De récents développements en théorie de la decision ont largement enrichi notre connaissance de la notion d'incertitude knightienne, usuellement appelée ambiguïté. Néanmoins ces dévelopement tardent à être intégrés au coeur de la théorie économique. Nous suggérons que l'analyse de phénonèmes économiques tel que l'innovation et la Recherche et Développement gagnerait à intégrer les modèles de décision en situation d'ambiguïté. Nous étayons notre propos en analysant l'allocation des droits de propriété d'une découverte. Les deux premières parties de la présentation s'inspire d'un modèle d'Aghion et de Tirole, The Management of Innovation, portant sur l'allocation des droits de propriété entre une unité de recherche et un investisseur. Il est démontré qu'un désaccord entre les agents sur la technologie de recherche affecte leur niveau d'effort, l'allocation des droits de propriété et l'allocation des revenus subséquents. Finalement, nous examinons une situation où plusieurs chercheurs sont en compétition en s'inspirant du traitement de l'incertitude de Savage. La présence d'ambuïgité affecte le comportement des agents et l'allocation des droits de propriétés de manière qui n'est pas captée en assumant l'hypothèse de risque. / Recent developments in decision-theory have shed light on the concept of Knightian Uncertainty, or Ambiguity. However, this apparatus is still not fully integrated in economic theory. This presentation argue that the analysis of innovation and Research and Developments will gain substantial insights by modelling these activities as decision-making under Ambiguity. The main subject of of interest of this paper is the allocation of the property rights of a discovery. The first part of the analysis draws on a paper of Aghion and Tirole, The Management of Innovation, where they look at the optimal allocation of the property rights between a Research Unit and its financier. Allowing for heterogeneous beliefs affects the level of effort of the two agents, the sharing rule of the revenue of a discovery and the allocation of property rights. The second part follows Savage's framework to model an innovation competition between multiple researchers. The presence of Ambiguity impacts the behaviour of the agents and the allocation of the property rights in a way that could not be captured assuming Risk.

À cheval entre nature et culture, le poil et la chevelure humaine condensent un grand ensemble d’enjeux symboliques relevant de questions identitaires, religieuses, scientifiques, et autres. L’étude des discours et des pratiques concernant le poil représente, pour l’historien, une fenêtre sur l’évolution des mentalités d’une société donnée en ce qui concerne les perceptions de soi et de l’autre. S’inscrivant dans le courant intellectuel de l’histoire du corps, cette thèse s’attarde plus précisément aux « systèmes trichologiques » dans la France de l’époque moderne (soit du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle). Elle se fonde sur l’analyse d’une grande variété de sources permettant de recouper différents types de discours touchant au poil : point de vue scientifique des médecins, physiognomonistes et historiens, point de vue prescriptif des traités d’éducation et de civilité, contrepoint exotique des récits de voyage et autre témoignages de « curiosités » ainsi qu’un suivi de l’évolution étymologique des mots pertinents au sein de dictionnaires et encyclopédies. La question centrale de cette thèse est celle du rôle du poil dans le façonnement de représentations servant à identifier, démarquer et hiérarchiser les groupes sociaux; et comment celles-ci évoluent de concert avec d’autres transformations historiques.Le premier chapitre s’attarde au poil comme marqueur de différences individuelles. On y retrace une sorte de « langage » du poil, recensant les significations et connotations rattachées aux diverses manifestations pileuses : couleur, longueur, abondance, forme. Il y a apparait clairement que le poil joue un rôle important tant dans la mise en scène de soi que dans la lecture de l’apparence physique de l’autre. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse au poil en tant que marqueur de « genre ». On y examine la contribution des représentations de la pilosité dans la construction des identités masculines et féminines. Le poil s’interprète comme une manifestation extérieure de la nature des différents sexes et de leurs rôles dans la société, ce qui en fait un enjeu dans les relations de pouvoir entre les sexes et entre les gens du même sexe. Le troisième chapitre aborde le poil en ce qu’il permet de délimiter et hiérarchiser les classes sociales. On le voit participer aux modes et au processus de discipline des corps qui permettent aux élites, avec les perruques et le raffinement des conduites et des pratiques d’embellissement, de se distinguer autrement que par les vêtements. On retrace également une politique du poil qui s’étend au-delà du regard, l’état s’accordant le droit d’agir directement sur les corps – les chevelures, les poils – de ses sujets. Le dernier chapitre explore l’instrumentalisation du poil dans la construction d’un « autre » lointain et anormal : le sauvage d’outre-mer, l’enfant-loup, l’aberration de la nature. En caractérisant les poils de cas qu’ils situent aux frontières de l’humanité, les Français de l’Ancien régime exposent leurs propres présupposés sur la normalité et la civilisation. / Both natural and cultural phenomenon, human hair condenses a wide array of symbolic issues relating to notions of identity, religion, science, etc. The analysis of discourses and practices concerning hair affords the historian a window to the evolution of a given society’s attitudes towards the self and others. Following the historiographical current of the history of the body, this thesis examines the “trichological systems” of modern France (16th to 18th centuries). It is based on the survey of a wide variety of sources, allowing the comparison of different types of hair-related discourses: the scientific point of view of physicians, physiognomonists and historians; the prescriptive point of view of education and civility treatises; the exotic counterpoint of travel narratives and other writings on “curiosities”, as well as a review of the etymological evolution of relevant words in dictionaries and encyclopedia. The central question in this dissertation concerns the role of hair in the construction of representations used in identifying, distinguishing and hierarching social groups; and how these representations evolve along other historical transformations. The first chapter highlights hair’s role as marker of individual differences. A “language of hair” is exposed, inventorying meanings and connotations attached to the various factors of hairy manifestations: color, length, affluence, shape. The importance of hair in the staging of the self and the reading of others is highlighted. The second chapter explores the contribution of hair in the construction of gendered identities. Hair is interpreted as an outward sign of the sexes’ different natures and the confirmation of their respective social roles. As such, it is a tool in the negotiation of power between and within genders. The third chapter examines hair as it is used in the demarcation of social classes. It is seen as participating in the process of body discipline of the French elite. The use of wigs alongside refined hair care emphasized their distinction from lower classes beyond the traditional means of clothing. Direct state regulations on the hair of its subjects also show that trichological politics don’t limit themselves to the gaze. The finale chapter highlights the instrumentalization of hair in the construction of faraway and abnormal “other”: the oversea savage, the wolf child, the natural aberration. By characterizing the hair of beings at the frontier of humanity, Ancien Régime French expose their own presuppositions on normality and civilization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcides Ferreira Goes.pdf: 8273987 bytes, checksum: 0e3e99568082e4f5bc12b36ba488610b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-21 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / Between the end of the century XVIII and the first half of the century XIX, a lot of modifications were in process in relation to the graphic arts. The search for improvements in printing images involved the own equipment, the form of fixation of the types to compose the matrix, the innovations in the distribution of the ink, new fittings between the matrix and the inking system, the mechanization of the printing press by the force of the vapor, and also alterations in the preparation of appropriate impression inks to that group of changes. Thus, in this work, we analyze recipes to make inks and their relationships with the processes and the changes involved in this art, starting the analysis of a manual of impression inks published in the first half of the century XIX - On the Preparation of Printing Ink: both Black and Coloured (1832), written by William Savage (1771-1844). We will approach the subject of the ink starting from the context in that the manual was published, evidencing practices of production on printing inks and the old knowledge registered in text. A group of factors will be presented to promote a better understanding of the influence of the ink in the impression process and your interface with the equipment, with the matrix and your distribution system of the printing press, trying to interpret in the work the secrets of the ingredients used in the revenues of an ink and mainly the way that the author treats on that subject / Entre o final do século XVIII e a primeira metade do século XIX, muitas modificações estavam em processo em relação às artes gráficas. As buscas por melhorias nos sistemas que geravam imagens a partir de uma impressora envolviam o próprio equipamento, as matrizes usadas no sistema de impressão, a forma de fixação dos tipos para compor a matriz, as inovações na distribuição da tinta, novos ajustes entre a matriz e o sistema de entintamento, a mecanização da impressora pelo uso da movimentação baseada na força do vapor, e também alterações no preparo de tintas de impressão adequadas a esse conjunto de mudanças. Assim, neste trabalho, analisaremos receitas de tintas e a sua relação com os processos e as mudanças envolvidas na época, tendo como ponto de partida a análise de um manual de tintas de impressão publicado na primeira metade do século XIX On the Preparation of Printing Ink: both Black and Coloured (1832), escrito por William Savage (1771-1844). Abordaremos a questão da tinta a partir do contexto em que o manual foi publicado, evidenciando as práticas de produção de tintas de impressão e os conhecimentos antigos registrados em texto. Um conjunto de fatores será apresentado para promover um melhor entendimento da influência da tinta no processo de impressão e a sua interface com o equipamento, com a matriz e o seu sistema de distribuição pela impressora, procurando interpretar na obra os segredos dos ingredientes usados nas receitas de uma tinta e principalmente a maneira que o autor trata sobre esse assunto

The present dissertation outlines the main phases of the development of exoticism: its evolution from the discovery of Tahiti and its basic manifestations and transformations in French and Czech literature from the end of the eighteenth century to the 1930's. It focuses on the birth of the myth of Tahiti as a heavenly place (Bougainville), on its immediate philosophical interpretation in the period of Enlightenment (Diderot) and on its transposition to literature in a broader shape. At times, the island of Tahiti was gradually vanishing from the exotic myth behind another, more indefinite, exotic and ideal place, culture etc., while at other times, the presence of Tahiti was absolutely crucial. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the myth of the exotic paradise renewed literature and enriched it with new themes and motives (Chateaubriand, Romanticism), which, however, led progressively to the creation of simplified schemes and clichés. These, due to their repetitive nature, degraded the image of the myth (Loti). Although the superficial and unsophisticated adaptation of exoticism lasted until the twentieth century (Havlasa, Novák), in the meantime, from the second half of the nineteenth century, the myth of Tahiti was being radically reassessed and transposed to literature in a new way....

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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / alities. The extensible Markup Language (XML) is used for data storage and message exchange, Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics for visualization and XML Schema-based Binary Compression (XSBC) for data compression. The AUV Workbench provides an intuitive cross-platform-capable tool with extensibility to provide for future enhancements such as agent-based control, asynchronous reporting and communication, loss-free message compression and built-in support for mission data archiving. This thesis also investigates the Jabber instant messaging protocol, showing its suitability for text and file messaging in a tactical environment. Exemplars show that the XML backbone of this open-source technology can be leveraged to enable both human and agent messaging with improvements over current systems. Integrated Jabber instant messaging support makes the NPS AUV Workbench the first custom application supporting XML Tactical Chat (XTC). Results demonstrate that the AUV Workbench provides a capable testbed for diverse AUV technologies, assisting in the development of traditional single-vehicle operations and agent-based multiple-vehicle methodologies. The flexible design of the Workbench further encourages integration of new extensions to serve operational needs. Exemplars demonstrate how in-mission and post-mission event monitoring by human operators can be achieved via simple web page, standard clients or custom instant messaging client. Finally, the AUV Workbench's potential as a tool in the development of multiple-AUV tactics and doctrine is discussed. / Civilian, Singapore Defence Science and Technology Agency

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In order to plug-in current open sourced, open standard Java programming technology into the building blocks of the US Navy's ForceNet, first, stove-piped systems need to be made extensible to other pertinent applications and then a new paradigm of adopting extensible and cross-platform open technologies will begin to bridge gaps with old and new weapons systems. The battle-space picture in real time and with as much detail, or as little detail needed is now a current vital requirement. Access to this information via wireless laptop technology is here now. Transmission of data to increase the resolution of that battle-space snapshot will invariably be through noisy links. Noisy links such as found in the shallow water littoral regions of interest will be where Autonomous Underwater and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (AUVs/UUVs) are gathering intelligence for the sea warrior in need of that intelligence. The battle-space picture built from data transmitted within these noisy and unpredictable acoustic regions demands efficiency and reliability features abstract to the user. To realize this efficiency Extensible Markup Language (XML) Schema-based Binary Compression (XSBC), in combination with Vandermode-based Forward Error Correction (FEC) erasure codes, offer the qualities of efficient streaming of plain text XML documents in a highly compressed form, and a data self-healing capability should there be loss of data during transmission in unpredictable transmission mediums. Both the XSBC and FEC libraries detailed in this thesis are open sourced Java Application Program Interfaces (APIs) that can be readily adapted for extensible, cross-platform applications that will be enhanced by these desired features to add functional capability to ForceNet for the sea warrior to access on demand, at sea and in real-time. These features will be presented in the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Workbench (AUVW) Java-based application that will become a valuable tool for warriors involved with Undersea Warfare (UW). / Lieutenant, United States Navy

The overall objective of this study is, to understand how the prehistoric individual experienced her “being in the world”. This is done by examining the spatial relationships of prehistoric remains in order to understand hierarchies. The foundation of the thesis is constructed by using data from the prehistoric settlement of Letolo in Samoa (Independent State of Samoa) in West-Polynesia and Hanga Ho´onu on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in East-Polynesia. These data are stored and analysed in a Geographical Information System (GIS). In the Samoan case the intention is to make previously unpublished surveys available. An aim is to develop a method to interpret social information from the spatial relations of built structures. It is questioned if it is possible to interpret the degree of hierarchy in a prehistoric society only from the spatial relations of features. It is concluded that such an inquiry needs to be paired with preunderstanding and analogies, such as ethnohistorical data, since it otherwise is problematic to ascribe meaning to different built structures. The thesis uses ethnohistory for preunderstanding and analogy. The thesis further examines the worldviews and structures that are shown in the repeated practice of groups in the two settlements. / Det övergripande syftet med föreliggande studie är att komma närmare den förhistoriska människans upplevelse av varat, att komma närmare hennes upplevelse av att finnas till i världen. Detta görs genom att undersöka fornlämningars spatiala relationer för att förstå  hierarkier. I uppsatsen redovisas två databaser och Geografiska Informationssystem som har konstruerats utifrån fornlämningsdata från förhistoriska bosättningar på Samoa i västpolynesien och Rapa Nui i östpolynesien. På Samoa är det Letolodalen på ön Savai´i som undersöks, och på Rapa Nui är det Hanga Ho´onu vid La Pérouse-bukten som undersöks. Uppsatsen ämnar tillgängliggöra opublicerade inventeringar av Letolo på Samoa. En intention är att utarbeta specifika kriterier för att utläsa social information från den spatiala utbredningen av fornlämningar. Arbetet ifrågasätter om det är möjligt att läsa ut graden av hierarki i ett förhistoriskt samhälle utifrån de spatiala relationerna mellan fornlämningar. Svaret är att det går om analogier och förförståelse används då det annars är problematiskt att tillskriva mening till fornlämningar. Eftersom Polynesien är väl dokumenterat utifrån ett etnohistoriskt perspektiv används analogier och förförståelse från dessa berättelser. I uppsatsen undersöks vidare mentala världar och strukturer som visar sig i gruppers upprepade praktiker i de två bosättningarna.

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