The study is aimed at understanding the life experiences of children living in childcare institutions and to gain insight into what impact these experiences have in their lives and everyday functioning. I also anticipate that findings of the study will make a contribution in the Department of Health and Social Development, social workers, childcare institutions and other stakeholders who work with children in order to plan and implement programs that will enhance the children’s lives. The research project will be qualitative in nature with the use of the interpretivist approach and the stigmatisation theory as its theoretical background. The study revealed that children in childcare institutions view their environment as normal besides the absence of their parents, there were mixed feelings however about whether they find it as pleasant or unpleasant. One thing that stood out and was positive for them being in a childcare institution was that they have access to privileges which they would not have access to if they were living with their families. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

L'accompagnement vers l'emploi occupe une place essentielle dans l'éventail des politiques publiques de lutte contre le chômage. Mais il peut aussi amplifier la stigmatisation dont le chômeur est l'objet, dans un contexte d'activation des dépenses publiques et de responsabilisation du chômeur. Or, le besoin d'une perception de soi positive est fondamental, poussant chaque individu, surtout s'il est victime d'une stigmatisation, à agir en traitant les informations qui se rapportent à lui de façon partielle et partiale, produisant une représentation favorable de lui-même dans son rapport à l'environnement. Notre recherche s'interroge sur la nature et la portée des stratégies de préservation de l'image de soi d'un demandeur d’emploi (DE) dans le cadre d'un accompagnement vers l'emploi. La méthodologie mise en œuvre consiste en une enquête auprès de 267 DE accompagnés dans leurs recherches. Ils ont été interrogés au début puis à la fin de leur accompagnement – ainsi que leurs conseillers – à travers un questionnaire spécifique évaluant leurs conceptions du reclassement et de l'employabilité, leur adhésion à l'accompagnement et leur sentiment d'employabilité. Les résultats confirment le caractère "actif" du DE dans l'accompagnement, construisant des "théories" d'employabilité et du reclassement différentes selon sa probabilité de reclassement auto-évaluée, influençant directement ses attitudes vis-à-vis de l'accompagnement et son reclassement. Enfin, l'influence du conseiller est manifeste : son adhésion à une théorie "collective/encourageante" va produire une plus grande mobilisation chez le DE qu'une adhésion à une théorie "individualisante/responsabilisante". / Job search assistance plays an essential role among the array of public policies aimed at tackling unemployement. It can however also magnify the stigma against the unemployed with active labour market policies and accountability given to the unemployed. Nevertheless, the need for positive self-perception is crucial, pushing each individual, especially the stigmatized, to process self-related information in a partial and biased way, producing a favourable representation of themselves in theirs environment. Our research examines the nature and scope of jobseeker's (JS) self-image preservation strategies in a job search assistance program. 267 JS - and their counselors - were interviewed at the beginning and the end of the program, through a specific questionnaire assessing their understanding of employment and employability, their perception of the program and their own employability evaluation. The results confirm the "activity" of the JS during the program, constructing "theories" of employability and employment according to their own perceived probability of employment. It directly influences their attitudes towards the program and its outcome. Moreover, the influence of the conselor is clear : his or her beliefs in a "collective / supporting" theory will produce greater mobilization than a belief in a " individualizing / empowering" theory.

Denna studie undersöker hur pass stor inverkan socialt arbete för empowerment kan ha för individers livsvillkor, om dessa individer samtidigt utsätts för stigmatisering. Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för hur och i vilken utsträckning de verksamma på Shakthidhama women’s rehabilitation and development center finner det möjligt att förverkliga deras vision att stödja utsatta kvinnor att återfå sin ”dignitet och jämställdhet i samhället”. Undran springer ur att verksamhetens mål inte återspeglas i samhället i stort; utsatta kvinnor fortsätter att stigmatiseras i Indien generellt. Denna Minor Field Study är gjord med kvalitativ forskningsmetod; djupgående, löst strukturerade intervjuer utfördes med nyckelpersoner på organisationen Shakthidhama, i Karnataka, Indien. Matons (2008) definition av empowerment samt Link and Phelans (2001) konceptualisering av stigmatisering är ovärderliga för studien. Resultatet visar att de verksamma på Shakthidhama erfar att i princip varje del av deras arbete påverkas av samhälleliga strukturer. Maktrelationer inom empowerment- och stigmatiseringsprocesser undersöks för att landa i frågan kring vara socialt förändringsarbete ska rikta sitt fokus. / This study highlights the social work dilemma of to what extent empowerment work with individuals can make a difference for their opportunities in society, if there is no change in society at large. The aim of the study is to gain a deeper understanding about how and to what extent professionals at the Shakthidhama womens’s rehabilitation and development center, find it possible to fulfil their vision of helping women in need to regain “their dignity and equality in the society”. That is, as long as attitudes in mainstream society are not mirrored in those promoted by the organisation; as long as exposed women get stigmatised in Indian society. This Minor Field Study used qualitative research method; in-dept, open-ended interviews were conducted with keypersons at the NGO Shakthidhama, in Karnataka, India. Essential for the study are Maton’s (2008) definition of empowerment and Link and Phelan’s (2001) description of stigmatisation. The result shows that the professionals at Shakthidhama experienced societal impact over almost every area of work within the organisation. Power dynamics within processes of empowerment and stigmatisation get examined, to arrive to a discussion about where to aim social work for change.

Bakgrund: Suicid är benämningen på handlingen när någon tar sitt liv och är idag ett utbrett folkhälsoproblem. Det finns flera faktorer som ökar risken för en person att begå suicid eller suicidförsök. Sjuksköterskor träffar dessa patienter med suicidala tendenser inom alla verksamheter inom hälso- och sjukvården. Kunskap, ett gott bemötande och förmåga att kunna bedöma är viktiga faktorer som sjuksköterskan behöver i mötet.Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att möta patienter som är suicidala.Metod: En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ design med en induktiv ansats har genomförts. Sökningar av artiklar genomfördes i Medline och Cinahl och även manuella sökningar utfördes. Resultatet bygger på tolv vetenskapliga studier.Resultat: Den kvalitativa analysen utfördes enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell och resulterade i temat Vikten av kunskap och kompetens, innefattande tre subteman; Att kunskap spelar roll, Att vara en länk i kedjan och Att känna ansvar, samt temat Känslomässiga utmaningar, innefattande fyra subteman; Att uppleva utmaningar, Att skapa trygghet, Att sätta en etikett och Att arbetsförutsättningar spelar roll.Slutsatser: Relationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient är av stor vikt för att främja patientens framtida hälsa. En bredare utbildning behövs för den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan för att erhålla kunskap och förmåga i relation till psykisk ohälsa samt skapa förutsättningar för suicidprevention. / Background: The term suicide describes the act of ending your own life and is today a widely spread health problem. Several factors increase the risk of a person committing or attempting to commit suicide. Nurses meet these patients in every different specialities in the health care system. Knowledge, how to meet and how to evaluate patients are important when meeting patients who are suicidal.Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences in encountering patients who are suicidal.Method: A literature review with a qualitative design with an inductive approach. Searches were conducted in Medline and Cinahl and manual searches were also performed the result is built from twelve studies published in scientific articles.Results: The qualitative analysis was performed trough Fribergs five-step model and resulted in the theme The importance of knowledge and competence, including three subthemes; Knowledge matters, To be a part of the chain and To feel responsibility, and the theme Emotional challenges, including four subthemes; To experience challenges, To create safety, To put a label on and Work conditions matters.Conclusions: The relationship between nurse and patient are of greatest importance to promote the patient future health. A broader education is required for the registered nurse in order to obtain knowledge and ability in mental health and create good conditions for suicide prevention.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett expanderande samhällsproblem som ställer många krav på vården och individen. Upplevelserna i vårdmötet kan vara både positiva och negativa beroende på vårdpersonalens bemötande som influeras av stigmatisering. Dessa upplevelser kan leda till självstigmatisering hos patienterna som sedan kan påverka deras vilja att söka vård. Hildegard Peplaus omvårdnadsteori används som referensram i denna litteraturöversikt.  Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva hur stigmatisering av psykisk ohälsa kunde påverka patienters upplevelse av vården.    Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats. Databaserna CINAHL, PsycInfo och PubMed användes. I resultatet användes tio kvalitativa artiklar som kvalitetsgranskades med stöd av ett formulär från SBU.  Resultat: Resultatet beskrev hur stigmatisering av personer med psykisk ohälsa förekom inom vården, vilket påverkade patientens upplevelse av vården och gav upphov till självstigmatisering. Det förekom en tydlig maktskillnad mellan patient och vårdpersonal vilket förstärkte känslan av maktlöshet hos deltagande patienter. De kunde känna sig förminskade, kontrollerade och beskrev diskriminerande upplevelser. Vårdpersonalen undanhöll information och struntade i deras rätt till självbestämmande, vilket ökade känslan av rädsla och hjälplöshet. Patienterna uttryckte även att personalen saknade förmågan att visa empati genom att de var avståndstagande och känslokalla.  Slutsats: Stigmatisering av patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom vården kunde påverka patientens självbild och mående. Diskriminering i form av dehumanisering, icke-personcentrerad vård och förminskande beskrevs. Upplevelsen av stigmatisering kunde hindra patienter från att söka vård och leda till allvarliga konsekvenser för hälsan. För att förbättra patientens upplevelse av vården behöver vårdpersonal få utbildning i ämnet och utveckla förmågan till självreflektion i sitt möte med patienten. / Background: Mental illness is an expanding problem in society creating many demands on healthcare and the individual. Experienced encounters with healthcare are both positive and negative depending on the healthcare personnel’s treatment which is influenced by stigmatisation. These experiences can lead to patients’ self-stigmatisation and affect their will to seek care. The theoretical reference frame for this literature overview is Hildegard Peplau's nursing theory. Aim: The aim of this literature overview was to describe how stigmatisation of mental illness could affect patients’ experience of healthcare.     Method: Literature overview with qualitative approach. The databases CINAHL, PsycInfo and PubMed were used. Ten qualitative articles were included in the result. The quality of the articles was reviewed according to a form from SBU.  Results: The results described the stigmatisation of people with mental illness, which affected patients’ experience of care and generated self-stigmatisation. A power imbalance between patients and health personnel was shown, which reinforced a feeling of powerlessness among the participants. They felt diminished, controlled, and discriminated. The health staff withheld information and ignored their right to self-determination which increased feelings of fear and helplessness. The patients also expressed that the personnel lacked empathy since they were renunciative and emotionally distant.  Conclusion: Health care’s stigmatisation of patients with mental illness could affect their self-perception and wellbeing. Discrimination by dehumanisation, lack of patient centred care and diminishing were described. Experiences of stigmatisation could discourage care-seeking and cause severe health consequences. To improve the patient’s experience the healthcare personnel need more knowledge and an opportunity to develop their self-reflection in patient meetings.

Bakgrund: Inom den somatiska akutsjukvården behandlas akuta tillstånd där vård och behandling prioriteras efter sjukdomens eller traumats allvarlighetsgrad. Psykisk ohälsa ökar i det västerländska samhället. Personer som söker för psykiatriska besvär på akutmottagningen riskerar att prioriteras lågt i triageringen av patienter. Sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsansvar innebär att inta ett holistiskt förhållningssätt i det akuta vårdmötet. Personcentrerad vård är en av sjuksköterskans sex kärnkompetenser som utgör ett stöd för att möta patienterna i omvårdnadsarbetet. Personcentrerad vård innebär att sjuksköterskan lyssnar till patientberättelsen, inbjuder till ett partnerskap med patienten och närstående samt dokumenterar den överenskomna vården. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av att vårda patienter med psykisk ohälsa på den somatiska akutmottagningen. Metod: Litteraturöversikten utgår från en kvalitativ design med hermeneutik metod samt induktiv ansats. Tolv artiklar inkluderas efter kvalitetsgranskning. Dataanalysen utförs enligt Fribergs modell som innehåller fem steg i analysprocessen. Resultat: Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskorna upplever en ambivalens mellan negativa känslor som uppkommer i patientmötet samt viljan att ge god omvårdnad till patienterna. Begränsningar inom organisationen upplevs som hinder för att ge adekvat vård. Slutsats: Gemensam utbildning samt terapeutiska interaktioner mellan somatisk och psykiatrisk vård kan förslagsvis avstigmatisera psykisk ohälsa samt motverka en negativ  vårdkultur. / Background: Within somatic emergency healthcare, acute conditions are treated where care and treatment are prioritised according to the severity of the illness or trauma. Mental illness is increasing in Western society. People who apply for psychiatric problems at the emergency department risk being given low priority in the triage of patients. Nursing responsibility means taking a holistic approach in the acute care encounter. Person-centred care is one of the nurse's six core competencies which provide support for meeting patients in nursing. Person-centred care means that the nurse listens to the patient's story, invites a partnership with the patient and relatives and documents the agreed care. Aim: The aim is to describe nurses' experience of caring for patients with mental illness in the somatic emergency department. Method: The literature review is based on a qualitative design with a hermeneutic method and an inductive approach. Twelve articles are included after quality review. The data analysis is carried out according to Friberg's model, which contains five steps in the analysis process. Results: The results show that the nurses experience an ambivalence between negative feelings that arise in the patient encounter and the desire to provide good care to the patients. Limitations within the organisation are perceived as obstacles to providing adequate care. Conclusion: Joint education and therapeutic interactions between somatic and psychiatric care can suggest de-stigmatizing mental illness and countering a negative care culture.

This study focuses on opportunities and difficulties for ex-convicts who want to leave the criminal lifestyle behind and to reintegrate into society. The most effective way of staying out of criminality is getting employment. But with today's stigmatisation of ex-convict in the labour market it is challenging for them to even get an interview or an employment. Because of this it leaves them no choice for them but to continue on the criminal pathway. In this study we will be interviewing employers of organisations who work with ex-convicts who want to leave that lifestyle behind them. What challenges are ahead of the ex-convicts, what setbacks they may meet and how they can help ex-convicts to be appealing in the labour market. The results show us that if the ex-criminals are committed enough they can definitely turn their life around and get employment. With the help of organisations who specialise in helping ex-convicts finding employment there is definitely a way. These organisations also help and guide them to live a drug and criminal free lifestyle to help them not recidivism.

[pt] O ente fantasmático do cinema é a expressão pela qual busco sinalizar o apagamento do espectador nessa esfera, visto como aquele que emprega sua visão, mas não intervém efetivamente na produção de sentidos. Este trabalho de caráter interdisciplinar investiga uma certa desvalorização da condição do espectador no cinema que impede o seu reconhecimento enquanto sujeito que contribui com o pensamento. Para colocar o problema, traço uma comparação que envolve duas outras figuras, o autor de cinema e o teórico, que aparentam ter guardado para si a primazia intelectual. Analiso as teorias da espectatorialidade cinematográfica que tomaram o espectador como a coisa pensada, mas não como ser pensante. No terreno da filosofia, interesso-me pela proposta de emancipação do espectador formulada por Jacques Rancière, que nos conduz a uma saída para o estigma. No prólogo do livro As distâncias do cinema, o filósofo assume o lugar espectatorial como estratégico para pensar o cinema a partir de uma trajetória afetiva e singular, uma condição que se estende a todos os espectadores que transitam pelas lacunas formadas pelo próprio cinema. / [fr] L entité fantasmatique du cinéma est l expression par laquelle je cherche à signaler l effacement du spectateur dans cette sphère, comme celui qui emploie sa vision, mais n intervient pas efficacement dans la production de significations. Ce travail interdisciplinaire enquête sur une certaine dévalorisation de la condition du spectateur au cinéma qui empêche sa reconnaissance comme sujet contribuant à la pensée. Pour poser le problème, je fais une comparaison qui implique deux autres personnages, l auteur (du film) et le théoricien, qui semblent avoir gardé pour eux la primauté intellectuelle. J analyse les théories de la spectatorialité cinématographique qui prenaient le spectateur comme la chose pensée, mais non comme l être pensant. Dans le domaine de la philosophie, je m intéresse à la proposition d émancipation du spectateur formulée par Jacques Rancière, qui nous conduit à une sortie de la stigmatisation. Dans le prologue du livre Les écarts du cinéma, le philosophe devient spectateur comme stratégie pour penser le cinéma à partir d une trajectoire affective et singulière, une condition qui s étend à tous les spectateurs qui transitent par les brèches formées par le propre cinéma.

Yes / We investigate the effect of territorial stigmatisation on ontological security through a qualitative case-study of Bradford politics during the 2015 General Election. Territorial stigmatisation and ontological security are important constructs in political geography but there is relatively little research on how territorial stigmatisation effects ontological security in everyday lived experience – in this case, the lived experience of political contests. We conducted thirty in-depth interviews, generated three themes and present and analyse these three themes in the form of three ‘created dialogues’ as outlined by Sullivan (2012), with a smaller sample of ten out of thirty of our participants. Drawing on Bakhtin’s (1981) concept of ‘chronotope’ we identity three key effects of territorial stigmatisation on ontological security: i) A negative reputation of ‘parallel societies’ has the potential to create double meanings for the inhabitants of that society; ii) Local reputation enhances ontological security through linking particular places to particular personalities but potentially decreases ontological security for a district as a whole; iii) Everyday lived experiences sometimes acquire charged emotional symbolic significance, which could encourage the reflexive side of ontological security. Our findings went through a positive member-checking process with five of the participants. / Research Development Fund Publication Prize Award winner, October 2018.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 23 janvier 2024) / La stigmatisation liée au poids est un phénomène qui gagne en prévalence ces dernières années, suscitant l'intérêt de plusieurs chercheurs. Cette expérience aversive peut être perpétrée par différents individus, dont le partenaire amoureux, qui serait d'ailleurs l'une des plus fréquentes et intenses sources de stigma quotidien lié au poids (Vartanian & al., 2014). Malgré son importance, l'effet du stigma perpétré par le partenaire amoureux a été peu documenté dans la littérature (Puhl, & Brownell, 2006; Schmidt & al., 2022; Vartanian & al, 2014). La présente étude s'intéresse à la stigmatisation liée au poids perpétrée dans la relation amoureuse et aux processus menant à la compulsion alimentaire des deux partenaires amoureux, via l'effet médiateur des émotions négatives ressenties à l'égard du partenaire sur ce lien. L'étude s'intéresse également à la façon dont ces associations diffèrent selon la présence ou non d'un surpoids ou d'obésité chez la femme. Pour ce faire, 58 couples issus de la population générale ont été recrutés. Deux modèles d'interdépendance acteur-partenaire (APIM; Kenny & al., 2006) ont été réalisés; un regroupant les couples où la femme ne présentent pas de surpoids (n=40; Indice de masse corporelle (IMC; kg/m²) <25) et l'autre regroupant les femmes présentant un surpoids ou de l'obésité (n=18; IMC ≥ 25). Dans son ensemble, les résultats démontrent des patrons d'associations différents entre le stigma et la compulsion alimentaire chez les partenaires amoureux, selon l'absence ou la présence de surpoids ou d'obésité de la femme. Chez les couples où la femme présente un surpoids ou de l'obésité, les résultats révèlent que l'expérience de stigma vécue par la femme est associée à sa compulsion alimentaire et à celle de son conjoint, via les émotions négatives qu'elle vit à l'égard de son partenaire. Dans le modèle où la femme ne présente pas de surpoids, l'expérience de stigma vécue chez la femme n'est pas associée à sa compulsion alimentaire, alors que l'expérience de stigma vécue par l'homme est liée à sa compulsion alimentaire, via les émotions négatives ressenties à l'égard de sa partenaire. Ces résultats font ressortir le processus différencié de la réponse à la stigmatisation au sein des couples selon la présence de surpoids ou d'obésité chez la femme. Ils ajoutent à la littérature existante sur le sujet, en donnant un portait différencié des processus pouvant lier l'expérience de stigma perpétrée quotidiennement dans le couple et la compulsion alimentaire dans un contexte dyadique.