Développée dès la fin des années 1960 en France à partir de l’application des principes de la prospective, issus des travaux du philosophe Gaston Berger, à l’aménagement du territoire, la prospective territoriale fait aujourd’hui l’objet de nombreuses démarches tant au niveau étatique qu’au niveau des collectivités territoriales. Cette recherche propose d’interroger le sens des pratiques hétérogènes auxquelles elle a donné lieu, et entreprend pour ce faire de dénaturaliser la prospective devenue, au gré de ses différentes traductions dans les mécanismes de la décision publique, un « objet » aux contours imprécis. Nous proposons d’appréhender la prospective, d’abord présentée par Berger comme une « technique rationnelle » œuvrant à rendre l’action efficace pour l’homme, comme un « instrument de gouvernementalité » ou encore un « instrument d’action publique » producteur de normes (et en particulier de normes territoriales), ainsi que de mettre en exergue les conséquences des métamorphoses de la régulation politique sur l’état de cet « instrument prospective » et ses effets. En tant que rationalité cognitive (mode de connaissance du territoire), la prospective territoriale semble d’une part opérer un retour à la question anthropologique : elle se fait sociétale, toujours plus attentive aux pratiques spatiales. En tant que rationalité politique (mode d’administration de l’institution et du territoire), ses démarches deviennent d’autre part le lieu d’une mise à l’épreuve des catégories démocratiques encore liées à l’idéal moderne du territoire. Il appert ainsi que l’examen des dispositifs de prospective territoriale présente un intérêt pour l’analyse de la dimension spatiale de l’action politique, comme pour celle des modalités évolutives de l’action publique. / Territorial Foresight Studies, developed in France at the end of the 1960s based on the application of philosopher Gaston Berger’s work to territorial management, has today become an area for numerous approaches at the state level as well as at the level of regional and local authorities. This thesis proposes to question the meaning of the heterogeneous practices to which it has given rise, and undertake, to that end, to denaturalize Foresight Studies which have become, in their various translations into the mechanisms of public decision, an “object” of imprecise outline. We propose to understand Foresight Studies, first presented by Berger as a “rational technique” working to render action effective for Man, as an “instrument of governmentality”, or again, an “instrument of public action” productive of norms (and in particular territorial norms), as well as to underline the consequences of the metamorphoses in political regulation on the state of this “foresight tool” and its effects. As a cognitive rationality (a mode of knowledge about territory), territorial foresight appears, on the one hand, to prepare for a return to the anthropological question: it becomes societal, ever more attentive to spatial practices; yet as political rationality (a mode of institutional and territorial administration), its approaches become, on the other hand, the site at which are tested democratic categories still tied to the modern ideal of territory. Evidently, the examination of apparatuses of territorial foresight are of interest for the analysis of the spatial dimension of political action, as well as for the evolutionary modalities of public action.

Nesta dissertação, apresentam-se os fatores que permitem à Naturopatia/ Naturologia ser entendida como uma nova Racionalidade Médica. Para tanto, partiu-se do conceito de Racionalidades Médicas e suas dimensões: Cosmologia, Doutrina Médica, Morfologia e Dinâmica Vital, Diagnose e Terapêutica. Utilizou-se o método de investigação de abordagem qualitativa classificando-se, de acordo com Apolinário (2006), em descritiva, documental; conforme a fonte geradora das informações, sendo objetos da pesquisa programas de disciplinas, matrizes curriculares e informações fornecidas nos sites institucionais de ensino superior em Naturopatia, no mundo, e Naturologia, no Brasil. O objetivo desse trabalho foi demonstrar como se apresentam as dimensões constituintes de uma Racionalidade Médica para a Naturopatia/Naturologia. Conforme os critérios de inclusão e exclusão dezesseis instituições foram analisadas em sete países. Como resultado, a Naturopatia/Naturologia pode ser considerada uma nova Racionalidade Médica, sendo entendida nas seis dimensões: uma cosmologia sincrética, dada à posteriori pautada na esfera própria de cada sujeito; uma Doutrina Médica multidimensional, integral, holística e vitalista. De promoção, prevenção e controle das condições de saúde e adoecimento dos sujeitos; uma Morfologia e Dinâmica Vital associativas, uma composição sintética dos saberes ocidentais e orientais em ciências da saúde; um Sistema Diagnóstico, misto das ferramentas das Racionalidades Chinesa e Ayrvédica, das práticas da Racionalidade Biomédica (conforme legislação de cada país), das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares; um Sistema Terapêutico (não fechado) com diferentes práticas das Racionalidades Médicas, Terapêuticas Tradicionais, Fitoterapia, Florais e Aromas, Terapêuticas relacionadas à Nutrição e as Práticas Integrativas e Complementares. / This dissertation intends to know the factors that allow Naturopathy/Naturology to be understood as a new Medical Rationality. For such, we started from the concept of Medical Rationalities and their dimensions: Cosmology, Medical Doctrine, Morphology and Vital Dynamic, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. The method of qualitative research was used. Classifying, according to Apolinário (2006), in descriptive, documentary, according to the information generating source being object of research, the curriculum, discipline programs, information supplied in the sites of Naturopathy superior level institutions, worldwide, and Naturology, in Brazil. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, sixteen institutions were evaluated in seven countries. As a result, the Naturopathy/Naturology can be considered a new Medical Rationality, being understood in the six dimensions: a syncretic cosmology, given the posteriori ruled in the own sphere of each individual; a multidimensional, integral or holistic, vitalist Medical Doctrine. Of promotion, prevention and control of the health and illness conditions of the individuals; associative Morphology and Vital Dynamic, based on principles and evidences of several knowledge, the sum, therefore, of the western and eastern sciences; a mixed Diagnostic System of the tools of the Chinese and Ayurvedic rationalities, of the practices of the Biomedical rationality (according to the legislation of each country), of the Integrative and Complementary Practices; a Therapeutic System (not closed) with different practices of Medical Rationalities, Traditional Therapeutics, Phytotherapy, Florals and scents, Therapeutics related to Nutrition and to the Integrative and Complementary Practices.

A thorough examination of policies and guidelines tailored towards enabling access to land and housing in Gaborone suggests incongruences' inherent in these strategies. Besides, planners and policymakers' continuous oversight to recognise the complexities of the urban everyday survival strategies and the lived experiences of the populace needs to be investigated. Numerous interventions have been introduced to facilitate land and housing access for low-income households in Gaborone. Even so, restricted access to these assets remains an enormous task, proven complex and problematic to resolve. The empirical evidence specifies the predominant situation articulated by a clash of rationalities between policies and everyday socio-economic practices of access to land and housing by low income households in Gaborone. The investigation of these tensions between policies promoting access to land and housing and the advocacy of the Self-Help Housing Agency as the primary rationale for home building and ownership by low-income households in Gaborone was articulated through policy assessment and analysis. Furthermore, in-depth interviews to appreciate the affected populace's lived experiences in response to the practicality of these policies was conducted. In terms of findings, this research has established that urban environments are persistently transformed with new configurations relating to access to land and housing frequently surfacing. Moreover, urban land and housing management policies fail to get in touch with the complexities of grassroots experience with access to land and housing in Gaborone. There is also the entrenchment of low-income households in a vicious circle of poverty and living precariously at the urban fringes with no security of tenure and affordable housing opportunities. All these experiences and practices resonate with the current endeavours to evaluate the realities of accessing land and housing resources in cities, as well as their correlation with promoting livelihood strategies for low-income households.

The exclusion of marginalized individuals or groups from public space through interventions as part of processes of urban transformation, and the disparity between these processes and the stated motivations behind them have been widely researched (Berney, 2013; Low, 2020; Madanipour, 2020; Mitchell, 2017). The aim of the thesis is to critically examine the disconnect between motivations and outcomes in public space planning through the theoretical perspective of a right to the city (Lefebvre, 1996), applying the idea of circulating spatial rationalities (Huxley, 2006). The thesis takes a qualitative approach, and is designed as a case study, focused on the urban park Rålambshovsparken. The chosen methods were semi-structured interviews with four participants involved in the planning of the park, and a document analysis of three planning documents. The findings show that the interventions in the park could be said to affect inclusiveness in a few different ways, for example through overly protective measures, to ensure a perceived required quality level. Also that the motivations belong to larger spatial rationalities, the participants adhere to different spheres of rationality, though interlinking with each other.

There has been a rise non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as part of a global health system that seeks to treat children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) in resource-poor countries. As a craniofacial abnormality, CLP affects a child’s ability to communicate and consume food, and the stigma associated with the condition leads to both social and physiological suffering. International NGOs use an apolitical humanitarian rhetoric to justify the need to provide this life-saving surgery. This thesis assesses CLP interventions by applying a critique of neoliberalism to explore the ways economic rationalities are extended to the domain of humanitarianism. By employing an ethnographic approach of “studying up,” this thesis critiques a North American NGO, referred to as Mission Smile. To reveal how neoliberal rationalities are embedded within the organization, this research draws on data from media analysis, participant observation, and interviews with medical volunteers and employees at Mission Smile. This thesis argues that neoliberal rationalities permeate throughout the organization. Economic calculus are not only embedded in the organization’s goal to provide surgery to “as many children as possible,” but also undergirds the distribution of humanitarian aid. Moreover, the surgery Mission Smile provides is described as an “investment in a child’s future” that enable children with CLP to become a contributing member of society. While this study reveals how neoliberal rationalities can converge with values of humanitarianism, it also shows that the extension of neoliberal rationalities into new domains is not a cohesive process. Volunteers describe an emergence of communitas, a feeling of bubbling joy and a shared humanity, and a development of a moral relationship with their recipients that lies partially outside the domain of market rationalities. / Graduate

Este estudo demonstra a Homeopatia como Racionalidade Médica, com seu paradigma vitalista, e como isto foi vivenciado/experimentado, em um ambulatório de Homeopatia no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo que analisa os resultados de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas a partir de um roteiro baseado em um instrumento de avaliação da atenção primária elaborado pela Universidade de Edimburgo, Escócia. Tem como objeto o tratamento homeopático de 10 sujeitos atendidos nesse ambulatório, no período entre 2007 a 2014 e, por objetivo, o entendimento dos sujeitos sobre esse tratamento e possíveis influências em suas vidas e em seu viver. O que entendeu, vivenciou, experenciou o sujeito em um tratamento homeopático? Houve influências desse tratamento em sua vida? Se sim, quais? Dos 10 sujeitos, oito eram mulheres e dois, homens, cujas idades variaram entre 32 e 73 anos. A análise baseia-se nos discursos de usuários sobre a vivência que tiveram dessa realidade de cuidado e mostra o quanto essa Racionalidade Médica é capaz de influenciar o processo saúde/doença do indivíduo O estudo seguiu os preceitos éticos submetidos e aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre e pela Plataforma Brasil. Como resultado deste estudo, aparecem como temas centrais da análise das entrevistas, a busca por um tratamento integral, a noção de saúde como equilíbrio, a confiança na terapêutica, a procura por um tratamento para problemas emocionais, o fato do sujeito não querer usar tratamento alopático e a cura natural (suave) e a longo prazo (duradoura) da Homeopatia. Como recomendações, os sujeitos sugerem que esse tratamento esteja mais disponível, com mais divulgação e acesso, pois “geraria mais economia aos cofres públicos” e provocaria uma “mudança de paradigma, onde o foco não está na doença, mas no desequilíbrio e a pessoa em tratamento pode ser sujeito do seu reequilíbrio ou estado saudável e ser corresponsável por mantê-lo”. Por fim, entende-se que a implantação da Política das Práticas Integrativas no SUS é um desafio e, especialmente em Porto Alegre, no que tange à Homeopatia, necessita de apoio e de pressão política organizada por parte de usuários, profissionais especializados e gestores para ser efetivada. / This study presents Homeopathy as a Medical Rationality based on its vitalist paradigm and the way it has been lived/experienced, in a Homeopathy Clinic in the Unified Health National System (SUS) in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This is a qualitative study that analyzes the results of semi-structured interviews made according to a script created through a primary care assessment instrument developed by the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. It aims at the homeopathic treatment of ten subjects attended in this clinic between 2007 and 2014 and by objective, the subjects' understanding of this treatment and possible influences on their lives and their way of life: what does a person understand, experience under homeopathic treatment? Were there any influences from this treatment in his/her life? If so, which ones? Among the individuals, eight were women and two men, whose ages ranged from 32 to 73 years. The analysis is based on the users' discourses about the experience they had of this reality of care, and also shows how much this Medical Rationality is able to influence the health / illness process of the individual The study followed the ethical precepts submitted and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Municipal Health Department of Porto Alegre and by Brazil Platform. The results of this study indicate as central themes of the interview analysis: the search for an integral treatment, the notion of health as an equilibrium, confidence in the treatment, the search for a treatment for emotional problems, the fact that the subject does not want to use treatment allopathic, and the natural (mild) and long-term (lasting) cure of Homeopathy. As recommendations, the individuals suggest that this treatment should be more available, with more disclosure and access, because "it would generate more savings to the public coffers" and would provoke a "paradigm shift, in which the focus is not on the disease, but on the imbalance, and the person in treatment can act on his/her rebalancing or healthy state and be co-responsible for maintaining it". Finally, it is understood that the implementation of the Policy of Integrative Practices in the SUS is a challenge and, especially in Porto Alegre, in relation to Homeopathy, needs support and organized political pressure from users, specialized professionals and managers to be effective.

Este trabalho acadêmico tratou de discutir da temática geral das Racionalidades Médicas e Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde (PICS), ocupando-se de maneira mais específica das relações - do entremeio - nas composições (im)possíveis entre duas racionalidades médicas: a ocidental hegemônica e a tradicional chinesa, analisadas a partir do contexto clínico contemporâneo da prática da acupuntura. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa utilizando um estudo empírico analítico cuja abordagem metodológica utilizada foi o estudo de caso. Tomou- se como campo de pesquisa os serviços de saúde que ofertam a acupuntura como prática de cuidado no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na cidade do Recife/PE, de acordo com a Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC) do Ministério da Saúde e com a Política Municipal de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) do Recife. A hipótese investigada em tal contexto foi a de que a acupuntura tem sido aplicada sob o paradigma biomecânico como recurso terapêutico mantenedor das práticas terapêuticas da racionalidade médica ocidental hegemônica, desvinculada, portanto, das dimensões específicas da racionalidade médica chinesa e seu paradigma vitalista. Dentre os encontros clínicos observados, e estas duas abordagens possíveis, verificou-se uma variação de múltiplas gradações definida pelos processos de negociação entre estas racionalidades médicas a cada encontro clínico. / This academic work tried to discuss the general theme of Medical Rationalities and Health Integrative and Complementary Practices, minding specifically the relations - the inset - in the (im)possible compositions between two medical rationalities: the Western Hegemonic and the Traditional Chinese, analyzed from the contemporary clinical context of acupuncture practice. For that, a qualitative research was carried out using an empirical analytical study whose methodological approach was the case study. The health services that offer acupuncture as a practice of care in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in the city of Recife (State of Pernambuco), according to the National Policy on Health Integrative and Complementary Practices of the Ministry of Health and with the Municipal Policy of Health Integrative and Complementary Practices of the Recife's Municipal Health Secretary. The hypothesis investigated in this context was that acupuncture has been applied under the biomechanical paradigm as a therapeutic resource that maintains the therapeutic practices of hegemonic Western medical rationality, thus disconnected from the specific dimensions of Chinese medical rationality and its vitalist paradigm. Among the clinical encounters observed, and these two possible approaches, there was a variation of multiple gradations defined by the negotiation processes between these medical rationalities at each clinical meeting.

This thesis draws on Michel Foucault's late work on the practices of the self to ask whether the ascetic practices and patterns of action suggested by contemporary computer games, which afford players the opportunities to pursue their own self-set goals, further what might be called a 'wandering' away from ourselves, a 'transformation' or 'transfiguration' of what we are. If self-formation is now a terrain on which power and resistance plays out, it is critical to be able to identify pernicious practices that may bind us to the individualising techniques of power, as opposed to transformative ones that enable us to refuse who we are in the move towards freedom. Broaching this question leads to considerations of the implicit ethical foundations presupposed by Foucault's anti-normative ethico-aesthetics, and the limitations of its appeal to a coherence or style seemingly without rules. These considerations have implications for the way in which we understand the practices of self-constitution in computer games. I question whether there is an isomorphism between the way in which power - understood through Foucault's concept of 'governmentality' - works in the present, and the way in which computer games set the conditions under which player practices take place. We are prompted by both to develop a non-coercive relation to a 'truth' through an impetus that originates from us. Computer games are about our identification with processes, which are strengthened by the feedback loops in the game and by the mode of being we elect to adopt as a hexis. Such a structure, however, is insufficiently rigid for computer games to produce discrete subjectivities, and analyses of them must be sensitive as to whether there are any systematic concatenation of player responses. To this end, I suggest a framework, based on Foucault's orthogonal understanding of power-subject, for uncovering the 'rationalities' within games, which are the conditions under which players' practices of the self take place, and which give rise to certain practices of self-constitution over others. It depends on our being able to find or infer player typologies, which are then analysed for their similar patterns of action. This framework is applied to a case study: levelling-up in The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion. On the basis of six typologies, a prominent structure of calculative anticipation and deferral emerges, as well as the existence of what is called a super-instrumental approach. In order to disambiguate these findings with respect to their transformative potential, I turn to the transcendental signifiers in Foucault's work and consider the practices of the self as seeking a balance between reason and sense - they are revisited through the lens of Schiller's play drive. This concretises the argument that if the practices of the self are thought capable of moving us towards freedom, we must assume the existence of non-cognitive faculties within us that, when engaged, enable us to be able to distinguish between positive and pernicious self-formation. Given that these judgments cannot be cognitively communicated, we ought to refrain from prescriptivism, yet do have recourse to standards. However, our efforts to cognitively understand this aesthetic interplay between reason and sense are certainly not without importance.

Using case studies from Australia, Sweden and Finland, and also drawing on examples from parts of Asia, including Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Thailand, the thesis explores how state and market actors respond to Indigenous claims and how Indigenous claims are themselves reconstituted through those particular responses. While the duty of protecting Indigenous rights might nominally fall upon the state, we are increasingly witness to the enfolding of market actors and market rationalities in debates concerning Indigenous claims. The research contained in the thesis highlights how a practice of 'passing the buck', or passing of responsibility onto others, is constituted through both market and government relations whereby responsibility for addressing Indigenous claims is shifted from states to corporations, from corporations to states, and from states back to Indigenous peoples themselves. The thesis consists of four articles. Article 1, titled 'Obliging Indigenous Citizens: Shared Responsibility Agreements in Australian Aboriginal Communities' provides a critique of the governmental provision of services to remote Australian Aboriginal communities through quasi-market arrangements. Article 2, titled 'Corporate Social Responsibility, Supply-chains and Saami Claims: Tracing the Political in the Finnish Forestry Industry' explores conflicts over state logging in Saami territories and the construction of the state/market divide in CSR debates over the rights of Indigenous peoples. Article 3, titled 'NGO Campaigns and Banks: Constituting Risk and Uncertainty' studies the negotiated and contested boundaries of markets through debates over the governance of social and environmental risks in the investment banking sector. Article 4, titled 'The Last Frontier? Windpower developments on traditional Saami lands' considers how colonial rationalities constituting the state-Saami relationship are reproduced in new debates over windpower developments in Saami mountain areas. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In progress.</p>

O presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver uma reflexão sobre o uso dos indicadores sociais sintéticos no sentido de formular e implementar políticas públicas na área social, especificamente em relação ao caso brasileiro, tomando como referência principal o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). Nossa análise partiu da premissa de que, pelos menos nas últimas três décadas, os indicadores sociais têm sido amplamente utilizados no Brasil com o objetivo de justificar e orientar ações públicas direcionadas para as tentativas de equacionamento das mais variadas questões sociais, tais como a pobreza e a concentração de renda. Principalmente a partir dos anos 1990 os dados e apontamentos de alguns indicadores sociais sintéticos, especialmente o IDH, parecem que vêm sendo utilizados como justificativa principal ou até mesmo única para a priorização de determinadas políticas públicas voltadas para a área social. A partir dessa reflexão, nossa análise buscou avaliar, com um olhar mais apurado sobre o IDH, a existência de falhas e limites inerentes aos indicadores sintéticos, que poderiam estar comprometendo sua eficácia no sentido de refletir dados mais aproximados com a realidade social brasileira. Assim, pretendemos apontar que a prática de priorização de políticas a partir dos dados desses indicadores sintéticos, que parece ser constante no Brasil, acaba se tornando bastante preocupante ou, algumas vezes, talvez inadequada. Do ponto de vista metodológico, este estudo dependeu basicamente de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e de uma pesquisa documental, a partir das quais decompomos nossas análises em reflexões sobre a formação e evolução dos indicadores sociais, sobre os aspectos filosóficos e metodológicos do IDH e sobre as possíveis falhas e limites inerentes aos indicadores, com base na análise do IDH e dos índices parciais que o compõem (índices de Renda, Educação e Longevidade). A seguir, para mostrar que a prática de priorização de políticas sociais a partir de indicadores parece constante no Brasil, ilustramos os casos selecionados de determinados estados e municípios brasileiros. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver uma reflexão sobre o uso dos indicadores sociais sintéticos no sentido de formular e implementar políticas públicas na área social, especificamente em relação ao caso brasileiro, tomando como referência principal o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). Nossa análise partiu da premissa de que, pelos menos nas últimas três décadas, os indicadores sociais têm sido amplamente utilizados no Brasil com o objetivo de justificar e orientar ações públicas direcionadas para as tentativas de equacionamento das mais variadas questões sociais, tais como a pobreza e a concentração de renda. Principalmente a partir dos anos 1990 os dados e apontamentos de alguns indicadores sociais sintéticos, especialmente o IDH, parecem que vêm sendo utilizados como justificativa principal ou até mesmo única para a priorização de determinadas políticas públicas voltadas para a área social. A partir dessa reflexão, nossa análise buscou avaliar, com um olhar mais apurado sobre o IDH, a existência de falhas e limites inerentes aos indicadores sintéticos, que poderiam estar comprometendo sua eficácia no sentido de refletir dados mais aproximados com a realidade social brasileira. Assim, pretendemos apontar que a prática de priorização de políticas a partir dos dados desses indicadores sintéticos, que parece ser constante no Brasil, acaba se tornando bastante preocupante ou, algumas vezes, talvez inadequada. Do ponto de vista metodológico, este estudo dependeu basicamente de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e de uma pesquisa documental, a partir das quais decompomos nossas análises em reflexões sobre a formação e evolução dos indicadores sociais, sobre os aspectos filosóficos e metodológicos do IDH e sobre as possíveis falhas e limites inerentes aos indicadores, com base na análise do IDH e dos índices parciais que o compõem (índices de Renda, Educação e Longevidade). A seguir, para mostrar que a prática de priorização de políticas sociais a partir de indicadores parece constante no Brasil, ilustramos os casos selecionados de determinados estados e municípios brasileiros.