This diploma thesis focuses on the transport analysis in the town Červený Kostelec in the Hradec Králové Region. The work contains analysis of transport modes, especially road transport and parking, concurrently proposes their optimization. The first part of the thesis provides basic informations of the town Červený Kostelec. Next there is described the current traffic situation in the town. The second part of the work focuses on the analysis and solution of the difficult places.

Several huge transport infrastructure projects have been implemented in the Scania region, Sweden, during the last two decades and more are on the way. The reasoning for constructions such projects usually include direct benefits on commuting cost savings and indirect impacts on agglomeration economies and, therefore, productivity in the region. While there is a consensus between researchers about the agglomeration impact on productivity, the effect of different types of transport infrastructure resulted in the heterogeneous estimates, varying both by sign and magnitude and  strongly depending on context. The aim of this thesis is to enrich the existing discourse with the new empirical evidence from Scania and answer the questions: What effect does agglomeration economies measures have on productivity in Scania? What effect do different types of physical transport infrastructure have on productivity in Scania?  What elasticities different types of transport infrastructure have in regards to productivity? The result of the research confirms the impact of employment density, specialisation, knowledge spillovers and urban amenities on productivity in Scania which is in line with previous research. Moreover, there is a significant negative effect of road-kilometres density (-0.0365) and positive effect of bus infrastructure in the form of service provision (0.0235). Railways show positive and significant effects as well in the form of distance to railway station (0.0327), but the data for this variable and therefore estimates could be improved. The thesis ends with the discussion of the results, limitations and possible policy implications.

Att minska koldioxidutsläppen är en av vår tids stora utmaningar. Transportsektorn bidrar till ökade växthusgaser, en tredjedel av Sveriges territoriella utsläpp kommer från inrikes transporter och vägtransport ansvarar för majoriteten av utsläppen. För att ta hållbara beslut, både på individ- företags- och statsnivå, krävs en kartläggning av nuvarande utsläpp samt en utredning av alternativa möjligheter. Denna studie syftar till att utveckla ett verktyg för att uppskatta koldioxidutsläpp av personresor från fordon på väg. Målet är att verktyget ska användas av företag och privatpersoner för att kunna beräkna totala utsläpp från resor på väg samt skapa möjlighet till att ta mer hållbara beslut kopplat till körning. Studien består av två delar. Den första tar avstamp i produktutveckling för att ta fram ett koldioxidberäkningsverktyg för personbilar, taxi, buss, lastbil och motorcykel. En analys av tidigare modeller och en litteratursammanfattning görs för att ta fram grundemissioner, bränsleförbrukning, biogena utsläpp och påverkande faktor av storlek på bil och vägval. Den andra delen av studien är en kvalitativ studie som bygger på intervjuer av körkortsinnehavare för att ta reda på hur hållbara beteenden och koldioxidlitteracitet kan uppnås vid användning av verktyget. En tematisk analys genomfördes för att få fram relevanta teman som kan bidra till att uppnå koldioxidlitteracitet och skapa hållbara beteenden. Resultatet är ett verktyg som kan användas för att beräkna utsläpp från vägtrafiken som bygger på verkliga faktorer. För personbilar finns fyra olika fall beroende på vad användaren har information om: bränslemängd, bränsleförbrukning, sträcka eller biltyp. Verktyget ger ett mer exakt resultat ju mer information som anges. För taxi kan användaren välja att fylla i sträcka eller kostnad. För bussar väljer användaren sträcka och län, alternativt typ av resa och län. För lastbilar skiljer verktyget på lätta lastbilar, tunga lastbilar, och tunga lastbilar med släp. Sträcka eller bränslemängd kan fyllas i av användaren. Motorcyklar delas in i mopeder och motorcyklar, även där kan användaren välja att fylla i bränslemängd eller sträcka. I den tematiska analysen uppkom 6 teman som alla antogs bidra till att uppnå koldioxidlitteracitet och hållbara beteenden: Att jämföra ger insikter, Kunskap för beslutsfattande, Individens ansvar?, Incitament på makronivå, Tekniska möjligheter och Ekonomins utmaningar och potential. Verktyget anses vara verklighetstroget för stor mängd data, eftersom snittvärden för olika faktorer används. Mängden faktorer ger ett representativt utsläpp även för en bilresa, men omständigheter som är svåra att förutsäga eller uppskatta mängden av, såsom trafik, väder eller underlag, finns inte med i verktyget eftersom det snarare skapar risk för feluppskattningar. Två förslag presenteras för utveckling av verktyget för att uppnå koldioxidlitteracitet och ett hållbart beteende hos användaren. Den första är en tågjämförelse, där användaren får välja ett land där utsläppen av en lika lång tågresa ställs mot utsläppet av användarens bilresa. Den andra är en beteendejämförelse där användaren får jämföra sin resas utsläpp om resan hade skett utan köbildning, med bättre körteknik eller utan luftkonditionering. Verktyget visar utsläppsminskningen och kostnadsminskningen. Slutsatsen är att verktyget är verklighetstroget för beräkning av tjänsteresor, och ger en rimlig uppskattning för en individuell resa. Olika människor behöver olika information och jämförelser för att förstå sina utsläpp och skapa ett hållbart beteende, därför krävs ett anpassat verktyg med olika jämförelser och förslag på förändring. / Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is one of the significant challenges of our time. The transport sector is a big contributor to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. A third of Sweden's territorial emissions come from domestic transport, and road transport is responsible for the majority. The first step to reducing emissions is to map them and investigate alternative possibilities. This thesis aims to develop a tool for calculating travel emissions made by vehicles on the road. Companies and individuals should use the tool to calculate total emissions from road travel and make it possible to take more sustainable decisions about driving. To develop a useful and understandable tool, the study examines carbon literacy, which means the ability to make sustainable decisions, together with individual behaviour change for more sustainable development. The study consists of two parts. The first is product development: creating a carbon dioxide calculation tool for passenger cars, taxis, buses, trucks, and motorcycles. The background consists of an analysis of previous models and a literature search to find emission factors, fuel consumption, biogenic emissions, and influencing factors such as car size and road choice. The second part is a qualitative study built on interviews with driver's license holders to determine how to achieve sustainable behaviours and carbon literacy. A thematic analysis is done to create relevant themes. The result is a tool that can calculate emissions from road transport made on real-world factors. For cars, there are four cases depending on what the user has information about: fuel quantity, fuel consumption, distance, or car type. The tool gives a more precise result the more information the user enters. For taxis, the user can choose to fill in either distance or price. For buses, the user can choose distance and region, or travel type and region. For trucks, the tool distinguishes between light trucks, heavy trucks, and heavy trucks with trailers. The user can enter distance or fuel quantity. For motorcycles, including mopeds, the user can choose between fuel quantity and distance. The thematic analyses present six themes, all of which were assumed to contribute to carbon literacy and sustainable behaviours: Comparing create insights, Knowledge for decision-making, Individual responsibility?, Macro-level incentives, Technical opportunities, and Economical challenge and possibilities. The tool is considered true to actual emissions for a large amount of data since average values for various factors are used. The number of factors gives a representative emission value even for a single trip. However, circumstances that are difficult to predict or estimate the amount of, such as traffic, weather, or surface, are not included in the tool because it rather creates a risk of wrong estimations. The discussion results in two suggestions for the development of the tool to achieve carbon literacy and change the user's behaviour. The first is a comparison with train travel. The user gets to choose a country where the emissions of an equally long train journey are compared to the road emissions. The other one is a comparison in behaviour, where the user gets to compare the emissions if the travel had been without queuing, with better driving techniques, or without air-conditioning. The tool shows the reduction of emissions and cost. The conclusion is that the tool's result is like actual emissions when calculating business trips and gives a fair estimate for an individual journey. Various people need different information and comparisons to be able to understand their emissions and change their behaviour. Therefore, an individualized tool with different comparisons and suggestions is required to create carbon literacy and behavioural changes.

O transporte rodoviário interestadual de passageiros no Brasil é uma atividade econômica dotada de função social porque é responsável por propiciar deslocamentos diários para dezenas de milhões de pessoas anualmente. Trata-se de uma expressão da divisão territorial do trabalho, pois elucida as interações entre diversos centros na rede urbana e entre variadas regiões, o que realça seu papel na integração territorial. No contexto da reestruturação produtiva ocorrida a partir da década de 1970 áreas nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste são integradas ao Centro-Sul do país configurando um mercado nacional unificado. O avanço da fronteira agrícola rumo ao Norte e ao Oeste cria novos usos do território em extensões até então pouco articuladas com o restante do país, como o norte matogrossense, o estado de Rondônia, o oeste baiano, o norte goiano, entre outras cada qual com suas particularidades, estas regiões se inserem com ritmos variados dentro do processo de expansão da agropecuária modernizada vinculada à produção de matérias-primas para o mercado externo. Tal processo modernizador demandou fluxos de migrantes advindos do Sul do Brasil, sobre os quais este trabalho se debruça, com destaque para as ligações rodoviárias interestaduais e inter-regionais com origem em centros da rede urbana do interior da região Sul, como Carazinho/RS e Cascavel/PR e se destinam aos novos polos regionais no Centro-Oeste, como Alta Floresta/MT e Sinop/MT bem como fora desta região: Barreiras/BA e Ji-Paraná/RO. O conjunto de ligações abarcado por esta pesquisa contempla trajetos com mais de 1.900 quilômetros de extensão formados por rotas inter-regionais que estão distantes da faixa costeira e tem como principais centros cidades como Brasília/DF, Campo Grande/MS, Cuiabá/MT e Goiânia/GO. Trata-se de uma circulação interiorizada pujante responsável pela manutenção de empresas de transporte interestadual de passageiros desde os primórdios das migrações rumo à fronteira agrícola, já que todas as companhias operantes atualmente são oriundas de centros locais e regionais sulistas. Para tanto a pesquisa delimitou eixos de circulação, com a finalidade de caracterizar a dinâmica dos fluxos para subsidiar a argumentação que sustenta a manutenção destas longas rotas pelo território nacional. / The Interstate passenger road transport in Brazil is an economic activity endowed with social function because it is responsible for providing daily shifts to tens of millions of people annually. This is an expression of the territorial division of labor, since it elucidates the interactions between several centers in the urban network and between different regions, which emphasizes its role in territorial integration. In the context of the productive restructuring occurred since the 1970s areas in the Centro- Oeste, Norte e Nordeste regions are integrated to the Centro-Sul of country configuring a unified national market. The advance of the agricultural frontier towards the North and the West creates new uses of the territory in extensions that are not very articulated with the rest of the country, such as the north of Mato Grosso, the state of Rondônia, the west of Bahia, the north of Goiás - each one with its peculiarities, these regions are inserted with varied rates within the process of expansion of modernized agriculture and cattle raising linked to the production of raw materials for the external market. This modernization process demanded flows of migrants from the Sul of Brazil, on which this work focuses, with emphasis on interstate and inter-regional road connections originating in urban centers in the interior of the South region, such as Carazinho/RS and Cascavel/PR and are destined to the new regional centers in the Midwest, such as Alta Floresta/MT and Sinop/MT and outside this region: Barreiras/BA and Ji-Paraná/RO. The set of links covered for this research contemplates routes with more than 1,900 kilometers of extension formed by interregional routes that are distant of the coastal strip and has as main centers cities as Brasília/DF, Campo Grande/MS, Cuiabá/MT e Goiânia/GO. This is an internalized circulation that is responsible for the maintenance of interstate passenger transport companies since the beginning of migrations towards the agricultural frontier, since all operating companies are currently from southern local and regional centers. To this end, the research has delimited axes of circulation, with the purpose of characterizing the dynamics of flows to subsidize the argumentation that sustains the maintenance of these long routes throughout the national territory.

Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti Lietuvos kelių ir geležinkelių transporto vystymosi tendencijas, įvertinti jų atitikimą darnaus vystymosi principams bei ištirti transporto naudojimo visuomenės įpročius. Vykdant išsikeltus darbo uždavinius buvo renkami, grupuojami, ir analizuojami statistiniai duomenys susiję su transporto sektoriaus darniu vystymusi ir apimantys šio sektoriaus aplinkosauginius, ekonominius bei socialinius aspektus. Duomenys analizuojami programiniais paketais Microsoft Excel ir Statistica 10. Atlikta koreliacinė analizė tarp skirtingų rodiklių siekiant išsiaiškinti jų tarpusavio ryšio stiprumą ir patikimumą. Taip pat buvo atlikta visuomenės apklausa internetinėje prieigoje www.manoapklausa.lt . Apklausa buvo atlikta du kartus – 2010 matų rudenį ir 2011 metų pavasarį – siekiant išanalizuoti visuomenės nuomonės pasikeitimus, susijusius su metų laiko, ekonominės situacijos ir kitų veiksnių pakitimais. Apklausų duomenys buvo analizuojami programiniu paketu SPSS, nustatomas ryšys tarp skirtingų rodiklių grupių. Analizuojamas laikotarpis apima 1995 – 2010 metus. Per šį laikotarpį Lietuvos transporto sektorius labai vystėsi. Ryškiausias augimas buvo kelių transporto sektoriuje. Kelių transporto priemonių skaičius per analizuojamą laikotarpį padidėjo 2,2 karto. Kuro sunaudojimas transporto sektoriuje per analizuojamą laikotarpį išaugo 50 proc. Kuro suvartojimas transporto sektoriuje labai sumažėjo po Rusijos krizės 2001 metais ir dabartinės ekonominės krizės metu. Vis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of research – to analyze the Lithuanian road ant rail transport development trends, assess their compliance with the principles of sustainable development and to investigate the use of public transport habits. By research were collected, grouped and analyzed statistical data related to transport sector sustainable development and covering the sector‘s environmental, economic ad social aspects. The data were analyzed by software packages Microsoft Excel and Statistica 10. Were transacted correlation analysis between the different indicators to identify the relationship strength and reliability. It was also made an public online poll. The poll was made two times – in autumn 2010 and spring 2011 – in order to analyze the changes in public opinion related to seasons, the economic situation changes and other factors. The data of polls were analyzed using SPSS software package, defines the relationship between different indicators. Analyzed period covers the 1995 – 2010 year. During this period, the Lithuania transport sector is highly developed. The largest increase was in the road sector. Road vehicles during the analysis period increased 2,2-fold. Fuel consumption in the transport sector during the analyzed period increased 50 percent. Fuel consumption in the transport sector decreased significantly after the Russian economic crisis of 1999 and the current economic crisis. Road transport has a growing share of goods and passenger turnover. Passenger turnover by road... [to full text]

ES transporto politika siekiama sukurti ekonominius, socialinius ir aplinkosaugos poreikius atitinkančias transporto sistemas, kurios užtikrina Europos gerovę. Transporto sektorius turi tiesioginės įtakos ekonomikos augimui per pamatinių bendrosios rinkos principų – laisvo žmonių, prekių, paslaugų judėjimo – įgyvendinimą. Didžiausia vežimo dalis ES viduje vyksta keliais, jais vežama 44 procentai krovinių ir 85 procentai keleivių, transporto priemonių kasmet padaugėja 3 milijonais. Taip sparčiai augant kelių transporto sektoriui, daugėjant rinkos dalyvių bei aštrėjant konkurencijai tarp vežėjų, vis didesnis dėmesys skiriamas kelių transporto kontrolei. Darbe keliama problema – vežėjų valstybinės priežiūros galimybės, užtikrinant eismo saugą bei vienodas konkurencijos sąlygas visiems kelių transporto paslaugas teikiantiems rinkos dalyviams. Darbo tikslas yra apibrėžtas sisteminiu požiūriu ištirti ir įvertinti vienodų konkurencijos sąlygų užtikrinimo galimybes visiems kelių transporto paslaugas teikiantiems rinkos dalyviams. Naudojami tyrimo metodai: dokumentų analizė teisės aktų tyrimui, nustatant naujai įsigaliojusių teisės aktų poveikį; aprašomosios statistikos metodas – pateikti kiekybiniams ir kokybiniams kontrolės rezultatams; lyginimo metodas, siekiant atskleisti esminių veiksnių, įtakojančių kelių transporto sąlygų gerinimą, tarpusavio sąveikas, priklausomybę. Darbą sudaro trys skyriai. Pirmasis skyrius skirtas ES transporto politikos apžvalgai, nusakant pagrindinius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / European Union (EU) transport policy aims at creating appropriate transport systems that meets economical, social and environmental demands and improves the wealth of Europe. Transport in general and roads in particular play an economic role of prime importance in modern economies by implementing the free movement of persons, goods and services. Road transport’s inland market share is the largest with carrying 44 percent of goods and 85 percent of passengers and keeps increasing with 3 million vehicles per year. In a highly competitive market, in which companies are under pressure to keep costs to a minimum, action must be taken to improve compliance with essential rules. Compliance with the provisions cannot be enforced unless proper and effective control is brought to bear. This study aims at pointing out the enforcement’s abilities to ensure that the working time rules are applied and enforced uniformly and fairly throughout the Union to avoid any distortion of competition. The following methods of research was used in the study: analysis of documents for studying the legislation, descriptive statistics for presenting quantitative and qualitative results of control, comparison method for developing essential factors that makes influence improving road transport conditions, their reciprocity and dependence. There are three main parts in the study. The first one proposes the review of EU transport policy with its main aims, goals, implementing tools as well as description... [to full text]

This thesis analysis the impact of private road transport under emission trading using two different Computable General Equilibrium models. A static multi-region model with special emphasis on the European Union, addresses the welfare impact of road transport under the European Emission Trading System. Including terms-of-trade effects, this model does not account for congestion which is the main externality of road transport. Furthermore, technological details of electricity generation which are an important factor in evaluating climate policies are not included. Therefore, the second model is a static Small Open Economy model of the German economy including congestion effects and detailed technological characteristics of electricity generation. The results of both models highlight the important role of already existing taxes on transport fuels for the evaluation of carbon mitigation measures in road transportation.

São Marcos, no Rio Grande do Sul, caracteriza-se por sua participação no setor do transporte rodoviário de cargas, sendo o município brasileiro com maior número de veículos pesados por habitante. Este trabalho busca identificar os fatores que influenciam a tomada de decisão dentro desse ramo de negócios. Assim, são estudados quatro casos de profissionais da área. Esses indivíduos iniciaram sua trajetória na condição de empregados, passando em seguida para a fase de autônomos. No entanto, apenas dois deles prosperaram, tornando-se empresários; os outros dois retornaram à condição de empregados. O estudo também possibilitou identificar o nível de insatisfação dos empregados do setor na busca de um progresso dentro do mesmo, assim como observar o perfil de competência daqueles que chegam a implantar suas próprias organizações. Dessa forma, é possível formar um paralelo entre as experiências bem-sucedidas e as tentativas frustradas. Os dados foram levantados a partir de uma série de fontes de evidências como entrevistas, registros de arquivos e documentos dos personagens referidos. A análise desses dados leva à interpretação de dois fatores como fundamentais na tomada de decisões dos indivíduos que trabalham no transporte rodoviário de cargas: a intuição e a influência de outras pessoas que cercam os tomadores de decisão. Esses fatores reforçam a idéia da subjetividade dentro do processo administrativo. O trabalho possibilita a formação de um quadro de dados gerais a respeito do setor. Além disso, serve de referencial às atitudes de organizações públicas e privadas, de pessoas ligadas ao ramo e de jovens que pretendem entrar nesse universo de trabalho. / São Marcos, in Rio Grande do Sul, is characterized by its the significant shore in the road cargo transport sector, it is the Brazilian county with the largest number of heavy vehicles per inhabitant. The present research tries to identify the factors that influence decision-making in this business activity. Four case studies were developed with professional workers. These people have started their career as employees, later having become selfemployed. However, only two, out of the four become, becoming successful entrepreneurs. The other two went back to the condition of employees. Through the study it was also possible to identify the dissatisfaction levels of among employees in the sector, who look for professional development, as well as to observe the professional profile of those who reached of establishing their own companies. Therefore, it is possible to make a comparison between successful experiences and fruitless efforts in the field. Data were collected from several sources like interviews, file registers and documents of the referred people. Analysis of these data leads to the identification of two main factors influencing decision-making of people who work in cargo road transport: intuition and influence of other people around them. These factors reinforce the assumption of subjectivity in the management process. The research makes it possible to create a general profile of people involved in this activity. Besides it is a useful reference for the study of public and private organizational behavior, for people already involved in the area and for young people who intend to enter the area.

La messagerie est le segment du transport terrestre de marchandises dédié au transport d’envois de détail (colis, sacs, petits lots palettisés) sur des longues distances. Elle s’appuie sur une organisation réticulaire pour traiter conjointement des envois appartenant à différentes chaînes logistiques, afin d’optimiser les capacités de chargement des véhicules. Au cours des vingt dernières années, elle a accompagné le redéploiement des systèmes de production et de distribution dans les territoires, et a intégré les outils de la révolution numérique sur les plans matériel (automatisation) et informationnel (technologies de l’information et de la communication). Dans leurs dimensions techniques et organisationnelles, les réseaux de messagerie n’ont plus grand-chose à voir avec ce qu’ils étaient à la fin du siècle dernier. Pourtant, aucun travail de recherche ne s’est penché sur cette question. Cette thèse propose de caractériser les modalités d’adaptation technique et organisationnelle des réseaux de messagerie aux mutations des systèmes de production et de distribution dans les territoires depuis la fin du XXe siècle. Elle s’appuie sur des informations recueillies auprès de professionnels de la messagerie et des données ouvertes. Elle révèle une multiplication du champ des possibles des envois de messagerie en termes de délais et de couverture géographique, et une segmentation des réseaux de messagerie selon le seul critère de conditionnement des marchandises, déterminant le potentiel d’automatisation de leur traitement dans les réseaux. A l’heure de l’intégration européenne et de la globalisation des chaînes logistiques, cette thèse propose de nouveaux outils pour comprendre le déploiement des réseaux de messagerie dans les territoires / The French concept of “Messagerie” describes both less-than-truckload (LTL) and parcel delivery operations based on network organizations. These transport operations rely on the consolidation and groupage of shipments belonging to different kind of supply chains. In the last two decades, this activity adapted to the evolution of production and distribution systems and has integrated the digital revolution tools in its internal organization. The French LTL and parcels networks have little in common with what they were in the ‘90s. Yet, their transformations are largely ignored in the scientific literature. This thesis proposes an analysis of the organizational and technical adaptation of French LTL and parcels networks to the evolution of the production and distribution systems in the last two decades. It is based on information gathered from professionals and open data. It reveals an extend of the range of possibilities offered by the transport networks in terms of delays and geographic coverage, and a technical specialization of these networks according to the size, weight and packaging of the goods transported, which determine their potential for automation. At a time of globalization, this thesis offers new tools to understand the deployment of transport networks in the territories

This thesis analyzes actual situation of company fleet management. It describes development of road transport and influence on corporate vehicles. It provides an insight into the legislative conditions for lending cars to employees and car policy. It also focuses on posibilities of financing as are operative leasing, financial leasing, purchase from own and foreign sources. Next chapter describes total cost of ownership, which are, for example service costs, fuel, insurance and other. The thesis contains case study that analyzes development of business trips, number of pool cars and manager cars and real costs of fleet management based on actual data provided by the company. At the end of the thesis several solutions and suggestions are proposed. With these ideas could company save money and improve organization of work.