, es decir, no sólo desde la perspectiva del Derecho Laboral, que es la rama que se ocupa de la misma en primera instancia, sino desde una perspectiva psicológica para lo cual se integrarán los conceptos psicoanalíticos utilizados por Sigmund Freud, así como mostrar, desde el punto de vista de los autores, que la inestabilidad laboral es un fenómeno que afecta a la salud tanto física, como psicológica y emocional del trabajador. Finalmente, los autores, pretenden brindar propuestas para lidiar con el problema de la inestabilidad laboral.

Apart from the personal and socioeconomic burdens of dementia, the immense, intangible emotional and psychological suffering endured by dementia patients, their carers and families are difficult to quantify. Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) accounts for over 50% of all dementias and is responsible for a large percentage of morbidity and mortality in older adults. It is also recognised as a disease qualitatively distinct from the normal ageing process. Identified almost 95 years ago by Alois Alzheimer, it poses a seminal problem, which in the twenty-first century is compounded by the predicted extension in human longevity. Caregivers thus bear a considerable financial, social and emotional burden due to the progressive debilitating nature of the disease. It is hypothesised that social support buffers the individual from the negative emotional effects of stressful circumstances associated with the caregiving process; and although the inevitable course of the disease cannot be stopped, improving support to caregivers may decrease feelings of isolation and improve psychological health. Caregivers of AD patients often report experiencing a lack of social support due to the nature and progression of this disease. This study thus aims to investigate the relationship between real and/or perceived social support and psychological health (depression, loneliness, and perceived burden of care) amongst a cohort of Alzheimer’s caregivers. The following standardised measuring instruments were used to elicit data: the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), UCLA Loneliness Scale, Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ85) and a biographical questionnaire. Data were analysed using correlation and regression statistical techniques. The main findings of this study were that there is a significant positive correlation between loneliness and depression; loneliness and personal strain (burden) as well as both role and personal strain (burden) with depression. A significant negative correlation was also found between perceived social support and loneliness. Additional findings were that participants with higher educational qualifications experienced more personal strain and role strain (burden); caregivers with patients in the two younger age groups scored higher on the BDI-II; and the cognitive status of the patient correlated with the burden experienced by the caregiver. A significant negative correlation between summaries of reactions (burden) and duration of caregiving was also reported. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

Le thème général de la thèse est la santé psychologique au travail, plus particulièrement, il estquestion de comprendre les origines des problèmes de santé psychologique au travail et dedépister les moyens de développer un bien-être au travail et/ou d’empêcher la détériorationdes conditions de santé psychologique des travailleurs sociaux. La santé psychologique estappréhendée dans cette recherche comme une forme bidimensionnelle en mentionnant la santénon seulement comme l’absence de maladie, mais aussi comme la présence d’aspects positifs(Achille, 2003 ; Keyes, 2005). Dans cette optique, nous avons choisi d’évaluer la santé autravers du bien-être psychologique, de la détresse psychologique et de l’épuisementprofessionnel. Le bien-être psychologique constitue le pôle positif et la détressepsychologique et l’épuisement professionnel forment le pôle négatif. Le modèle de la santépsychologique au travail a été testé auprès de 369 travailleurs sociaux de la région Nord-Pasde Calais.L’intérêt scientifique de la recherche est de comprendre non seulement les causes desproblèmes de santé psychologique au travail mais aussi les causes de « bonne » santépsychologique afin d’anticiper l’évolution de l’état de santé psychologique des travailleurs demanière à prévenir l’apparition de problèmes psychologiques. Notre objectif, au moyend’entretiens et de questionnaires, a été d’identifier les variables organisationnelles pouvantagir positivement ou négativement sur la santé psychologique au travail. Nous avons montré la place centrale de la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques dans l’étude de la santé psychologique au travail.Pour cela, notre étude s’inspire du modèle prévisionnel de santé psychologique au travail proposé par Boudrias, Savoie & Brunet (2007). Le postulat de base part de la théorie de l’autodétermination (Deci & Ryan, 2000) soutenant que l’individu s’accomplit au travail si l’environnement de celui-ci favorise la satisfaction de ses besoins d’autonomie, de compétence et d’affiliation sociale. La satisfaction de ces trois besoins psychologiques est la résultante d’inducteurs variés pouvant être situationnels tels que la justice organisationnelle,le soutien social, la charge de travail et la charge émotionnelle et d’inducteurs personnels tels que la résilience. Les résultats montrent que la résilience, le soutien social et la justice organisationnelle sont des variables prédictives du bien être et de l’accomplissement personnel. En outre, la charge de travail et la charge émotionnelle favorisent la détresse et l’épuisement professionnel.Précisément, la justice organisationnelle contribue, d’une part, au bien-être et à l’accomplissement personnel et d’autre part, la perception d’un manque d’une justice en milieu de travail génère de la détresse, de l’épuisement émotionnel et une dépersonnalisation.Les analyses démontrent qu’une charge de travail élevé peut appuyer la détresse psychologique des travailleurs sociaux. Le soutien hiérarchique explique les composantes de l’épuisement professionnel. Enfin, la résilience s’avère être un facteur de protection de la détresse et de l’épuisement émotionnel.L’hypothèse principale de cette thèse est que la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques exerce un effet médiateur entre les différents inducteurs et la santé psychologique au travail.Globalement, la satisfaction du besoin d’autonomie médiatise totalement d’une part, les liens entre la justice et le bien-être et, entre la charge de travail et la détresse ainsi que l’épuisement émotionnel. Ensuite, les analyses de médiations indiquent que la satisfaction du besoin de compétence médiatise partiellement d’une part, le lien entre la justice et le bien-être, d’autre part entre, la résilience, le soutien hiérarchique et l’accomplissement personnel. Enfin, nous observons que la satisfaction du besoin d’affiliation sociale médiatise totalement le lien entre la charge de travail et la détresse. / The general subject of the thesis is the psychological health in the work, more particularly, itis question to understand the previous history of the problems of psychological health in thework and to detect the means to develop a prosperity in the work and\or to prevent thedeterioration of the conditions of psychological health of the social workers. Thepsychological health is arrested in this search as a shape bidimensionnelle by mentioning thehealth not only as the absence of disease, but also as the presence of positive aspects (Achille,2003; Keyes, 2005). From this perspective, we chose to estimate the health through thepsychological well-being, through the psychological distress and through the burnout. Thepsychological well-being establishes the positive pole and the psychological distress and theburnout train the negative pole. The model of the psychological health in the work was testedwith 369 social workers of the region Nord-Pas de Calais.The scientific interest of the research is to understand not only the causes of the problems ofpsychological health in the work but also the causes of "good one" psychological health toanticipate the evolution of the psychological health of the workers so as to prevent theappearance of psychological problems. Our objective, by means of conversations and ofquestionnaires, was to identify the organizational variables which can act positively ornegatively on the psychological health in the work. We showed the central place of thesatisfaction of the psychological needs in the study of the psychological health in the work.For that purpose, our study is inspired by the projected model of psychological health in thework proposed by Boudrias, Savoie & Brunet (2007). The basic premise leaves the theory ofthe self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 2000) supporting that the individual comes true in thework if the environment of this one favors the satisfaction of its needs for autonomy, forcompetence and for social membership. The satisfaction of these three psychological needs isthe resultant of varied inductors which can be situational such as the organizational justice,the social support, the workload and the emotional charge and of personal inductors such asthe resilienceThe results show that the impact strength, the social support and the organizational justice arepredictive variables of the good to be and of the personal fulfillment. Besides, the workloadand the emotional charge favor the distress and the burnout. Exactly, the organizational justice contributes, on one hand, to the well-being and to thepersonal fulfillment and on the other hand, the perception of a lack of a justice in the middleof work generate some distress, some emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Analysesdemonstrate that a load of high work can rest the psychological distress of the social workers.The hierarchical support explains the components of the burnout. Finally, the resilience turnsout to be a factor of protection.The main hypothesis of this thesis is that the satisfaction of the psychological needs exercisesa mediating effect between the various inductors and the psychological health in the work.Globally, the satisfaction of the need for autonomy mediatizes totally on one hand, the linksbetween the justice and the well-being and, between the workload and the distress as well asthe emotional exhaustion. Then, the analyses of mediations indicate that the satisfaction of theneed for competence mediatizes partially on one hand, the link between the justice and thewell-being, on the other hand between, the impact strength, the hierarchical support and thepersonal fulfillment. Finally, we observe that the satisfaction of the need for socialmembership mediatizes totally the link between the workload and the distress.

The objective of this thesis was to defend an alternative approach by health policy makers for improving health outcomes through investing on social factors of peoples' lives, rather than by increasing health expenditures. In order to defend this theory, this master thesis addresses two research questions: Which are the social determinants of health with largest impact on health status of individuals? And what is the statistical correlation between those social determinants of health and self-reported health status, and psychological health, for Germany, Denmark, Spain and Ireland? The first question was answered by developing a comprehensive research among the mostrelevant literature in the field of social determinants of health and the second through the construction of a statistical multiple regression model. According this study the social determinants with largest impact on the health status of individuals are: physical activity, education level, the welfare state, emotional support, socio-economic status, living conditions, working conditions, and life balance. Regarding the results of multiple regression models all variables followed the expected trend and it was possible to proof significant statistical correlation in 7 of the 8 determinants chosen, especially in the cases of working conditions and life balance, where those having problems managing these aspects of life experienced 50% or in some cases 30% of the health status of individuals with positive experiences in these life dimensions.

Introduktion: Psykisk ohälsa är ett alarmerande globalt folkhälsoproblem. Undersökningar visar att män skattar sin hälsa högre än kvinnor och söker vård i lägre utsträckning för mentala hälsoproblem. Paradoxalt nog är män överrepresenterade i självmordsstatistiken. Det har visat sig finnas ett samband mellan psykisk ohälsa och sociokulturella mönster gällande könsuttryck. Mycket pekar på att en bidragande orsak är snäva normer för maskulinitet och traditionell maskulinitet kan kopplas till självmordstankar och verkar samverka med flertalet stressorer som förstärker självmordstankarna. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva vad i unga mäns upplevelser, relaterat till maskulinitet, kan förenas med ökad risk för psykisk ohälsa och självmord. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie har gjorts vilken inkluderade både kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskning. Databas som användes var: MEDLINE; EBSCO. Analysmetoden var tematisk analys. Resultat: Unga män upplevde att de var under hög press att följa traditionella begränsande och restriktiva könsnormer för manlighet. Det var tydligt att männen också upplevde svårigheter med att leva upp till idealet. Utebliven framgång att uppnå de hegemoniska idealen av maskulinitet sågs som en av de främsta anledningarna till att fler män än kvinnor tar sina liv. Slutsats: Den här studien har lett fram till insikter att det finns ett stort behov av att utveckla strategier för självsmordprevention hos unga män. Insatserna behöver vara specifikt inriktade på att minska det maskulina idealets inverkan på psykisk ohälsa och självmord för att bana sig väg igenom barriärer som gör att män inte vill söka emotionellt stöd eller vård för psykisk ohälsa utan istället tar sitt liv. / Introduction: Mental illness is an alarming global public health problem. Surveys show that men rate their health higher than women and seek health care to a lesser extent for mental health problems. Paradoxically, men are overrepresented in the suicide statistics. It has shown that you have to use a connection between mental illness and socio-cultural patterns of gender expression. Many points to make a contribution cause are tight norms for masculinity and traditional masculinity can be linked to suicidal thoughts and works interact with the majority of stressors that reinforce suicidal thoughts. Aim: The purpose of the study is to describe what of young men’s experiences, related to masculinity, can be associated with an increased risk of mental illness and suicide. Method: A structured literature study was conducted which included both qualitative and quantitative research. Databases used were: MEDLINE; EBSCO. The method of analysis was thematic analysis. Results: Young men felt that they were under high pressure to follow traditional restrictive and restrictive gender norms for masculinity. It was clear that the men also experienced difficulties in living up to the ideal. Failure to achieve the hegemonic ideals of masculinity was seen as one of the main reasons why more men than women take their lives. Conclusion: This study has led to the realization that there is a need to develop suicide prevention strategies in young men. The efforts must be specifically focused on reducing the masculine ideal in works on mental ill-health and suicide in order to pave their way through barriers that see that one does not want to feel the feeling as support or care for mental ill-health but instead takes one's life.

Actualmente, uno de los problemas que generó la pandemia es un desgaste emocional, ya que frente a una pandemia como la que estamos viviendo es predecible sentir ansiedad, nerviosismo, angustia, estrés, tristeza y preocupación, entre otras reacciones. Asimismo, aumentaron los problemas de salud física, debido al trabajo remoto. Mediante el presente trabajo, se busca desarrollar un plan de negocio para solucionar el problema mencionado y estudiar la viabilidad de este. En primer lugar, se realizó un Business Model Canvas para plantear los aspectos clave del negocio y tener visible la infraestructura, los clientes, proveedores y estructura financiera, para después evaluar y validar cada uno de los cuadrantes. Para ello, se tuvo que llevar a cabo entrevistas con diferentes usuarios y expertos, rescatando sus opiniones para desarrollar una página web de acuerdo con sus necesidades. En segundo lugar, se desarrolló un prototipo de alta fidelidad de la página web, la cual se le presentó a los entrevistados para que puedan interactuar con ella y brindar sus recomendaciones para modificar la plataforma en caso se considerara necesario y mejorarla. En tercer lugar, se desarrollaron cuatro nuevos experimentos para validar el interés de compra de los usuarios, se diseñó una página web, brindando toda la información sobre la idea de negocio, de esta manera se pudo medir la intención de compra de cada usuario. Finalmente, se realizaron campañas de publicidad a través de Instagram, para llegar a un mayor segmento de mercado y generar mayor interacción en la página web. / Actually, one of the problems caused by the pandemic is emotional exhaustion, since in the face of a pandemic like the one we are living in, it is predictable to feel anxiety, nervousness, anguish, stress, sadness and worry, among other reactions. In addition to this, physical health problems increased, due to remote work. Through the present work, we seek to develop a business plan to solve the mentioned problem and study its viability. In the first place, a Business Model Canvas was made to present the key aspects of the business and have the infrastructure, customers, suppliers and financial structure visible, to later evaluate and validate each of the quadrants. For this, interviews had to be carried out with different people and experts, payig attention to their opinions to develop a web page according to their needs. Second, a high-fidelity prototype of the website was developed, which was presented to the interviewees so that they could interact with it and provide their recommendations to modify the platform if it was necessary and improve it. Third, four new experiments were developed to validate the purchase interest of users, a web page was designed, providing all the information about the business idea, in this way it was possible to measure the purchase intention of each user. Finally, advertising campaigns were carried out through Instagram, to reach a larger market segment and generate more interaction on the website. / Trabajo de investigación

I Sverige föds ungefär 440 barn döda varje år. Intrauterin fosterdöd kan beskrivas som en stilla födsel och definieras som framfödande av barn som saknar livstecken efter 22 fullgångna graviditetsveckor. En förlossning av ett dödfött barn sker på liknande sätt som en förlossning med ett levande barn. Skillnaden är att fosterhjärtljuden inte behöver övervakas eller registreras. Modern som genomgår förlossningen kan då istället få all uppmärksamhet. Att få ett dödfött barn tillhör inte en vanlig livserfarenhet och innebär en chock för föräldrarna. Intrauterin fosterdöd kan orsaka kraftiga psykiska besvär hos modern. En majoritet har planerat månader och ibland år i förväg för hur livet med ett barn kommer att bli och när barnet sedan dör intrauterint rasar hela deras värld. Sorgen efter ett barn som får en stilla födsel beskrivs som långvarig och djup, speciellt för modern som bär barnet i sin kropp.   Syftet med föreliggande litteraturöversikt var att belysa moderns psykiska hälsa efter att hon mist sitt barn intrauterint.   För att på lämpligt sätt besvara föreliggande studies syfte valdes en litteraturöversikt som metod. Databassökningar gjordes via PubMed, CINAHL och PsychINFO. Resultatet av sökningarna medförde att 18 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades. Artiklarna var publicerade från år 2008 till och med år 2018 och både artiklar med kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats inkluderades i studien. Vetenskaplig kvalitetsgranskning och klassificering genomfördes utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolas utarbetade bedömningsunderlag. Resultatet framtogs genom integrerad analys av innehåll.   I resultatet framkom det att modern kan drabbas av olika psykiska besvär med varierande svårighetsgrad efter att hon mist sitt barn intrauterint. Ångest, depression, oro, tvångstankar, posttraumatiskt stressyndrom och självmordstankar förekommer. Besvären kan finnas kvar lång tid efter dödfödseln. Känslor av tomhet, olust och skuld beskrevs hos ett flertal mödrar samt skillnader i hur samhället betraktade dem på grund av socioekonomisk och kulturell status. Genom att få stöd från sjukvården och barnmorskor kunde symtomen och besvären minska. Att samla minnen, hålla i barnet, utföra ritualer, mindfulness, stödsamtal eller psykoterapi ledde till att besvären kunde minska.   Slutsatsen som framkommit från föreliggande litteraturöversikt är att den psykiska hälsan hos modern kunde påverkas negativt av den kris som en intrauterin fosterdöd innebär. Hur svåra och långvariga besvären blev var beroende av tillgängligheten och kvaliteten på generellt stöd samt vårdinsatser. / In Sweden, approximately 440 children are stillborn every year. Intrauterine fetal death is sometimes described as a still birth and is defined as the birth of a child who has shown no sign of life after 22 completed pregnancy weeks. The birth of a stillborn child is similar to the birth of a living child. The difference is that the fetal heartbeat does not need to be monitored or recorded. Full attention can be directed at the mother giving birth. Giving birth to a stillborn child is not a normal life experience and is a shock for the parents. Intrauterine fetal death can cause the mother severe mental disorders. A majority has planned months and sometimes years in advance for how life with a child will be and when the child then dies their entire world crumbles. Grieving for a child who is stillborn is described as long lasting and deep, especially for the mother who carried the child in her body.   The aim of this literature review was to illuminate the mother's mental health after she has lost her baby intrauterine.      In order to adequately respond to the purpose of the study, a literature review was chosen as a method. Database searches were made through PubMed, CINAHL and PsychINFO. The result of the searches led to the inclusion of 18 scientific articles. The articles were published from year 2008 to 2018 and both qualitative and quantitative articles were included in the study. Scientific quality review and classification was implemented in the foundation of the Sophiahemmet University Hospital. The result was developed through integrated content analysis.   From the result it emerged that the mother could suffer from various mental disorders with varying degrees of difficulties after she has lost her child intrauterine. Anxiety, depression, worrying, obsessive thoughts, post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal thoughts occur. The discomfort can last long after the birth of a stillborn child. Feelings of emptiness, unrest and guilt were shown by a number of mothers as well as differences in how society saw them based on their socio-economic and cultural status. By receiving support from health care staff and midwives, the symptoms and disorders could be reduced. Collecting memories, holding the child, performing rituals, mindfulness, counseling or psychotherapy could also lead to reduced symptoms.   The conclusion from the literature review is that the mental health of the mother was adversely affected by the crisis that an intrauterine fetal death implies. How severe and long-lasting problems became, depended on availability and quality of general support and efforts from the healthcare system.

Bakgrund: Muskeldysmorfi (MD) är en psykologisk störning som kännetecknas avatt en person är tvångsmässigt bekymrad över sin upplevda brist på muskulatur. MDkan ha betydande negativa effekter på en persons liv, vilket kan leda till socialisolering, ökad risk för missbruk och psykisk ohälsa. Ännu finns det inga studiersom tagit upp muskeldysmorfi hos den svenska befolkningen. Syfte: Syftet medstudien var att undersöka hur vanligt det är med muskeldysmorfi hos personer somstyrketränar. Metod: Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ forskningsmetod(enkät) och studiedesignen för denna studie var en tvärsnittsstudie. Antropometriskamått, tränings- och fysisk aktivitetbakgrund, kosttillskott, sociala medier och MuscleDysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) användes som mätinstrument i dennastudie. Resultat: Resultaten visade att 21,6% av deltagarna uppfyllde dediagnostiska kriterierna av MD. Manliga deltagare (n = 54) var i genomsnitt yngreän de kvinnliga deltagarna (n = 20). Männen var även tyngre, längre och hade högreBMI än kvinnorna. Resultaten visade inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellandeltagare utan symtom och deltagare med symtom av MD i träningsbakgrund,användning av sociala medier och kosttillskott. Resultaten visade inte heller någrastatistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan män (34.28±7.37) och kvinnor (31.60 ±6.57) av MD- symtom. Konklusion: Sammanfattningsvis visade studien vilkasymtom som varit mest prevalenta inom MDDI. Resultaten gick i linje med tidigareforskning som belyst MD:s negativa inverkan på individens fysiska självvärde,psykiska hälsa, inklusive ökad risk för depression och ångest. / Background: Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a psychological disorder characterizedby a person being obsessively concerned about their perceived lack of muscularity.MD can have significant negative effects on a person's life, leading to socialisolation, increased risk of substance abuse and mental health problems. So far,there are no studies addressing muscle dysmorphia in the Swedish population.Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of muscledysmorphia in people who do strength training. Method: The method used was aquantitative research method (questionnaire) and the study design for this study wasa cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measures, exercise and physical activitybackground, dietary supplements, social media, and the Muscle DysmorphicDisorder Inventory (MDDI) were used as measurement instruments in this study.Results: Results showed that 21.6% of participants met the diagnostic criteria ofMD. Male participants (n = 54) were on average younger than the femaleparticipants (n = 20). The men were also heavier, taller and had a higher BMI thanthe women. The results showed no statistically significant differences betweenparticipants without symptoms and participants with symptoms of MD in exercisebackground, social media use and dietary supplements. The results also showed nostatistically significant differences between men (34.28±7.37) and women(31.60±6.57) of MD symptoms. Conclusion: In summary, the study showed whichsymptoms were most prevalent in MDDI. The results were in line with previousresearch highlighting the negative impact of MD on the individual's physical selfworth, mental health, including increased risk of depression and anxiety.

Thèse de doctorat présentée en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie du travail et des organisations (Ph.D) / Les expériences psychologiques associées à la récupération entre les épisodes de travail—telles que le détachement psychologique du travail, la relaxation, la maîtrise et le contrôle sur le temps hors travail—sont reconnues pour leur capacité à protéger et favoriser la santé psychologique des travailleurs, tandis que d’autres expériences telles que la rumination sont perçues comme préjudiciables. Cependant, leurs effets sont plus complexes et moins compris qu’il n’y paraît. Une voie peu explorée pour comprendre et prédire la portée de leurs effets sont les interactions que ces expériences pourraient entretenir avec d’autres variables. Le présent ouvrage explore si et comment ces effets sont modérés par des facteurs liés au travail ou au contexte de vie des travailleurs. Il examine, sur le plan théorique et empirique, les possibilités que les effets salutaires des expériences de récupération varient selon des conditions (thèse de la contingence) ou soient indépendants de facteurs individuels ou contextuels (thèse de l’universalité). Puisant largement dans la théorie effort-récupération (Meijman et Mulder, 1998) et la théorie de la conservation des ressources (Hobfoll, 1998), cet ouvrage cherche avant tout à clarifier la force des liens existant entre neuf expériences de récupération (ou de non récupération) et diverses catégories d’indicateurs de santé psychologique contextualisés ou non au travail. À cet égard, le premier article dresse une synthèse empirique de ces relations par une méta-analyse (k = 191). Les résultats montrent que la vaste majorité des tailles d’effet entre les expériences de (non) récupération et la santé psychologique sont à la fois significatives et de magnitude modérée à forte, ce qui milite en faveur de la thèse de l’universalité. En revanche, l’importante hétérogénéité inter-étude inexpliquée offre un terrain d’exploration propice à la thèse de la contingence. Le second objectif de cet ouvrage est d’identifier des modérateurs influençant les relations entre les expériences de (non) récupération et divers corrélats de santé psychologique. L’étude des facteurs contingents pourrait aider à optimiser les ressources individuelles et organisationnelles dédiées aux expériences de récupération. Les deux articles contribuent à cet objectif par des méthodologies différentes. Dans le premier article, des analyses de méta-régression soutiennent modestement cinq des six modérateurs étudiés comme pouvant influencer les liens entre des expériences de (non) récupération et la santé psychologique, soit l’âge, le genre, le nombre d’heures travaillées, le niveau de scolarité ainsi que deux dimensions de la culture nationale, à savoir l’individualisme vs le collectivisme et l’indulgence vs la sévérité. Dans le second article, des analyses de régression hiérarchique sont menées sur des données colligées auprès de 2346 travailleurs du milieu de l’éducation québécois. Un seul effet modérateur sur la santé psychologique a été détecté parmi les 24 interactions étudiées entre des expériences de récupération et deux caractéristiques du travail (la quantité de travail et l’autonomie). En conclusion, cet ouvrage apporte un soutien plus marqué à la thèse de l’universalité, tout en identifiant certains effets modérateurs, d’envergure limitée, qui s’alignent avec la thèse de la contingence. Des perspectives de recherche futures sont discutées pour ces deux thèses. / The psychological experiences associated with recovery between work episodes—such as psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery, and control over non-work time—are known for their ability to protect and promote worker’s psychological health, while other experiences such as rumination are perceived as harmful. However, their effects are more complex than they appear and are still not well understood. An underexplored area for understanding and predicting the extent of their effects is the interactions that these experiences may have with other variables. The current work explores whether and how these effects are moderated by factors related to work or the workers' life context. It examines both theoretically and empirically the idea that the beneficial effects of recovery experiences may vary depending on conditions (contingency thesis) or be independent of individual or contextual factors (universality thesis). Drawing extensively from the Effort-Recovery theory (Meijman & Mulder, 1998) and the Conservation of Resources theory (Hobfoll, 1998), this work aims first to clarify the strength of the relationships between nine recovery (or non-recovery) experiences and various indicators of psychological health that are either contextualized or non-contextualized to work. In this regard, the first article offers an empirical synthesis of these relationships through a meta-analysis (k = 191). The results show that most effect sizes between the (non-) recovery experiences and PH are both significant and of moderate to strong magnitude, supporting the universality thesis. However, the large unexplained between-study heterogeneity provides a fertile ground for exploration in support of the contingency thesis. The second objective of this work is to identify moderators influencing the relationships between (non-) recovery experiences and various correlates of psychological health. The study of contingent factors could help optimize individual and organizational resources dedicated to recovery experiences. The two articles contribute to this objective with different methodologies. In the first article, meta-regression analyses partially support five out of the six studied moderators as potentially influencing the relationships between (non-) recovery experiences and psychological health, namely age, gender, number of work hours, level of education, as well as two dimensions of national culture, namely individualism vs collectivism and indulgence vs restraint. In the second article, hierarchical regression analyses are conducted on data collected from 2,346 workers in the Quebec education sector. Only one moderating effect on psychological health was detected among the 24 interactions studied between recovery experiences and two work characteristics (workload and autonomy). In conclusion, this work provides stronger support for the universality thesis, while also identifying certain moderating effects, of limited scope, that align with the contingency thesis. Future research perspectives are discussed for each of these theses.

Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka samband mellan utbildning, civilstånd och inkomst gentemot upplevd fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Metod Undersökningen är en kvantitativ enkätstudie där totalt 525 individer ingick framförallt från Lidingö, Täby, Haninge, Östermalm och Solna. Åldern på individerna varierade mellan 37 och 89 år och medelåldern var 70,3 år (± 6,6), där cirka en tredjedel var män och två tredjedelar kvinnor. Samtliga har fått besvara frågor med fasta svarsalternativ kring deras upplevda fysiska (kroppslig) samt psykiska (själslig) hälsa och faktorerna inkomst, civilstånd samt utbildningsnivå. Därefter analyserades resultaten för att finna eventuella samvariationer mellan den upplevda hälsan och de specifika faktorerna. Samtliga deltagare har själva ansökt om att få vara med i ett projekt kring hälsa i Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolans regi. Resultat Signifikanta samvariationer fanns mellan upplevd fysisk och psykisk hälsa samt civilstånd där hög hälsa korrelerade med att leva i ett förhållande. I förhållande till inkomstnivå fanns tendenser till samband (dock utan signifikans) där en viss ökning av den upplevda fysiska samt psykiska hälsan noterades för varje inkomstintervall (låg, medel och hög), i synnerhet gentemot den psykiska hälsan. Utbildningsfaktorn visade inga signifikanta samband med grad av upplevd hälsa bland deltagarna. Slutsats Studiens hypotes om en positiv samvariation mellan den upplevda hälsan och samtliga tre livsfaktorer visade sig inte stämma fullt ut för denna grupp med företrädesvis äldre. Den faktor som signifikant korrelerade med upplevd hälsa var civilstånd. Även inkomst visade sig ha tendensen (dock ej signifikant) till ett visst samband med de skattade hälsoparametrarna för den undersökta gruppen. Det är möjligt, med använda arbetsmetoder, att starkare samband skulle fås fram på ett mer slumpmässigt urval av befolkningen. Studien ställer jämväl nya frågor om huruvida sambandet för undersökta faktorer i förhållande till upplevd hälsa eventuellt skiljer sig för olika åldersgrupper.