Notre ambition est de rendre compte de l’évolution contemporaine des rapports sociaux de sexe en Iran en nous appuyant sur l’étude de la représentation que les femmes iraniennes ont de leurs familiaux et sociaux pour préciser les différents types de conceptions du rôle de la femme et les différents aspirations que nous pouvons trouver aujourd’hui chez les femmes en Iran. Notre idée a été de croiser des entretiens qui rendent compte de la diversité des visions de la femme par les femmes iraniennes. Elles ne sont pas toutes d’accord entre elles, et leur discours et parfois décalé avec les données statistiques, les études historiques et économiques disponibles. Mais grâce à eux, nous pourrons dresser un portrait de la vision de la femme par les femmes iraniennes / Our ambition is to study : The evolution of contemporary gender relations in Iran based on the study of representation that Iranian women have of their family and social roles. It is a question of women belonging to different generations and different social backgrounds to specify different types of conceptions of the role of women and the different aspirations that we can find today among women in Iran. Our idea was to analyse the ideas of women that reflect the diversity of visions of women by Iranian women. They do not all agree with each other, and their speech is sometimes shifted with statistics, historical and economic studies available. But thanks to them , we can represent a picture of the point of view of women by Iranian women

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This thesis deals in it?s theoretical part with the changing of social role of women in the course of human existence and history of the feminist movement. It observes the differences between men and women from three perspectives: biological, psychological, sociological, and on their basis reveals their properties for which individuals choose the preference of life partner. Thesis also focuses on the labor market situation in terms of gender. In the practical part, based on interviews with 10 men and 10 women, I evaluate the views at how men see the role of women in society and also as well how women themselves see their role. At first I found out how the household in which the respondents grew up in work in the division of daily tasks, how they want their own households to work (or as they works) and then I compared the results. Then I focused on qualities and skills which are in interviews attributed to women and men, what´s the position of women in the labor market in their opinion or why the number of divorces is constantly increasing and why the age for starting a family is increasing as well. The work affects not only the view of men of women's social mission, but also the view of women themselves in the light of expectations that men (and society) have towards to women.

A partir des années 1670 et durant tout le XVIIIe siècle, les mémoires écrits par des femmes connaissent, plus que ceux écrits par des hommes, une inflexion notable : passés les troubles de la Fronde, alors que le rôle politique des femmes tend globalement à décliner, ils se recentrent sur la vie privée mais aussi sur le parcours, l’itinéraire personnel de femmes qui créent une forme originale centrée sur la définition de leur identité : on peut bel et bien parler d’une dimension autobiographique. L’influence et la médiation du roman-mémoires jouent un rôle prépondérant dans cette mutation du genre mémorialiste dont les femmes sont les principales actrices, aboutissant parfois à la création originale de textes hybrides entre fiction et diction. Mais ces textes ne se contentent nullement de démarquer le roman-mémoires : empruntant à des influences et traditions multiples, les femmes disent de façon oblique leur désir d’écrire sans pour autant devenir des « femmes savantes » ou des « femmes auteurs ». Elles élaborent aussi des représentations inédites de l’identité féminine, entre soumission et contestation, le plus souvent indirecte, des rôles féminins considérés comme traditionnels à leur époque. La thèse examine les profils sociaux de ces mémorialistes d’un nouveau genre, mais aussi la complexité formelle et énonciative de leurs textes et les représentations ambiguës de la femme et de l’identité personnelle qui s’y déploient. / Starting in the 1670s and throughout the 18th century, memoirs written by women, more so than those written by men, undergo important mutations. After the turmoil of the Fronde, as the political role of women tends to decline, they emphasize private life but also the personal itinerary of women who are thus creating an original form centred on the definition of their identity: these works develop a true autobiographic dimension. The influence and mediation of the memoir-novel play a crucial part in this women-led transformation of the memoirist genre, leading to the original creation of hybrid texts halfway between fiction and diction. But these texts are not mere imitations of the memoir-novel: by borrowing from diverse influences and traditions, women express their wish to write in an oblique manner, without labelling themselves as “learned ladies” or “women authors”. They also construct new representations of the female identity, both submissive and critical, most of the time indirectly, of the female roles which were deemed traditional at the time. The thesis examines the social profiles of this new kind of memoirists, as well as the formal and enunciative complexity of their texts, and the ambiguous representations of women and their personal identity which they develop.

Denna rapport har studerat hur lär- och identitetsprocessen att formas till artist har sett ut för några av Sveriges mest aktuella kvinnliga artister. Valet att studera denna yrkesgrupp beror på att formell utbildning genom skolväsendet saknas för att till fullo förbereda individer för yrket. Syftet har varit att genom artisternas beskrivningar av de egna erfarenheterna bidra med kunskap om hur dessa processer kan se ut. Sex stycken semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med hjälp av utformad frågeguide för insamlandet av data. Intervjuerna transkriberades sedan och analyserades därefter med drag av hermeneutisk tolkning. Förförståelsen hos mig som forskare har haft en central roll i rapporten då jag själv är verksam som frilansande trummis inom musikbranschen. Då tidigare forskning rörande lär- och identitetsskapande processer för artister inte hittades baserades litteraturöversikten till stor del av forskning om de lär- och identitetsskapande processer som elitidrottare gjort. Valet av denna yrkesgrupp baserades på att framgång som idrottare ofta leder till medial uppmärksamhet, i likhet med artisternas. Insamlad empiri analyserades sedan genom Lave och Wengers (1991) teorier om hur kunskap uppstår och utvecklas genom sociala interaktioner i olika kontexter, något de kallar för situerat lärande. I analysen användes även Goffmans (2009) rollteoretiska modell som behandlar hur identiteter skapas, upprätthålls och förändras. Slutsatserna i studien visade på att kunskapen till stor del skapats genom observation av de mer erfarna inom musikbranschen samt interaktion med dessa. Artisternas föreställningar om vad det innebär att vara en artist samt till vilken grad de interagerat med olika delar av musikbranschen tycks ha påverkat deras förmåga att själva identifiera sig som artister. Gemensamt för samtliga respondenter var den beskrivna upplevelsen av att kunna påverka rollen som artist till högre grad i och med ökad erfarenhet och framgång som artist. / This report has studied how the processes of learning about the role as an artist and the ability to identify oneself as one has been for some of Sweden’s most popular artists. The choice to study this profession is due to the lack of formal education through the school system to fully prepare individuals for the profession. The purpose has been to provide knowledge about these processes thru the described experiences from the artists. Six semi- structured qualitative interviews were conducted using a designed questionnaire for data collection. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed by means of hermeneutic interpretation. The preconceptions have played a central role in the report, as I myself am a freelance drummer in the music industry. Since earlier research about learning and identity-creating processes among artists was not found, the literature review has been based largely on research about the learning and identity-creating processes that elite athletes have made. The choice to study this profession was based on the similarity between professions in the terms where their success often leads to great media attention. Collected empirical data was then analyzed thru Lave and Wenger’s (1991) theories of how knowledge arises and develops through social interactions in different contexts, something they call situated learning. The analysis was also made thru used Goffman's (2009) role theory model that addresses how identities are created, maintained and changed. The conclusions of this study showed that knowledge about the role as an artist was largely created by observing the more experienced in the music industry as well as thru interaction with these. The artists' perceptions of what it means to be an artist and the extent to which they interacted with different parts of the music industry seem to have influenced their ability to identify themselves with the role. Commonly to all respondents was the described experience that the ability to influence the role of an artist increased with experience and success as an artist.

Aufbauend auf einer Darstellung der Relevanz von Wissens- und Technologietransfer sowie einem theoretischen Abriss der bisherigen clustertheoretischen Forschungsdiskussion werden die Forschungsfragen der Studie entwickelt. Diese konzentrieren sich auf einen handlungstheoretischen Ansatz und möchten ermitteln, welche sozialen Rollen im Kontext kooperativer Innovationsprozesse zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft von Bedeutung sind, damit diese zu einem erfolgreichen Ende geführt werden können. Die Publikation stellt das komplexe Untersuchungsdesign der Studie dar, das qualitative und quantitative Methoden verbindet, um ein umfangreiches Bild sozio-ökonomischer, organisatorischer und technischer Voraussetzungen von kooperativen Innovationsprozessen zu eruieren. Die Ergebnisdarstellung liefert einen Überblick der erarbeiteten Erkenntnisse der Studie und stellt neben den jeweiligen Transferförderungsstrategien der untersuchten Bundesländer, die Resultate der Befragungen (Leitfadeninterviews, Fragebögen) dar. Deren Kern stellt ein empirisch fundiertes Rollenmodell kooperativer Innovationsprozesse dar, welches einen transparenten Überblick zu notwendigen Aufgaben im Rahmen von Transfervorhaben zwischen Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und unterstützenden Organisationen liefert. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen zur Unterstützung von Transferprozessen zwischen Wissenschaft und vor allem mittelständischer Wirtschaft sowie dafür erprobte Transferformate und Werkzeuge dargestellt. Die Publikation enthält im Anhang die eingesetzten Erhebungsinstrumente der empirischen Studie (Fragebogen, Interviewleitfäden). / Based on a description of the economic relevance of knowledge and technology transfer as well as the theoretical outline of the previous cluster discussion the text develops research questions for an empiric study. These questions are concentrated on action theory and try to determine which social roles are necessary to support cooperative innovation processes between the scientific and economic system. A complex survey design is described which combines qualitative and quantitative research methods to identify an extensive picture of socio-economic, organisational and technical conditions for cooperative innovation processes. The study results present a short overview of funding structures for technology transfer in the investigated German federal lands as well as the findings of the survey (questionnaire, interviews). Core result of the study is the empirically-grounded role-concept of cooperative innovation processes which delivers a transparent overview of all tasks necessary for transfer processes between science, economic system and supporting organisations (e.g. transfer centres). Finally suggestions are made for the support of transfer processes between science and esp. medium-sized enterprises including the presentation of tested transfer formats and tools. In the appendix the publication contains questionnaires and interview guidelines used in the empirical investigation.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the professional role of women in Prison and Probation Service and a qualitative equality perspective, as well as how they are treated by male colleagues and clients. In the annual report from Swedish Prison and Probation Service, it has been stated that the gender distribution is equal, which indicates quantitative equality. This study is based on a qualitative method, where interviews have been conducted with nine women between 25 and 65, who are working in custody or prison. The women have been given a chance to talk about their feelings and thoughts about their professional role in general and how they are being treated or affected by their male colleagues and clients.  The result has shown that women are far more affected by the power structures and norms. Several women mention that male colleagues see them as weaker and make judgements about their physical capabilities. They also talk about how they are more caring of their clients, whereas the men are more focused on showing their strength and superiority. Finally, the main conclusion of this study is that there is no qualitative equality because of how the male role sets the overall norm. This, in turn, significantly affects women in their professional role of the Swedish Prison and Probation Service.

The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) initiative aims to provide reliable and precise item banks measuring patient-reported outcomes in different health domains.The aimof the present work was to provide a German translation of the PROMIS itembanks for satisfaction with participation and to psychometrically test these German versions. Cognitive interviews followed a forward–backward translation. Distribution characteristics, unidimensionality, Rasch model fit, reliability, construct validity, and internal responsiveness were tested in 262 patients with chronic low back pain undergoing rehabilitation. Results for the final 13- and 10-item

[pt] Este estudo buscou identificar como mulheres de baixa renda, das gerações Baby Boomers e Millennials, interpretam e reagem à mudança do papel feminino nos contos de Disney e a sua influência na percepção da marca. Foram conduzidas dezesseis entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres, moradoras do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A partir de lembranças e experiências vividas das entrevistadas em relação a marca e aos filmes, e empregando também dois filmes previamente selecionados que marcaram as duas gerações, Cinderela (1950) e Frozen (2014), foram obtidos resultados que apresentaram evidências de diferentes reações e identificações, provocadas pelas princesas nos filmes, denotando papéis sociais femininos dentro da sociedade. A geração a que pertencem e o nível socioeconômico das entrevistadas parece influenciar em suas reações. / [en] This study aimed to identify how low-income women, representatives of the Baby Boomers and Millennials generations interpret and react to the changing role of women in Disney tales and their influence on brand perception. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with women from Rio de Janeiro State. From the memories and lived experiences of the interviewees regarding the brand and the films, and also employing two previously selected films that marked the two generations, Cinderela (1950) and Frozen (2014), results were obtained that showed evidence of different reactions and identifications provoked by the princesses in the movies, denoting female social roles within society. The generation to which they belong and the socioeconomic level of the interviewees seem to influence their reactions.

非語言敏感度（nonverbal sensitivity）指正確察覺與解釋他人非語言訊息的能力。過去研究發現女性的非語言敏感度優於男性，可以權力取向或社會角色理論解釋。權力取向認為女性在社會上缺乏權力，故需展現良好的非語言敏感度保障自己權益。社會角色理論認為女性擔任，或被期待擔任照顧者，因此培養良好的非語言敏感度。本研究同時探討權力取向與社會角色理論，嘗試比較兩個理論對非語言敏感度性別差異的解釋。本實驗採用兩人互動，透過權力差異的操弄與不同的議題（經濟提供者議題或照顧者議題）討論，探討互動時的非語言敏感度。每位受試者還觀看四部影片，測量無動機影響的非語言敏感度。結果顯示權力差異可解釋兩人互動的非語言敏感度，且資料型態符合權力差異者的動機解釋。而觀看影片時，相較於探討經濟提供者議題受試者，探討照顧者議題受試者有較佳的非語言敏感度。此外我們亦發現性別、權力與社會角色三因子交互作用，非語言敏感度會受到實驗分派的社會角色是否符合生理性別的傳統作業影響，符合預期狀態理論的觀點。 / Nonverbal sensitivity refers to the ability to accurately detect and decode nonverbal cues communicated by others. Past research showed that women enjoy superior nonverbal sensitivity over men. Power perspective and social role theory each provides explanations for women's superior nonverbal sensitivity. Power perspective suggests that due to the lack of power in the society, women count on their nonverbal sensitivity to get what they want and for protection. Social role theory suggests that women are more likely to be in or are usually expected to be in caretaker roles, which require their attending to others' verbal or nonverbal cues. As a result, women develop superior nonverbal sensitivity compared to men. We designed an experimental study to test explanations offered by power perspective and social role theory. In the experiment, two individuals were told to collaborate on a task either required them to be in the provider role mode (focusing on earning money) or caretaker role mode (focusing on taking care of others). Power difference was manipulated by assigning one of the two individuals to be a leader and the other follower in this task. Interactions were recorded upon participants’ consent. After interaction, the participants were asked to interpret nonverbal cues in their interaction. They were also told to view four video clips, and then report and interpret nonverbal cues in each video clip. The results suggest that nonverbal sensitivity in interaction can be best accounted for by explanations consistent with the power perspective. The powerful was better at “B sees Self” nonverbal sensitivity, and the powerless was better at “B sees Me” nonverbal sensitivity, consistent with motivational explanations. In addition, we found a three-way interaction of participant sex, power, and social role, suggesting that women had the best “B sees Me” sensitivity when they had no power and were in the provider role. And men showed the best “B sees Self” sensitivity when they had power and were in the provider role. The three-way interaction finding is consistent with predictions made by expectation states theory. However, when viewing four video clips, participants in the caretaker role had better nonverbal sensitivity than those in the provider role. Motivation was offered to account for the differential effects of power and social roles. By analyzing clips of the dyadic interactions, we found that the powerful showed more leader behavior such as deciding discussion direction, and the powerless showed more follower behavior such as stammering. However, the results of the clips did not account for the aforementioned findings of nonverbal sensitivity.