The purpose of our thesis is to investigate through a survey how specialization affects the perceived scope for discretion of the social worker. The study will also examine how the social worker can customize outpatient care targeted at children and young people. The study's empirics were collected through a web survey that was sent out via email to social workers who worked with children and young people in IFO's outpatient care.  The study examines how social workers' discretion is affected by the organization of social services such as the division of clients within the organization and the way in which they interact. The results indicate that guidelines, norms, and laws affect the social worker's discretion in a way that reduces client-customization. In addition, the study examines how the social worker can client-customize their efforts and which factors influence the degree of client-tailoring. The study shows that previous experience and education affect the scope for discretion in a way that increases client-customization. The empirical study is analysed using Lipsky's theory of street level bureaucrats.

The aim of this study has been to describe and understand how school counselors and school social worker experience and perceive their discretion related to the work with problematic school absenteeism in elementary school. My study is based on six qualitative interviews where the professional roles each made half of the total number, which has been analyzed using qualitative content analysis. I wanted to describe and understand the discretion of school counselors and school social worker based on their role and function as that are not sufficently defined and specified, this associated with work on problematic school absenteeism. The conclusions of this study are that some of them felt limited regarding confidentiality, while some were positive about laws and guidelines. Also, that other actors within school or BUP, their working conditions and resources influenced the school counselors´and school social workers own work performance. The managers gave them freedom to shape their professional role within the organization´s framework. The possibility of resistance was also expressed. Also, that there is bigger experience of obscurity than clarity regarding the job description, which can be based on cooperation and the opportunity to take place. Collaboration and cross-border work as well affected the discretion of the professional role. School councelors and school social worker also have different opportunities in their preventive practical work to meet and manage absenteeism.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelser av att arbeta inom den sociala barnavården vilken förutsätter föräldrars frivillighet för att barn ska få sina rättigheter gällande stöd, skydd och delaktighet tillgodosedda. Studien har i synnerhet fokuserats kring att undersöka huruvida socialsekreterare upplever att föräldrars lagstadgade rätt till frivillighet begränsar barns lagstadgade rätt till delaktighet och skydd. Kvalitativ forskningsmetod valdes för att besvara frågeställningarna och studiens empiri består av intervjuer med sex socialsekreterare och en sektionschef, samtliga verksamma inom den sociala barnavården. För att bearbeta och analysera empirin användes tematisk innehållsanalys. Studiens teoretiska ramverk vilket empirin tolkats och analyserats genom består av två teorier. Den första teorin, gräsrotsbyråkrati, har använts för att förstå och förklara de dilemman som socialsekreterare behöver hantera och ta ställning till i sitt arbete. Den andra teorin består av barndomssociologi vilken utgår ifrån vikten av att betrakta barn som kompetenta aktörer i samhället. Studiens resultat visar att ett bra samarbete mellan socialsekreterare och föräldrar är avgörande för att barnet ska få tillgång till stöd. Vidare tyder studiens resultat på att socialsekreterare upplever att föräldrars rättigheter utgör ett hinder i deras arbete med att tillgodose och främja barns lagstadgade rättigheter. Föräldrars lagstadgade rätt till frivillighet riskerar att innebära att barnets rätt till delaktighet och skydd försummas. / The aim of this study has been to examine social workers experiences of working in social childcare, which requires parents voluntariness in order for children to have their rights regarding support, protection and participation fullfilled. In particular, the study has focused on investigating whether social workers feel that parents statutory right to voluntariness limits children's statutory right to participation and protection. Qualitative research method was chosen to answer the questions and the study's empirical data consists of interviews with six social workers and one section manager, all active in social childcare. To process and analyze the empirical data, thematic content analysis was used. The study's theoretical framework through which the empirical evidence was interpreted and analyzed consists of two theories. The first theory, street-level bureaucracy, has been used to understand and explain the dilemmas that social workers meet and need to deal with in their work. The second theory consists of childhood sociology, which is based on the importance of considering children as competent actors in society. The study's results show that good cooperation between social workers and parents is crucial for the child to have access to support. Furthermore, the study's results indicate that social workers feel that parents rights constitute an obstacle in their work to accommodate and promote children's statutory rights. Parents' statutory right to volunteering risks neglecting the child's right to participation and protection.

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur socialsekreterare upplever att barnrättsperspektivet beaktas inom arbetet på försörjningsstöd, samt hur organisatoriska förutsättningar påverkar i vilken mån barns rättigheter tas i beaktande vid handläggningen av försörjningsstöd. Resultatet visar att handlingsutrymmet påverkar i vilken utsträckning barnrättsperspektivet tas i beaktandet i handläggningsprocessen. Socialsekreterarna beskriver också att kunskap om lagstiftning är förutsättning för att kunna beakta ett barnrättsperspektiv inom försörjningsstöd. Vidare visar även resultatet att det är gemensamt för socialsekreterarna att de anser att det är vårdnadshavarna som har det huvudsakliga ansvaret att tillgodose barnets grundläggande behov. Slutligen indikerar resultatet även att det finns brister när det kommer till att följa organisatoriska riktlinjer till följd av hög arbetsbelastning och utmanande arbetsuppgifter / This study aims to examine social workers experiences about the child rights perspective in the processing of social assistance. The study also aims to examine how organizational guidelines affect how the child rights perspective is taken into account in the processing of social assistance. The result shows that social workers, in the role as street level bureaucrats, are affected by their discretion to what extent the child rights perspective is taken into account. Social workers also describe that knowledge about legislation is a condition for being able to take the child rights perspective into account. The results show that social workers emphasize that the caregivers have the main responsibility to fulfill their children's needs. In conclusion, the results indicate that social workers, who work with social assistance, experience that there is a limited discretion when it comes to child rights perspective in the processing of social assistance. The result also indicates that there are deficiencies when it comes to following the organizational guidelines due to high workload and resource demanding work tasks

The purpose of this study is to study how social workers experience their work with the children's perspective within financial assistance. A qualitative methodological approach has been applied with the aim of collecting empirical data through semi-structured interviews with four social workes in financial assistance. The data collection has in turn been analyzed based on previous research on the subject and Michael Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucrats and their discretion. The study gives an indication that social workers see the importance of, and have the will to apply a child perspective in their work, but the conditions are not optimal. The results of the study show that factors such as high workload in the form of lack of time, high number of cases and unclear guidelines are the main limitations in the application of the child perspective and thus in the assessments of the best interests of the child.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur socialsekreterare som arbetar med unga lagöverträdare upplever insatser för målgruppen samt om och i så fall hur de upplevelserna påverkar utredningsarbetet. I frågeställningarna ingick även vilken roll ungdomars vårdbehov i relation till samhällsskydd och ungas eventuella behov av skydd spelar i dessa upplevelser. Empirin har bearbetats med hjälp av tematisk analys. För att besvara syftet genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialsekreterare som arbetar med unga lagöverträdare i en medelstor kommun. Studiens huvudsakliga teoretiska ramverk har varit Lipskys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater, med nyinstitutionell organisationsteori som kompletterande teori. I studien påvisades ett antal centrala upplevelser i relation till befintliga insatser. Tillgängliga insatser för unga lagöverträdare upplevdes i många fall utdaterade i relation till överväldigande förändringar i målgruppens förutsättningar. Exempel på detta som påvisades var att kriminalitet hos unga upplevs ha sjunkit i åldrarna och blivit av en grövre karaktär, vilket en majoritet av respondenterna menar inte speglas i hur insatser är utformade i dagsläget. I studien påvisades även en upplevd brist på lämpliga utförare, vilket dels beskrevs härstamma från att utförare av vissa insatser (i synnerhet familjehemsplacering men även i viss mån HVB) inte vill ta emot ungdomar med exempelvis kriminalitet eller pågående missbruk. Brist på t.ex HVB som var utrustade att behandla ungdomar med flera olika typer av behov och/eller problematik påvisades också. Vidare påvisades att arbetet påverkades av att ständigt behöva allokera otillräcklig tid. Slutligen visade studien att ungas skyddsbehov var en väsentlig faktor i särskilda ärenden, och som av nödvändighet behövde prioriteras över ungas vårdbehov. Samhällsskydd upplevdes inte som en lika central faktor.

村里基層行政人員是執行政策的主要行動者，其業務執行的判斷與裁量行為將影響民眾的權利，其對民主價值觀的認知，則左右其行政行為態樣。本研究的主要目的是欲探討民主化後的台灣，村里基層行政人員的民主價值，並找出影響因素。同時，探討村里基層行政人員是否因為民主價值的差異，而對於裁量行為有不同偏好。本研究使用2007年國科會計畫『填補「公民參與」研究脫落的環節—基層公務人員對公民參與態度的初探』所收集的量化資料。在分析961位村里基層行政人員所填答的問卷資料後，發現多數村里基層行政人員具中等程度的民主價值，其中村里幹事更達八成以上。主要影響民主價值差異的因素，是村里基層行政人員的年齡與教育程度。在裁量的偏好方面，多數受訪者傾向依法行政，民眾需求居次。主要解釋變異的因素是村里長與村里幹事間職責的差異，導致其偏好不同的裁量原則。因為村里長與村里幹事在民主價值以及裁量類型方面有許多的不同，而村里層級又是民主機制運作的第一線，因此應強化村里基層行政人員的民主價值。本研究建議政府應當建立村里長的培訓課程，以提升其對民主機制的認識與涵養，確保民眾的利益。 / Street-level administrators in Village/Li are the main actors for policy implementation. Their discretionary behaviors will affect the rights of citizens and such behaviors are profoundly influenced by their belief in democracy. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the democratic values of Village/Li Chiefs and Secretaries in Taiwan, and to find out the influential factors of democratic values. Further, this thesis discusses the extent to which their democratic values affect the preference of discretionary behaviors. The data used in this article are from the research sponsored by the National Science Council of the Executive Yuan; which conducted 961 face-to-face interviews with Village/Li Chiefs and Village/Li Secretaries in Taiwan in early 2007. This study finds that the majority of street-level administrators and 80% of Village/Li Secretaries have moderate democratic values. Statistical analysis indicates that age and education have critical influence on democratic values. With regard to their preference of discretionary behaviors, most respondents make decision mainly based on the enactments, and the need of citizens is secondary concern. The crucial factor to explain the variation is the difference on duties between Village/Li Chiefs and Secretaries. Consequently, the preference of their discretionary behaviors is diverse. Because of such divergence and the crucial role of street-level administrators in service delivery and grass-root democracy, this study suggests that the government should provide training programs to enhance the democratic values of Village/Li chiefs in particular and street-level administrators in general.

People with dementia are commonly in need of some form of social care from the social services in order to manage their everyday situations. However, social services are shaped by the construction of policy targets. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the social citizenship for people with dementia. Social citizenship for people with dementia is explored by studying how people with dementia, in policy documents, have been constructed as a target group and also by studying how policies are enacted in practice by care managers, in their work and in their meetings with people with dementia. This is illustrated by studying policy documents from national level which range over nearly 40 years and 19 interviews with care managers. It is shown that, if and when, people with dementia are visible in policy documents, they commonly have a negative construction based on their cognitive and communicative abilities, as a burden, disturbing and incapable. It is further investigated how street-level bureaucrats, in this case care managers, experience meeting with people with dementia when they apply for social services. It is shown that care-managers experience difficulties concerning this group comprised of the exchange of information between care managers and people with dementia, refusal of social services by the person, the influence of relatives and other professions as well as moral dilemmas, such as the relations between the person with dementia and their relatives. The study shows that care managers have little support from policies, e.g. legislation and guidelines, in how to handle these dilemmas, and must thus create their own local ways of handling these situations. Care managers are thus influential policy actors concerning the policy target group of people with dementia. The policy processes which this dissertation illustrates, affect the social citizenship of people with dementia. It is shown that they, to an extent, have difficulties in influencing their own everyday situation concerning social services. Finally, the policy processes, will affect their possibility to influence their social citizenship. / Personer med demenssjukdom behöver vanligtvis någon form av socialt stöd från socialtjänsten för att kunna hantera sin egen vardag. Emellertid så är socialt stöd format av konstruktionen av policymålgrupper. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka det sociala medborgarskapet för personer med demenssjukdom genom att studera hur dessa personer, som policymålgrupp, har konstruerats i policydokument samt hur policys iscensätts i praktiken av biståndshandläggare inom socialtjänsten, i deras arbete och i deras möten med personer med demenssjukdom. Detta belyses genom studier policydokument på nationell nivå som spänner över nästan 40 år samt intervjuer med 19 biståndshandläggare. Studien visar att om och när personer med demenssjukdom är synliga i policydokument så har de vanligtvis en negativ konstruktion som baseras på deras kognitiva- och kommunikativa förmågor, som betungande, störande och inkapabla. Vidare undersöks i denna avhandling hur gräsrotsbyråkrater, i form av biståndshandläggare, upplever mötet med personer med demenssjukdom då de ansöker om socialt stöd från socialtjänsten. Det visas att handläggare upplever svårigheter i deras möten med denna grupp. Svårigheterna ligger i utbytet av information mellan handläggare och personen med demens, vägran från personen att ta emot stöd, inflytande från anhöriga och andra professioner samt moraliska dilemman som relationen mellan personen med demenssjukdom och anhöriga. Handläggare har lite stöd från policys, såsom lagar och riktlinjer, i hur de ska hantera dessa svårigheter och måste således hitta egna, lokala, sätt att hantera dessa situationer. Handläggare är således inflytelserika policyaktörer rörande policymålgruppen personer med demenssjukdom. De policyprocesser som avhandlingen berör påverkar det sociala medborgarskapet för personer med demenssjukdom. Det visas att de, till viss del, har svårigheter att påverka sin egen vardag i relation till stöd från socialtjänsten. Slutligen påverkar policyprocesser möjligheten för personer med demens att påverka sitt sociala medborgarskap.

Cette recherche doctorale est consacrée à l’analyse des représentations et des pratiques mises en oeuvrepar les professionnels hospitaliers d’établissements franciliens à l’égard de patients qu’ils identifientcomme roms. S’appuyant sur une ethnographie de la relation de guichet, elle propose une étude desfrontières morales qui fondent le processus de catégorisation raciale mis en oeuvre lors de la prise encharge de ces patients. Cette analyse révèle la superposition de frontières professionnelles auxfrontières raciales et morales tracées par les enquêtés, exposant ainsi différents usages professionnelsdu processus de racialisation des usagers. L’observation des usages quotidiens de la racialisation lorsde la relation de soin, de la prise en charge par les services et de l’accueil dans les établissements desanté démontre, non seulement l’existence d’une corrélation entre représentations racialisantes ettraitements différentiels des usagers, mais également le renforcement de cette tendance parl’imposition, via des réformes hospitalières inspirées du nouveau management public, d’objectifs derentabilité financière aux institutions de santé. / This doctoral research analyses the representations and practices of Ile-de-France’s hospitalprofessionals towards patients they identify as Roma. Based on an ethnography of administrativeencounters, it examines the moral boundaries of the racial categorisation process implemented duringpatient-provider relationships beginning with patient admission. The analysis reveals the superpositionof professional boundaries upon moral and racial boundaries drawn by healthcare professionals, andthe different professional uses they make of the racialisation process. The observation of daily uses ofracialisation during patient-provider relationships, interactions at the health service level and at theinstitutional level not only proves the link between agents’ racial representations and racialdiscrimination towards users, but also demonstrates how this pattern is reinforced by the objective ofprofitability imposed on healthcare institutions by new public management reforms.

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Pâmela Tonsa on 2017-04-17T19:53:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Manuella Ribeiro (maiamanuella@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T21:09:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Versão final Manuella Maia Ribeiro V8B.pdf: 2841950 bytes, checksum: 67dad443f22511f57efc91cc779b4119 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-04-18T13:06:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Versão final Manuella Maia Ribeiro V8B.pdf: 2841950 bytes, checksum: 67dad443f22511f57efc91cc779b4119 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T13:09:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Versão final Manuella Maia Ribeiro V8B.pdf: 2841950 bytes, checksum: 67dad443f22511f57efc91cc779b4119 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Esta tese tem como objetivo identificar e explicar as adaptações realizadas pelos gestores públicos municipais no uso de sistemas de informação em políticas sociais do governo federal. Uma das características das políticas sociais do governo federal é a adoção de sistemas de informação que auxiliam na gestão de diversas etapas dessas políticas tais como o diagnóstico, o monitoramento e a avaliação. Muitas vezes esses sistemas são compartilhados com outros níveis de governo, especialmente os governos municipais. Para compreender as adaptações locais, o foco dessa pesquisa concentrou-se no usuário desses sistemas de informação no âmbito das prefeituras. O pressuposto adotado foi que os usuários desses sistemas na esfera local podem modificar o contexto de uso da tecnologia e não somente a tecnologia ou o sistema de informação em si com o propósito de atender ao que foi definido pela instância federal, ou seja, os usuários locais realizam adaptações de acordo com as especificidades locais de forma a manter o sistema em funcionamento. Além disso, as adaptações podem ser diversas de acordo com o contexto local em que os sistemas de informação estão inseridos. Portanto, para compreender como ocorrem as adaptações locais na implementação de sistemas de informação em políticas sociais do governo federal, foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre o Cadastro Único dos Programas Sociais do Governo Federal (Cadastro Único), sistema de informação construído para reunir dados sobre a população de baixa renda no no Brasil. Esta base de dados da população de baixa renda é utilizada na implementação de políticas sociais do governo federal. Os registros realizados nesse sistema estão sob responsabilidade das 5.570 prefeituras brasileiras, incluindo a inclusão, alteração ou exclusão das informações dos cadastrados. A coleta de dados da pesquisa foi baseada em: a) análise documental de legislação, manuais, documentos oficiais, entre outros materiais escritos sobre o sistema de informação; b) pesquisa online com gestores municipais do Cadastro Único; e, c) entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores públicos federais e municipais ligados ao Cadastro Único. A análise dos dados foi baseada na comparação entre as normas definidas pelo governo federal e a implementação efetiva do sistema de cadastro pelos usuários nos municípios, permitindo identificar e categorizar as adaptações locais. As conclusões da pesquisa apontaram que os sistemas de informação em políticas sociais descentralizadas no Brasil, geralmente, caracterizam-se pela centralização, ou seja, o governo federal define seus objetivos, normas e formas de implementação e os municípios apenas o executam conforme as regras definidas pela instância nacional. Entretanto, a análise dos resultados também apontou que essa centralização não impede os municípios de realizarem adaptações no uso desses sistemas tanto para atender aos objetivos do governo federal quanto para utilizarem os dados em suas políticas locais. As adaptações também foram categorizadas, permitindo a definição de quatro perfis de usuários e adaptações locais no uso de sistemas de informação em políticas sociais do governo federal: I) Pouco Adaptativo; II) Controle Adaptativo; III) Uso Adaptativo; e, IV) Totalmente Adaptativo. Essa possibilidade do usuário na ponta modificar a implementação de sistemas de informação em políticas sociais descentralizadas gerou um conceito que foi denominado por esta tese como burocrata de nível adaptativo. Esse conceito ressalta a inevitabilidade das adaptações dos sistemas de informação no âmbito local. / The aim is to identify and explain the adaptations made by local public managers in the use of information systems in social policies of the national level. One of the characteristics of the national level's social policies is the adoption of information systems that assist in the management of various stages of social policies, such as diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation. Sometimes these systems are shared with other levels of government, especially local governments. In order to understand the local adaptations, the focus of this research was the information systems users within local governments. The assumption adopted was that the users of these systems in the local level can modify the context of use of technology and not only the technology or the information system itself in order to meet what was defined by the national instance, i. e., users create adaptations according to local specificities in order to keep the system running. Furthermore, the adaptations can be diverse according to the local context in which the information systems are used. Therefore, in order to understand how local adaptations occur in the implementation of information systems in national level social policies, a case study was carried out about the Single Registry of Social Programs of the Brazilian Federal Government (Cadastro Único), an information system built to collect data of low-income population in Brazil. This low-income population database is used for national social policy implementation. The registrations made in this system are under the responsibility of the 5,570 Brazilian local governments, including the inclusion, alteration or exclusion of registered people. The research data collection was based on: a) document analysis of legislation, manuals, official documents, among others; b) online research with local level managers of Cadastro Único; and, c) semi-structured interviews with national and local level public managers related to the Cadastro Único. Data analysis was based on the comparison between the norms defined by the national level and the effective implementation of the system by the users in the local governments, allowing to identify and to categorize the local adaptations. The research analysis pointed out that the information systems in decentralized social policies in Brazil are generally characterized by centralization. The national level defines its objectives, norms and forms of implementation and the local governments only execute information systems actions according to the rules defined by the national authority. However, the analysis also showed that this centralization does not prevent local governments to make adaptations in the use of these systems both to meet the objectives of the national government and to use the data in their local policies. The adaptations were also categorized according to four user profiles and local adaptations in the use of information systems in national level social policies: I) Little Adaptive; II) Adaptive Control; III) Adaptive Use; and, IV) Fully Adaptive. This ability of the local user to modify the implementation of information systems in decentralized social policies generated a concept named here as adaptive level bureaucrat. This concept highlights the inevitability of adaptations of information systems at the local level.