Notre mémoire comporte deux grandes parties. La première cherche à retracer le fait de la servitude volontaire, à en manifester l'envergure et à en définir précisément la nature. La seconde, nous présente les causes de la servitude volontaire, ainsi que leur enracinement dans un asservissement moral. De plus, nous y manifestons la nature de la faiblesse morale, radicale, qui porte l'homme à troquer légèrement, à la manière d'Ésaü, l'héritage de sa dignité humaine pour le plat de lentilles de la sécurité servile. Nous voyons aussi comment le serf alimente sa volonté servile. Finalement, nous expliquons par quel succédané d'excellence un tyran et ses complices sont eux-mêmes conduits à vouloir la servitude.

The Spanish colonisation of the Philippines in 1565 opened up trade between China, Latin America and Europe via the Pacific crossing, changing the history of global trade forever. The traditional understanding of the early colonial period in the Philippines suggests that colonial control spread rapidly and peacefully across the islands, ushering in dramatic changes to the social, political and economic environment of the archipelago. This dissertation argues by contrast that the extent of Spanish control has been overstated - partially as a by-product of an over-reliance on religious and secular chronicles that sought to magnify the role and interests of the colonial state. Through extensive archival work examining different sites of colonial authority and power, I demonstrate that Philippine communities contested and limited the nature of colonisation in their archipelago. In making this argument, I challenge prevalent assumptions of indigenous passivity in the face of imperial expansion. By demonstrating the agency of Southeast Asians, particular actors come to the fore in each of the chapters: Chinese labourers, indigenous elites, fugitives and apostates, unpacified mountain communities, native priestesses and Moro slave raiders. The culture and social organisation of these Southeast Asian communities impacted on the nature of Spanish imperialism and the capacity for the Spanish to retain and extend their control. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Spanish presence within the archipelago was always tenuous. A number of communities remained outside of Spanish control for the duration of the century, while still others oscillated between integration and rebellion, by turns participating in and resisting the consolidation of empire. These communities continued to maintain their local and regional economies and customs. Thus, by the end of the seventeenth century, imperial control remained fragmented, partial and incomplete. The dissertation contributes not only to the historiography of the Philippines - which remains under-explored - but also to the historiographies of Colonial Latin America, Southeast Asia and early modern empires. Conceptualising the Philippines as a frontier space helps to overturn the foundations of the myth of a completed conquest. This dissertation thus raises questions about the inevitability of empire by arguing that indigenous communities were active respondents to Spanish colonisation attempts and that indigenous traditions and culture in this region were both resilient and enduring in the face of colonial oppression.

The presence of human destitution, impoverishment and degradation in the midst of plenty has puzzled social thinkers for millennia. One of the oldest and grandest of theories: the theory of ideology attempts to provide an answer to the puzzle of domination in society. Michael Rosen, in his book On Voluntary Servitude (1996), argues that the solution provided by the theory of ideology is problematic. Furthermore, on the basis of his critique, Rosen argues that we should abandon the theory of ideology and consider alternatives to it. Even though many contemporary academics have turned away from the theory of ideology, because they view it as an imprisoning meta-theory, this study explores the possibility of there being a meta-theory that could help us to make sense of the world. Through an examination of Rosen's critique this thesis shows that Rosen is too quick in his dismissal of the theory of ideology because he fails to consider that a revised functionalist theory of ideology can be expanded to account for the mechanism(s) that ensure that, over time, the society in question acquires ideological consciousness to further its welfare. This thesis shows that Rosen is correct in his criticism of the theory of ideology's explanation of domination because the content, history and social effects of ideological consciousness cannot be fully explained in terms of their role in promoting or stabilising relations of domination. In light of Rosen's criticism the thesis shows that if one provides both an explanation of the psychological motivations of individuals and of the nature of the oppressive society in which they find themselves then what I call an integrated theory of ideology can be developed. In order to illustrate the importance of an integrated theory of ideology the study moves away from high-level theoretical abstraction to concrete social analyses, focusing on the work of Frantz Fanon and Steve Biko and their explanations of domination. The reason this study focuses on their work is because in their role as social scientists, Fanon and Biko provided a powerful critique of colonial, post-colonial and neo-colonial society. It will be argued that Fanon and Biko were able to provide a lasting critique of colonial reality because they offered their critique within the framework of such an integrated theory. Consequently, this study argues that, as Fanon and Biko's work illustrate, an integrated theory of ideology qua critical theory ought not to be abandoned because it is crucial for understanding and resisting forms of oppression that exist in the world today.

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om die ampsbegrip van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHKA) te meet aan die “amp” of te wel bedieninge in die Nuwe Testament, en meer spesifiek Jesus se oproep tot dissipelskap in Markus 8:34. Daar is aangetoon dat die historiese Jesus steeds relevant is vir kerklike teologie in die opsig dat daar ʼn saaklike kontinuïteit bestaan tussen die historiese Jesus en die kerk van vandag. Die slotsom waartoe gekom is, is dat daar in Jesus se oproep tot dissipelskap in Markus 8:34 ʼn implisiete ampsbegrip teenwoordig is, waarvan diensbaarheid op grond van selfverloëning, kruis opneem en navolging, die essensie vorm. Omdat die kerk bestaan uit ʼn groep gelowiges en daar in die kerk ook leiding gegee moet word, is ook aandag gegee aan leierskap en die vorming van kleingroepe soos gesien vanuit die sosiale wetenskappe. As verdere rede hiervoor kan aangevoer word dat groepvorming een van die belangrikste eienskappe is van institusionalisering. Die resultate van hierdie gedeelte is toegepas op die beweging rondom Jesus ten einde te sien hoe charisma en institusionalisering daarvan in die beweging rondom Jesus gefunksioneer het. Verder is ook gekyk na groepsdinamiek in die beweging rondom Jesus op grond van die funksionering van charisma in hierdie groep. Vervolgens is daar gewys op die rol wat institusionalisering van charisma gespeel het in die Pauliniese-, deutero-Pauliniese- en Pastorale Briewe. Kontinuïteit tussen die vroeë kerk en die Jesussaak is ook onder die soeklig geplaas. Omdat die ampsbegrip van die NHKA onder andere baie sterk steun op die denke van die reformatore soos Calvyn, is Calvyn se ampsbegrip asook die invloed van ander Reformatore se denke op dié van Calvyn, aan die orde gestel. Opsommend is ʼn paar slotopmerkings gemaak oor die ampsbegrip van die NHKA soos verwoord in sy Kerkorde en bevestigingsformuliere. Die gedagte is dat hierdie opmerkings vir die NHKA as riglyn kan dien vir die vorming van ʼn eietydse ampsbegrip. Die opsommende opmerkings word gemaak op grond van die resultate van die studie van Jesus se oproep tot dissipelskap ten einde te verseker dat die NHKA sy dienswerk doen in ooreenstemming met die Woord van God. Hierdie dienswerk word verrig in ʼn wêreld wat ver verwyderd is van dié waarin Jesus geleef en gedien het. ENGLISH: This study aims to examine the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa’s (NHKA) understanding of church office and measure it by “office” or ministries in the New Testament, and specifically by Jesus’ calling to discipleship in Mark 8:34. The relevance of the historical Jesus for contemporary church theology is indicated by the “essential” (Sache) continuity that exists between the historical Jesus and the church today. The study concludes that there is an implicit understanding of office present in Jesus’ calling to discipleship in Mark 8:34. The essence of this calling is servitude based on self denial, the taking up one’s cross and the following of Jesus. Because the church consists of a group of believers, who needs guidance, a part of the study focuses on leadership and the forming of small groups as described by social sciences. Another reason why this focus is important is that group forming is an essential characteristic of institutionalization. The results of this part of the study are applied to the movement around Jesus, the purpose of which is to study the functioning of charisma and institutionalization in this movement. Attention is also given to the group dynamic in the movement based on the functioning of charisma. Subsequently the role of institutionalization in the Pauline-, deutero-Pauline- and Pastoral Epistles are shown. The continuity between the early church and the Jesus cause is examined as well. The NHKA bases it’s understanding of church office to a large extent on the thoughts of reformers like Calvin. Therefore Calvin’s understanding of church office, as well as the influence that other reformers’ thoughts had on Calvin, is examined. Consequently a few remarks are made on the NHKA’s understanding of church office, as described in the NHKA church ordinance and the formulary for the confirmation of office-bearers. The aim is for these remarks to serve as a guideline for the NHKA to form a contemporary understanding of church office. The concluding remarks are derived from the results of the study on Jesus’ calling to discipleship, with the aim of assuring that the NHKA serves and works in correspondence to the Word of God. This serving is done in a world very different from the one in which Jesus lived and served. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

No description available.

The subject of this thesis is the value of the easement at the usual price and the price determined in accordance with the internal regulations of municipalities. The theoretical part is focused on general analysis of the easements, their legislation and the most important changes in the legislation, the difference between servitudes and real loads, the cause of its constitution, modification and terminativ. It also describes the methodology of valuation of easements, the distinction between price and value of their species, determining the annual benefit or detriment of the easement and the definition of the methods used for the valuation of easements. In the practical part of these findings are applied to specific value encumbrances arising in connection with the engineering lines.

The thesis deals with the valuation of the servitude of the engineering network by normal price and based on the internal regulations of municipalities. The theoretical part focuses on the issues related to the easements, brief historical overview, structure, possibilities of the creation and termination, as well as the description and structure of the technical infrastructure with a focus on gas conduction. The last theoretical part contains of a description of the ways and methods of the valuation of the easements. In the practical part the actual valuation of the easements based on the internal regulations of municipalities and the own calculation of the normal price are carried out.

[pt] A questão da servidão permeia toda a filosofia de Espinosa. Seja no campo ético, seja no político, a servidão é um problema quando se trata da experimentação da liberdade política, sendo necessário, portanto, compreender suas causas e seus efeitos práticos. Na experiência política, a tirania se torna o principal efeito prático da servidão e sua constituição reside nas mãos da multidão. É por isso que Espinosa afirma que não adianta derrubar o tirano se não eliminar as causas da tirania, ou seja, investigar, na multidão, os motivos pelos quais um regime tirânico chega ao exercício do poder político. Começaremos este trabalho com uma análise da servidão no plano da Ética: a reflexão perpassa pela noção do conatus e pela lógica dos afetos que rege as relações sociopolíticas. A dinâmica afetiva é fundamental para compreender não só as causas da servidão, mas todas as relações entre os corpos. A noção de servidão está relacionada com a ideia do preconceito finalista que, no campo político, se transforma em superstição. Por fim, como a servidão, ainda que individual, só pode ser pensada com a instituição da política, é necessário analisar o conceito de multidão. É, para Espinosa, o sujeito político que não segue ordem racional, mas sim, é pensada através da dinâmica afetiva. A partir desse conceito, a figura do vulgus possui papel fundamental para o entendimento do tema proposto, assim como a compreensão da obediência política e as diferenças entre a obediência servil do escravo e a obediência livre do cidadão. A resistência à servidão é expressão do conatus e necessária, assim como a obediência, para a constituição de um campo político mais democrático e de um temperamento menos servil da multidão. / [fr] Le sujet de la servitude marque toute la philosophie de Spinoza. Que ce soitau domaine éthique ou politique, la servitude est un problème lorsqu il s agitd expérimenter la liberté politique, et il est donc nécessaire d en comprendre ses causes et ses effets pratiques. Dans l expérience politique, la tyrannie devient le principal effet pratique de la servitude et sa constitution demeure aux mains de lamultitude. C est pour ça que Spinoza affirme qu il est inutile d abattre le tyran sion n élimine pas les causes de la tyrannie, c est-à-dire, il faut enquêter sur lamultitude les raisons pour lesquelles le régime tyrannique parvient à l exercice dela puissance politique. D abord, on analyse la servitude sous les thermes del Éthique: la réflexion passe par la notion de conatus et par la logique des affections qui régit les relations sociopolitiques. La dynamique affective est fondamentale pour comprendre non seulement les causes de la servitude, mais toutes les relationsentre les corps. Le concept de servitude est lié à l idée du préjugé finaliste qui, dansle domaine politique, devient superstition. Enfin, comme la servitude, elle-même individuelle, ne peut être pensée qu avec l institution de la politique, il est nécessaire donc analyser la notion de multitude. Pour Spinoza, c est le sujet politique que ne suit pas l ordre rational, toutefois celui qui est pensé à travers dela dynamique affective. En s appuyant sur ce concept, la figure du vulgus a un rôle fondamental pour la compréhension du thème, ainsi que l entendement del obéissance politique et les différences entre l obéissance servile de l esclave etcelle libre du citoyen. La résistance à la servitude est l expression du conatus et nécessaire, ainsi que l obéissance, pour la constitution d un domaine politique plus démocratique et d un caractère moins servile de la multitude.

This master thesis deals with the spiritual progress pointing to a national self-awareness in the Enlightenment era from the beginning until 1848. The Enlightenment is an European phenomenon, which is characterized by a change of thinking, and self-awareness. This idea of tolerance and human emancipation contributed to the reforms of fundamental social, political and ecclesiastical changes. These changes result not only from a philosophical influences, but also from royal reforms during the reign of Maria Theresa and Joseph II in particular. The Teresian enlightened Catholicism and Josephinian reformism fully started the journey from the Enlightenment to liberalism. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Trata a presente tese da sustentação da indispensabilidade de utilização, em um sistema tributário, para almejar ser justo, da tributação indireta. E não basta a utilização dela como elemento complementar do sistema. É necessário que sua participação seja equilibrada em relação à utilização da tributação direta, igualmente indispensável à justeza do sistema. Assim, entre a tributação direta e a indireta, não se deve cogitar de qual das duas é mais justa, sim que uma e outra contribuem igualmente para que o sistema como um todo, possa ser o mais justo possível. A exposição se inicia com um escorço histórico em que se procura analisar e situar o funcionamento dos sistemas tributários na evolução e conformação das diversas sociedades que antecedem à nossa, com uma natural ênfase à civilização ocidental como a entendemos, isto é, centrada em uma corrente econômica, cultural e técnica, de linha mediterrânea e européia. Neste escorço, superada a exposição referente às origens mais remotas, foram feitos alguns destaques temáticos, o primeiro e mais importante destacando a atuação de Colbert no reinado de Luiz XIV, na França, pela sua contribuição crítica ao sistema tributário então vigente naquele país, e a reforma que implementou com a introdução de impostos indiretos e redução de impostos diretos, no sentido de institucionalizar e fortalecer o reino. Outros destaques foram feitos, merecendo especial citação Ricardo, Enno Becker e Keynes, o primeiro pela sua exposição crítica dos impostos vigentes na Inglaterra em seu tempo, o segundo pela sua notável participação na elaboração da Constituição de Weimar e o terceiro pela sua atuação nos Estados Unidos após a crise de 1929 e sua participação na conferência de Bretton Woods. Findo o escorço histórico, segue-se uma exposição de natureza pessoal, historiando a forma como a presente tese se conformou, sob o título de \"Reintrodução\". A partir da conceituação de \"justiça fiscal\", a tese propriamente dita se delineia, passando-se de uma análise crítica relacionada ao objetivo maior, a justiça, para a análise do papel dos impostos indiretos e diretos e da contribuição de melhoria. Em sua parte final cuida-se do ajustamento sistêmico do problema, inspirando, além do desejável ajuste científico e cibernético, uma profunda reforma tributária, que poderia destinar-se ao Brasil, ou a qualquer outro país, em qualquer estágio de desenvolvimento que se encontre. O modelo é inspirado na reforma que, produzida inicialmente na França com a introdução da T.V.A. (\"Taxe a la Valeur Ajoutée\"), depois estendida à comunidade econômica européia, praticamente institucionalizou naqueles quadrantes um tipo de imposto único indireto, altamente simplificador desse sistema impositivo. Propõe-se desta forma, a introdução também de um imposto único similar, direto, que aliado à uma nova contribuição de melhoria, melhor instituída, e da terceirização sistêmica das taxas, dariam estrutura final a todo o conjunto tributário nacional, tendo por objetivo maior o estado de direito democrático moderno. Esta, assim, seria a \"grande síntese\" tributária passível de ser alcançada, em qualquer sistema moderno. / Cette thèse concerne le maintien du caractère indispensable de Ia tributation indirecte dans un système tributaire qui vise à Ia justice. Cependant, il ne suffit pas I\'emploie de Ia tributation indirecte en tant qu\'élement complémentaire du système. Il faut que sa participation soit equilibrée par rapport à I\'emploie de Ia tributation directe, également indispensable à Ia justesse du système. Ainsi, entre les impôts directs et les indirects, Ia cogitation est que tous les deux contribuent également pour que le système soit juste et non qu\'an entre le deux est plus juste. L\'exposition part d\'un raccourci historique dont le but est d\'analyser et placer le fonctionnement des systèmes tributaire dan I\'évolution et Ia conformation de plusieurs societés ultérieures, comprennant surtout Ia civilisation occidentale en tant que nous I\'envisageons. Ça veut dire, dont I\'axe consiste dans une chaine économique, culturelle et technique d\'origine meditarrenée et européenne. Dans ce raccourci, apres avoir surmonté I\'exposition concernant les origines les plus lointaines, on a choisi quelques groupes thématiques, dont le premier et le plus important concerne I\'action de Colbert dans le royaume de Louis XIV, en France, en raison de sa contribution critique au système tributaire lors y en vigueur, ainsi que Ia reforme qu\'il a implanté, dont I\'innovation consistait dans I\'introduction des impôts indirects et dans Ia reduction des impôts directs, de façon à institucionaliser et rendre plus puissant le royaume. Ensuite, on passe à d\'autres souslignements, et on doit mentionner de façon spéciale ceux-Ià concernant Ricardo, Enno Becker et Keynes. Le premier en raison de son exposition critique des impôts, lors en vigueur dans l\'Angleterre. Le second en fonction de sa remarquable participation dans I\'élaboration de Ia Constitution de Weimar. Et le troisième en raison de son sction aux États Unis aprés Ia débâcle de 1929, ainsi que sa participation dans Ia réunion de Bretton Woods. Apres ce raccourci historique, on passe à une exposition d\'ordre personnel, en racontant en detail le développement de cette thèse, sous le titre \"Reintroduction\". À partir de Ia conceptualisation de \"justice fiscale\", Ia thèse, en son essence, se delinée, et on passe à une analyse critique par rapport à son but majeur - Ia justice -, par I\'analyse de Ia fonction des impôts indirects et directs et Ia contribution d\'amélioration. La dernière section est consacrée à I\'ajustement systémique du problème, qu\'inspire, au-delà d\'un souhaitable couplage scientifique et cybernétique, une reforme tributaire profonde, capable d\'être employée soit au Brésil soit à un autre pays quelconque, independamment du degrée de développement qu\'il a atteint. Le modele s\'inspire à Ia reforme qui a commencé en France, avec I\'introduction par Maurice Lauré de Ia T.V.A. (Taxe à Ia Valeur Ajoutée) et, qu\'ensuite, étendue à Ia Communauté Européenne, a contribué pour I\'institutionnalisation, dans Ia pratique, d\'un genre d\'impôt unique indirect, de façon à simplifier remarquablement de système de ces impôts. On propose, donc, I\'introduction d\'un impôt unique similaire, direct, que s\'alliant à une nouvelle contribution d\'amélioration, meilleurment instituée, et de Ia concession systématique des services, serait capable de donner une structure finale à tout I\'ensemble tributaire national, en une grande synthèse, ayant pour but majeur I\'état de droit démocratique moderne.